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Topic: Groundwater

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	The Groundwater Foundation
		The Groundwater Foundation is a nonprofit organization dedicated to educating and motivating people to care for and about groundwater.
		New Groundwater Foundation President Jane Griffin Brings Vision of Growth
		Discussing the groundwater topics that are on your mind.
	www.groundwater.org (105 words)

	Groundwater
		Groundwater is water that exists in the pore spaces and fractures in rock and sediment beneath the Earth's surface.
		Groundwater is in constant motion, although the rate at which it moves is generally slower than it would move in a stream because it must pass through the intricate passageways between free space in the rock.
		Groundwater is an active weathering agent and can leach ions from rock, and, in the case of carbonate rocks like limestone, can completely dissolve the rock.
	www.tulane.edu /~sanelson/geol111/groundwater.htm (1823 words)

	Groundwater - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Groundwater is recharged from, and eventually flows to, the surface naturally; natural discharge often occurs at springs and seeps and can form oases or wetlands.
		Groundwater can be a long-term 'reservoir' of the natural water cycle (with residence times from days to millennia), as opposed to short-term water reservoirs like the atmosphere and fresh surface water (which have residence times from minutes to years).
		Groundwater is naturally replenished by surface water from precipitation, streams, and rivers when this recharge reaches the water table.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Groundwater (1445 words)

	Groundwater
		Groundwater is water lying below the water table (an imaginary surface marking the depth below which all pore spaces are filled with water).
		Groundwater is recharged from precipitation falling on aquifer rock outcrops or by precipitation infiltrating through the zone of aeration.
		In some areas, natural recharge is less than groundwater withdrawal and aquifers may have to be artiflcially reccharged by the reinjection of water into wells or the use of recharge basins.
	www.geo.ua.edu /intro03/Hydro.html (1456 words)

	Groundwater (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Groundwater does not generally consist of large underground lakes or streams Rather, it is water that fills irregular spaces within rock fractures or between particles of sand, gravel, or clay.
		Because contaminants flow with groundwater through the saturated zone, the quality of water in a particular well depends on the land areas, perhaps miles away, from which this part of the aquifer was recharged.
		Once groundwater becomes contaminated, the options for treating it or for finding alternative supplies tend to be very expensive and the prospects for cleaning up the aquifer may be many years in the future.
	www.plenvironment.com /pages/groundwater.htm (2702 words)

	About IWMI
		Assessing the extent of groundwater and groundwater irrigation.
		While developing groundwater resources promises to help alleviate poverty in many areas, the most formidable groundwater challenge is to attain the sustainable use and management of groundwater in vast and growing regions where the resource is under threat.
		The most far-reaching impact of groundwater depletion and water quality deterioration is on the health of large sections of rural populations, that depend directly on wells as their only source of drinking water supply.
	www.iwmi.cgiar.org /groundwater/index.htm (1115 words)

	Environmental Requirements of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems: Chapter 2 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Groundwater could be contaminated by nutrients from fertilisers and septic tank effluent, agricultural pesticides and metals and hydrocarbons from commercial and urban land uses.
		Groundwater, as river base flow or discharge into a spring or pool, is an important source of water across much of the country, particularly in northern and inland Australia and other areas with semi-arid climate.
		Groundwater dependent ecosystems affected by acid sulphate soils will most commonly be those occupying groundwater discharge areas in estuarine or coastal environments, such as mangroves and sea grass beds and associated vertebrate and invertebrate communities, aquatic ecosystems in estuaries of base flow dependent streams and coastal wetlands supplied by groundwater.
	www.deh.gov.au /water/rivers/nrhp/groundwater/chapter2.html (7515 words)

	Groundwater (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Groundwater is the major source of drinking water in both urban and rural India.
		As far as the quality of groundwater is concerned, many states in the country have been identified as endemic to fluorosis due to abundance in naturally occurring fluoride-bearing minerals.
		Groundwater is saline in almost all of the Bhakra Canal in Punjab and the lift canal system in south-western Haryana.
	edugreen.teri.res.in /explore/water/ground.htm (1167 words)

