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Topic: Group of Soviet Forces in Germany

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	Group of Soviet Forces in Germany - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Group of Soviet Forces in Germany (1949–1988), also known as the Group of Soviet Occupation Forces in Germany (1945–1949) and the Western Group of Forces (1988–1990) were the troops of the Soviet Army in East Germany.
		The Soviet armies permanently stationed in Germany were the predominant land-based military threat to NATO from the late 1940s until 1989, a primary factor in the military situation during the Cold War.
		The possibility of a Soviet invasion of West Germany and other Western European countries (or a corresponding NATO eastward incursion) was however kept low due to the dangers of nuclear escalation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Group_of_Soviet_Forces_in_Germany (257 words)

	Group of Soviet Forces in Germany / Western Group of Forces (WGF)
		With Amin's death at the palace, Babrak Karmal, exiled leader of the Parcham faction of the PDPA was installed by the Soviets as Afghanistan's new head of government.
		These interpretations of Soviet motives do not always agree--what is known for certain is that the decision was influenced by many factors--that in Brezhnev's words the decision to invade Afghanistan was truly "was no simple decision." Two factors were certain to have figured heavily in Soviet calculations.
		The Soviet Union, always interested in establishing a cordon sanitaire of subservient or neutral states on its frontiers, was increasingly alarmed at the unstable, unpredictable situation on its southern border.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/russia/gsfa.htm (585 words)

	Uprising of 1953 in East Germany - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The uprising in Berlin was violently suppressed by tanks of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany (ГСВГ, Группа советских войск в Германии) and the Volkspolizei.
		Many protests were held throughout East Germany with at least some work stoppages and protests in virtually all industrial centers and large cities in the country.
		In memory of the uprising in East Germany, West Germany established June 17 as a national holiday (until 1990, when it was succeeded by October 3, the date of formal reunification).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Workers'_Uprising_of_1953_in_East_Germany (550 words)

	ipedia.com: Red Army Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Soviet propaganda turned away from political notions of class struggle, and instead invoked deeper-rooted patriotic feelings of the population, embracing pre-revolutionary Russian history.
		The greatest Soviet military presence was maintained in East Germany, in the so-called Western Group of the Armed Forces, to deter and to fend off NATO forces.
		The bulk of the Soviet Army, including the nuclear rocket forces, was incorporated in the Army of the Russian Federation.
	www.ipedia.com /red_army.html (1413 words)

	Group of Soviet Forces in Czechoslovakia / Central Group of Forces (CGF)
		The August intervention by forces from the Soviet Union, the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), Poland, Bulgaria, and Hungary marked the beginning of the end of the Prague Spring and the reformist policies introduced by the Dubcek regime.
		Soviet military units deployed outside the borders of the Soviet Union after World War II were organized in groups rather than in fronts, which was the wartime designation of these major formations.
		The Soviet purpose in maintaining troop units of the magnitude of the Central Group of Forces was undoubtedly twofold: first, to avoid any future Dubcek-like deviations and, second, to increase substantially the strength of the Warsaw Pact on its westernmost frontier.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/russia/gsfc.htm (985 words)

	Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / Soviet Union / Appendix C
		The Soviet Union claimed that the creation of the Warsaw Pact was in direct response to the inclusion of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) in NATO in 1955.
		Soviet leaders believed that the Warsaw Pact allies would be most likely to remain loyal if the Soviet armed forces engaged in a short, successful offensive operation against NATO while deploying NSWP forces defensively.
		The Soviet Union resorted to occasional propaganda offensives, accusing West Germany of revanchism and aggressive intentions in Eastern Europe, to remind its allies of their ultimate dependence on Soviet protection and to reinforce the Warsaw Pact's cohesion against the attraction of good relations with the West.
	memory.loc.gov /frd/cs/soviet_union/su_appnc.html (6968 words)

	Germany (East) The Group of Soviet Forces in Germany - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, ...
		The importance that the Soviets attach to their position in East Germany is underscored by the disparity in size between the GSFG and the other Soviet groups of forces in Eastern Europe.
		The Northern Group of Forces in Poland, for instance, comprised three divisions, the Central Group of Forces in Czechoslovakia numbered six divisions, and the Southern Group of Forces in Hungary had four divisions.
		In 1987 the ground forces of the GSFG were organized into five armies, which had been strengthened continually during the 1980s.
	www.photius.com /countries/germany_east/national_security/germany_east_national_security_the_group_of_soviet_~292.html (442 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In 1987, he was appointed to the analogous post in the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany and in 1988 became the first deputy commander in chief of the USSR Air Force.
		Grachev was born in 1948 in a rural village in Tula Oblast.
		He was especially criticized for a report that exonerated Soviet troops for the killings in Vilnius in January of this year and for whitewashing the Soviet military authorities for their complicity in violence against young servicemen and for noncombat deaths in the army.
	gee.cs.oswego.edu /pub/COUP/RLR/91-0828A.RLR (2165 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In 1987 he was named to the analogous post in the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany, and in 1988 became the First Deputy Commander of the USSR Air Force.
		Grachev was born in 1948, in a rural village in Tul'sk oblast'.
		Grachev was also appointed to head the Airborne Forces on the eve of the bloody crackdown in Lithuania--an operation in which the Airborne Forces played a major role--and he presumably was trusted to stand behind this action.
	gee.cs.oswego.edu /pub/COUP/RLR/91-0823A.RLR (1243 words)

