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Topic: Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals

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Categorical imperative

Immanuel Kant

Utilitarianism

Business ethics

John Stuart Mill

1798

Categorical imperative

	Categorical imperative - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The categorical imperative is the philosophical concept central to the moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant and to modern deontological ethics.
		Therefore, a moral commandment must have universality, which is to say that it must be disconnected from the particular physical details surrounding the proposition, and could be applied to any rational being.
		As a slaveowner would be effectively asserting a moral right to own a person as a slave, he or she would be asserting a property right in another person.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Categorical_Imperative (2924 words)

	Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals (Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten, 1785) is a work by Immanuel Kant meant to establish the fundamental rational and a priori basis for morality.
		In establishing the a priori, rational basis for morality, Kant uses the notion of a maxim.
		Kant argues that the very idea of morality, the limiting of yourself from engaging in certain behaviors because they are 'immoral', is the highest expression of the concept of freedom.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Groundwork_of_the_Metaphysic_of_Morals (1209 words)

	[No title]
		By this it is distinguished from a metaphysic of morals, just as general logic, which treats of the acts and canons of thought in general, is distinguished from transcendental philosophy, which treats of the particular acts and canons of pure thought, i.e., that whose cognitions are altogether a priori.
		For the metaphysic of morals has to examine the idea and the principles of a possible pure will, and not the acts and conditions of human volition generally, which for the most part are drawn from psychology.
		For as morality serves as a law for us only because we are rational beings, it must also hold for all rational beings; and as it must be deduced simply from the property of freedom, it must be shown that freedom also is a property of all rational beings.
	philosophy.eserver.org /kant/metaphys-of-morals.txt (12348 words)

	Groundwork
		Kant's Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals pursues the notion that moral law must be a general formula that is applicable in any type of situation and should not be influenced by specific interests, conditions or circumstances.
		Morals belong to the realm of humans as they do not exist in the non-human animals while distinctive features of human beings include the institution of society and the faculty to have culture.
		The faculty of language was undoubtedly required for the emergence of morals and the rise of society accompanied the rise of language.
	www.freewebs.com /rhetoric-law/groundwork.html (767 words)

	Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals - TheBestLinks.com - English language, Golden Rule, Immanuel Kant, Law of ...
		Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, English language, Golden Rule, Immanuel...
		The Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals (Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten, 1785) is a work by Immanuel Kant meant to establish the fundemental rational and a priori basis for morality.
		Seemingly paradoxically Kant argues that the very idea of morality, the limiting of yourself from engaging in certain behaviors because they are 'immoral', is the highest exprerssion of the concept of freedom.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Groundwork_of_the_Metaphysic_of_Morals.html (1083 words)

	[No title]
		The way a moral agent should be, the kind of character she should have, depends on nothing intrinsic to moral agency.
		By that he means both that: (i) moral value is nonderivative from and independent of nonmoral value, and (ii) morality does not confront the moral agent as a demand arising outside his agency.
		Moral 2: When we act for reasons we commit ourselves to beliefs about what any person (rational agent) would have a reason to do; i.e., we commit ourselves to universal principles applying to all rational agents.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~sdarwall/361k196.txt (1624 words)

	Groundwork
		These grounds must be based on the fundamental awareness of the universality of moral law and must be consequently derived from the pure reason as it alone formulates universal and non-empirical rules of action (these requirements in turn explain the title of the present work).
		The moral motive is decisive when it is evidently present as the sole motive or clearly absent from the action.
		Moral value is derived from the principle of volition (motive) and does not depend on the realization of the object(ive) of the action nor on the will directed toward those objectives.
	www.uri.edu /personal/szunjic/philos/grwork.htm (7506 words)

	Philosophy- Squashed Kant- Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals - Condensed and abridged
		Kant was born in 1724 Königsburg, Prussia, the son of a devout saddler.
		What he morally "ought" is then what he necessarily "would," as a member of the world of the understanding, and is conceived by him as an "ought" only inasmuch as he likewise considers himself as a member of the world of sense.
		Here now is the extreme limit of all moral inquiry, and it is of great importance to determine it in order that reason may not impotently flap its wings without being able to move in the empty space of transcendent concepts.
	www.btinternet.com /~glynhughes/squashed/kant2.htm (6022 words)

	U of Vic Philosophy Student Union (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In his Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, Kant argues that the principles of morality must be stripped of all contingent elements in order to be consistent with our intuitions about morality.
		The Groundwork is Kant's attempt at establishing an a priori or rational foundation for morality.
		Moral goodness stems from acting in accord with duty, which entails acting in accord with a moral principle or maxim.
	web.uvic.ca /philosophy/sophia/issues/Kant.html (1162 words)