	Groundwater Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The coordinated and planned management of both surface and groundwater resources in order to maximize the efficient use of the resource; that is, the planned and managed operation of a groundwater basin and a surface water storage system combined through a coordinated conveyance infrastructure.
		The process, deliberate or inadvertent, of extracting groundwater from a source at a rate in excess of the replenishment rate such that the groundwater level declines persistently, threatening exhaustion of the supply or at least a decline of pumping levels to uneconomic depths.pits, ditches, furrows, streambed modifications, or injection wells.
		The science of rocks: It is concerned with the original succession and age relations of rock strata and their form, distribution, lithologic composition, fossil content, geophysical and geochemical properties-all characters and attributes of rocks as strata-and their interpretation in terms of environment and mode of origin and geologic history.
	www.groundwater.water.ca.gov /groundwater_basics/gwb_glossary/index.cfm (1824 words)

	NRDC: California's Contaminated Groundwater - Executive Summary
		In fact, the volume of groundwater is estimated to be more than 30 times the combined volume of all fresh-water lakes in the world and more than 3,000 times the combined volume of all the world's streams.
		Groundwater resources can be effectively diminished if they become contaminated to such a degree that the water remaining in the aquifers is rendered unusable -- or requires expensive treatment in order to be made usable.
		Thus, it is not necessarily true that 75% of the groundwater in the state (5 x 15%) is impaired.
	www.nrdc.org /water/pollution/ccg/execsum.asp (2320 words)

	Groundwater: water that has penetrated the earth's surface (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Groundwater is all the water that has penetrated the earth's surface and is found in one of two soil layers.
		Groundwater returns to the surface through these aquifers (arrows), which empty into lakes, rivers, and the oceans.
		The flow of groundwater is much slower than runoff, with speeds usually measured in centimeters per day, meters per year, or even centimeters per year.
	ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu /(Gh)/guides/mtr/hyd/grnd.rxml (287 words)

	GROUNDWATER (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Groundwater is the water that seeps through the ground after a rain or snow that settles to a level called the water table.
		Groundwater contamination serving public community wells is even more devastating due to the large number of people affected, and activities in calculated areas around wells potentially can spill or leak hazardous substances which move into the ground water.
		Groundwater Guardian is an organization that believes very strongly on the issue of clean groundwater.
	www.ces.ncsu.edu /gaston/Environment/Groundwater.html (503 words)

	Groundwater
		Groundwater is a resource that we need to protect because once it is polluted it cannot be used for many years.
		At present we extract less than 2% of the developable groundwater and of this, public bodies use 36%, industry uses 37% and the remainder is used for rural domestic supplies.
		Most groundwater is extracted in the east of the country and least in the west and north-west.
	www.enfo.ie /leaflets/bs3.htm (1945 words)

	Groundwater (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Groundwater processes can be added to the default surface water simulation by checking the corresponding field in the Settings dialog box.
		Groundwater recharge is specified as a time series for the catchment the encompasses that branch.
		Groundwater users can also impact the behavior of the linear reservoir through additional fluxes, namely pumping (aquifer to user).
	www.dhisoftware.com /mikebasin/helpsys/mbasinGroundwater.htm (243 words)

	Groundwater
		Groundwater occurs as part of the hydrologic cycle, which is the movement of water between the earth and the atmosphere through evaporation and precipitation.
		The underground area where groundwater exists is referred to as an aquifer.
		Groundwater comes from three major aquifer zones (underground rock or sediment that is permeable and can conduct water) generally situated from 300 to 1,500 feet below land surface.
	www.lvvwd.com /html/groundwater_index.html (319 words)

	Groundwater (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Groundwater also provides a source of water to industry and agriculture and is the source of sustained base flow in most streams.
		Groundwater data in Kentucky is comprised of well construction records submitted by Kentucky Certified Water Well Drillers, well and spring inspection reports submitted by Department for Environmental Protection (DEP) personnel and water quality data from water samples collected and analyzed.
		The Groundwater Protection Plan regulation 401 KAR 5:037 was promulgated in 1994 by the Division of Water to ensure protection for Kentucky's groundwater resources.
	www.water.ky.gov /gw (409 words)