	Kant: Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy) (Immanuel Kant , Mary J. ...
		The biggest argument against the 'Groundwork' and the categorical imperative is usually the fact that it does not rule out trivial rules, such as 'you must always eat a starch at least once a day'.
		As translator H.J. Paton states in his introduction, 'Kant's "Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals" is one of the small books which are truly great' despite the unapproachability of the title.
		Immanuel Kant is truly one of the most influential moral philosophers in history; and with this book, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, he positioned himself far further.
	www.truefresco.com /bookshop/us/product/0521626951.htm (1031 words)

	Someplace Somewhere - Kant, Groundwork to the Metaphysic of Morals, Preface and Section 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A metaphysic of morals means according to Kant, a rational, and a critical examination of pure practical reason with the aim of formulating a Supreme Principle or Canon for the foundation of morals.
		Morality also entails that you do not act in a certain way unless you are capable of willing that everyone acted that way all of the time.
		The 'metaphysics of morals' is precisely that - the foundation for all moral claims and the general principle whose presence or privation in the empirical world is the basis for determining the moral value of a particular action (Shades of Plato and the 'Good' coming out here perhaps, tho I'm not sure how...).
	www.someplacesomewhere.com /topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=9479 (8758 words)

	The Rugged Elegance World Marketplace \| Books : Kant: Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (Cambridge Texts in the ...
		Immanuel Kant's Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals ranks alongside Plato's Republic and Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics as one of the most profound and influential works in moral philosophy ever written.
		Kant's Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals is probably the single most influential work of philosophical ethics since Aristotle's Nichomachean Ethics.
		This new edition of the *Groundwork* is excellent for undergraduate teaching purposes; the introduction by Korsgaard is very helpful on several points, including her distinction between the purposes or objects ('materials') of our intentions and the maxims or principles on the basis of which we formed these intentions.
	www.ruggedelegantliving.com /cgi-bin/amazon/amazon_products_feed.cgi?Operation=ItemLookup&ItemId=0521626951 (619 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals
		However, if everyone behaved in this fashion and a contradiction occurs, that is the behavior is not self consistent, and the behavior is immoral.
		Thus, we cannot will that our subjective maxim of lying be universalized without self-contradiction; if everyone were to do it then the behavior would not work.
		Seemingly paradoxically Kant argues that the very idea of morality, the limiting of yourself from engaging in certain behaviors because they are 'immoral', is the highest expression of the concept of freedom.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Groundwork_of_the_Metaphysic_of_Morals (1162 words)

	Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals (Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten, 1785) is a work by Immanuel Kant (Immanuel Kant: Influential German idealist philosopher (1724-1804)) meant to establish the fundamental rational and a priori (a priori: a priori is a latin phrase meaning "from the former" or less literally "before experience"...
		But freedom, for Kant, also means adhering to the moral law -- having ones will (will: A legal document declaring a person's wishes regarding the disposal of their property when they die) determined not, as above, externally, but only by its own nature.
		The above non-contradiction test is also called the Categorical Imperative (Categorical Imperative: The moral principle that behavior should be determined by duty) test, and is the centerpiece of the Groundwork.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/groundwork_of_the_metaphysic_of_morals (1375 words)

	Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals by Immanuel Kant, New, Used Books, Cheap Prices, ISBN 0061311596
		Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals (By Immanuel Kant)
		Kant's Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals: Cr...
		Immanuel Kant: Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Mo...
	www.bookfinder4u.com /detail/0061311596.html (374 words)

	Amazon.com: Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals: Books: Immanuel Kant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Kant's aim in the Groundwork is to discover the fundamental principle of morality.
		It is to act from principles that accord with the fundamental principle of morality.
		This is perhaps the defining work in the history of morality and ethics, but it's more of a curiosity than a realistic guide to life- and nobody knew that better than Kant himself.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0061311596?v=glance (2635 words)

	Kant's Deontological Ethical Theory
		Ross criticized Kant because (a) it presupposes that we already have a moral duty to do X simpliciter; (b) it seems to conflict with Kant’s own insistence that motives (desires, inclinations) cannot be commanded.
		Acting on a maxim is morally permissible but not obligatory (i.e., is merely permissible) if and only if one can consistently will the maxim to be a universal law and one can consistently will the opposite of the maxim to be a universal law.
		Acting on a maxim is morally obligatory if and only if one can consistently will the maxim to be a universal law and one cannot consistently will the opposite of the maxim to be a universal law.
	web.ics.purdue.edu /~curd/110WK11.html (1311 words)

	SparkNotes: Immanuel Kant: Context
		George Berkeley and David Hume add further twists to empiricism, but they remain united in their hostility to the sort of rationalist metaphysics that attempts to unravel the nature of God, causation, time, and space by means of rational argument alone.
		He answers that we cannot: this uniformity principle is not a relation of ideas, since we can deny it without contradicting ourselves, and it is not a matter of fact, since it deals with future experience, not past experience.
		This answer generates what Kant calls a “Copernican revolution” in philosophy: both in morals and in metaphysics, Kant turns his philosophical eye inward, investigating or critiquing the powers of the human intellect itself.
	www.sparknotes.com /philosophy/kant/context.html (1099 words)

	Philosophy 21001
		Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, Preface and Chapters 1-2
		Explain the first part of the section titled “The Interest Attached to the Ideas of Morality”.
		What is the meaning and purpose of Kant’s conclusion, “The extreme limit of moral enquiry?” Explain.
	www.personal.kent.edu /~rlennox/P21001T/Kant_Reading_Questions.html (427 words)

	CCAR Journal - 11/99
		Moral principles and rules must be knowable in theory universally.
		The issue of autonomy cuts to the heart of the mitzvah system: either we do mitzvot because God commands them in some way (in which case the mitzvot cannot be moral by Kant’s definition) or we do mitzvot because they are morally right (in which case their divine origin is irrelevant to their rightness).
		It is ironic to note that at the same time that Kant was writing, the areas of central and western Europe were experiencing the diminution of royalty, the emergence of bourgeois culture, and the rise of early capitalism.
	data.ccarnet.org /journal/1199ah.html (1906 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Morality thus consists in recognizing and obeying laws, which is only possible for a rational creature.
		Always act according to a moral principle which you would desire to be a universal law.
		The will of any rational (i.e., moral) agent is capable of being a legislature to itself.
	www.mc.maricopa.edu /~bfvaughan/ic/101/notes/unit2/kant.html (466 words)

	PHL 203: Ethics Course Notes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This is the problem faced by Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) in his writings - some philosophers argue that part of what motivated Kant to write his "Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals" was a desire to see Christian Ethics established as having a rational basis (as well as having a basis in faith).
		This reliance on the capacity to reason was a revolutionary change in philosophical and ethical thought - up until this point, moral philosophy was done by academics or church leaders (few others could read) - but this move meant that anyone could become a potential author of the moral laws.
		This took the power of morality out of the hands of the elite and gave it to everyone.
	www.kcmetro.cc.mo.us /longview/SocSci/Philosophy/ethics/kant.htm (1543 words)

	Phil200 Introduction to Philosophy \| Syllabus Fall 05
		This course serves as an introduction to some of the most significant problems in epistemology, the philosophy of mind, metaphysics, and ethics.
		Is freedom in action, freedom in choice, or morally responsible conduct possible in a deterministic world, or even in a world governed by the type of indeterminacies posited by contemporary quantum mechanics?
		Are moral claims systematically false, are they true only relative to some background framework or culture, or do they posses some form of robust objectivity?
	academic.reed.edu /philosophy/courses/phil200/syllabi/syllabus-fall05.html (1332 words)

	Fundamental Principles of Metaphysic of Morals Books, Book Price Comparison at 130 bookstores
		Immanuel Kant's Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals is one of the most important texts in the history of ethics.
		Moral Law: Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals
		Kant's Moral Law: Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals ranks with Plato's Republic and Aristotle's Ethics as one of the most i...
	www.bookfinder4u.com /search/Fundamental_Principles_of_Metaphysic_of_Morals.html (419 words)

	Amazon.com: Kant: Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy): Books: ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Amazon.com: Kant: Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy): Books: Immanuel Kant,Mary J. Gregor,Christine M. Korsgaard,Karl Ameriks,Desmond M. Clarke
		Kant: Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy) (Paperback)
		Kant: The Metaphysics of Morals (Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy) by Immanuel Kant in Front Matter (1), and Front Matter (2)
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0521626951?v=glance (2698 words)

	Kant on applying the categorical imperative
		The text below is taken from Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals, first published in German in 1785, as translated by Thomas Kingsmill Abbott.
		My favorite translation is the one by H. Paton, titled Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals and available in several editions since 1948.
		It must be noted here that I reserve the division of duties for a future metaphysic* of morals; so that I give it here only as an arbitrary one (in order to arrange my examples).
	www-phil.tamu.edu /~gary/intro/paper.kant.html (862 words)

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