	EUROPA - Environment - Environment DG - Water quality in the EU - Groundwater protection
		It represents a proportionate and scientifically sound response to the requirements of the Water Framework Directive related to the assessment of the chemical status of groundwater and the identification and reversal of significant and sustained upward trends in pollutant concentrations.
		In this framework, a working group on Groundwater Body Characterisation and Monitoring has been established, with the aim - during the period 2003-2004 - to exchange information/experience on groundwater issues covered by the WFD (e.g.
		A cooperation is being developed between the Working Group on Groundwater under the Common Implementation Strategy of the WFD and the International Hydrological Programme (IHP) of UNESCO, in order to exchange knowledge and ensure an efficient dissemination of recommendations on good groundwater management practices.
	ec.europa.eu /environment/water/water-framework/groundwater.html (559 words)

	Groundwater
		Groundwater is derived from rainwater, snow, and other types of precipitation that moves from above the land surface to below the land surface due to gravity.
		Groundwater is an important resource that is used for human consumption, irrigation of crops, industrial applications, and other uses.
		Therefore, the amount of groundwater (quantity) and its purity (quality) are important parameters to be measured and monitored.
	www.cees.iupui.edu /Education/Workshops/Project_Seam/groundwater.htm (691 words)

	What is Groundwater?
		Groundwater is water that comes from the ground.
		Groundwater is even used to irrigate crops which grow food for tonight's dinner.
		Wells pump groundwater from the aquifer and then pipes deliver the water to cities, houses in the country, or to crops.
	www.groundwater.org /kc/whatis.html (423 words)

	Central Wisconsin Groundwater Center
		groundwater has been a hidden and often misunderstood resource - "out of sight and out of mind." However, as population grows and land uses intensify, threats to groundwater quality and quantity are increasing.
		Groundwater is part of the earth's water cycle, originating from rainfall percolating through soil.
		Groundwater discharges to lakes and streams, and eventually evaporates to begin the water cycle once again.
	www.uwsp.edu /cnr/gndwater (247 words)

	Groundwater Study Guide, Physical Geography, College of Alameda, Rita Haberlin, Instructor (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Groundwater comes from precipitation that has percolated downward from the surface through the zone of aeration to a zone of saturation where all the pores and cracks in the bedrock are filled with water.
		Groundwater is the base flow for streams and base flow keeps streams flowing between rains.
		Groundwater may be polluted by the leaching of pollutants from sanitary land fills, chemical dumps, mines, and septic tanks.
	members.aol.com /rhaberlin/gwstyg.htm (434 words)

	Geology 4114 -- Groundwater Hydrology -- Illustrated Syllabus
		In this course, emphasis is placed on the physical principles of groundwater flow, and on the importance of the properties of water in groundwater flow at the present time as well as in the geologic past.
		For example, the temperature dependence of the viscosity of water, the compressibility of water, and the solubility of quartz in water as a function of temperature and pressure are examples of physical properties that will be discussed within the framework of geological applications.
		The large number of groundwater studies has prompted the generation of several computer applications intended for investigation of small hydrocarbon spills, such as those associated with underground storage tanks.
	rglsun1.geol.vt.edu /gif/g4114.html (1607 words)

	Groundwater
		A groundwater piezometric map indicating the hydraulic head distribution at Berkeley Lab, based on water levels measured in wells, is given in Figure 6-1.
		A groundwater collection trench was installed on the slope east of Building 58, in an area where high VOC concentrations had been detected in soil gas and groundwater.
		A dual phase (groundwater and soil vapor) extraction and treatment system was installed at the location of the Building 7E former UST to remove contaminants from the soil and groundwater.
	www.lbl.gov /ehs/esg/99ser/99serCh06.html (2453 words)

	Groundwater Stewardship: Underground Story of Water
		Cascades groundwater also contributes greatly to the flow of the Deschutes River and supplies much of the water for the Klamath Basin.
		Groundwater in this region has been used extensively for irrigated agriculture—in fact, plentiful groundwater allows a thriving food packing industry in an area that otherwise would be almost a desert.
		Now here comes the groundwater part of the story: If the layers are coarse sand or gravel, as is often the case, they can store and release large amounts of water.
	groundwater.orst.edu /under/oregw.html (1129 words)

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