	library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Soviet leaders did their best, using a mix of coercion and inducements, to ensure that the two Polish officials would seize this opportunity to impose martial law; but the fate of Soyuz-80 ultimately depended on whether Kania and Jaruzelski themselves believed they could crush Solidarity without sparking a civil war.
		Ivanovskii was replaced as commander-in-chief of Soviet forces in East Germany on 4 December 1980 by Army-Gen. Mikhail Zaitsev.
		These included the commander-in-chief of Soviet ground forces, the commander-in-chief of Soviet forces in East Germany, the commander of the USSR's Central Group of Forces (in Czechoslovakia), the commander of the Belorussian Military District, and the commander of the Baltic Military District.
	www.wilsoncenter.org /index.cfm?fuseaction=library.document&topic_id=1409&id=351 (4602 words)

	SovLit.com - Soviet Literature Summarized
		The novel which gave its name to an entire era of Soviet history, consisting mainly of interior monologues of a wide range of characters who are living inner personal lives at odds with their outer, public lives.
		The peaceful Soviet motherland is subjected to a perfidious sneak attack by bourgeois forces.
		Entitled The Panjandrum of Quondam (The Epic Grenade), Lester's poem is meant to be an introspective, radical, and demeaning examination of contemporary poetry and critique, juxtaposed with an intense intimacy for Mayakovsky.
	www.sovlit.com (4979 words)

	About DTRA: Historical Documents - Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Organized into five armies, the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany (GSFG) was the largest military force outside the USSR.
		The Soviets withdrew all of these armies, along with another 337,000 Soviet military personnel stationed in the Central European and Baltic nations, over a five-year period, 1989-94.
		Thus, the combination of the Soviet Union's massive force withdrawal and the United States' military redeployments, coupled with the sudden transfer of personnel and materiel to the Gulf, caused massive troop movements across the length and breadth of the European continent during 20 months of the CFE Treaty preparations.
	www.dtra.mil /about/media/historical_documents/books/cfebook/ch2a.cfm (677 words)

	Workers World [Sam Marcy]: The Gulf War crisis and the Soviet military (Jan. 17, 1991)
		The Soviet chief of staff made very clear that Soviet forces would not be included in any kind of military operation in the Gulf.
		What probably interested the Pentagon most was when Gorbachev replaced the chief of the strategic rocket forces, the heads of the group of Soviet forces in Germany, Poland and Hungary, and the commanders of the Moscow and Byelorussian military districts.
		In the public discussion about the Soviet role in Afghanistan and the difficulties encountered in the Afghanistan struggle, it was all but forgotten that the U.S., Britain, France, West Germany, Pakistan and also China were arrayed against the Soviet Union in Afghanistan, and still are.
	www.workers.org /marcy/cd/sam91/1991html/s910117.htm (2287 words)

	Axis History Factbook: GDR - Soviet troops in Germany 1945-1994
		From 1945-1954, the Soviet forces based in Germany were titled the Group of Soviet Occupation Troops.
		From 1954-1989, they were designated the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany and from 1989-1994 they were known as the Western Group of Troops.
		By the late 1980s, the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany/Western Group of Troops totaled over 380,000 troops and consisted of the 1st Guards Tank Army, the 2nd Guards Tank Army, the 3rd Shock Army, the 8th Guards Army, the 20th Guards Army and the 16th Air Army.
	www.axishistory.com /index.php?id=6073 (172 words)

	AllRefer.com - Germany-East - Ground Forces \| German Information Resource
		The ground forces in 1987 made up 68 percent of the NVA, having a total strength of 120,000, of whom 60 percent were draftees.
		Ground forces included two tank divisions, four motorized rifle regiments, two surface-to-surface missile brigades, two artillery regiments and one antiaircraft artillery regiment, eight air defense regiments, one airborne battalion, two antitank battalions, and several support units.
		Because East Germany produced primarily military supplies--such as computers, clothing, military vehicles, and communications equipment--rather than arms, major items of weaponry and equipment were obtained from the Soviet Union.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/germany-east/germany-east148.html (510 words)

	The World Factbook 2004 -- Field Listing - Background
		The four largest Afghan opposition groups met in Bonn, Germany, in late 2001 and agreed on a plan for the formulation of a new government structure that resulted in the inauguration of Hamid KARZAI as Chairman of the Afghan Interim Authority (AIA) on 22 December 2001.
		The area was conquered by Russia in the 18th century and Kazakhstan became a Soviet Republic in 1936.
		In 1966 the Marxist South-West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) guerrilla group launched a war of independence for the area that was soon named Namibia, but it was not until 1988 that South Africa agreed to end its administration in accordance with a UN peace plan for the entire region.
	www.brainyatlas.com /fields/2028.html (15472 words)

	Wikinfo \| Red Army (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		This article is about the armed forces of the Soviet Union.
		Petro Grigorenko was an exception, a major general whose activities led to his exile from the Soviet Union.
		In 1991, the Army played a decisive role in the coup d'etat of reactionary communists and senior military commanders, who sent tanks into the streets of Moscow to overthrow Gorbachev and his reform-minded government.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Red_Army (1457 words)

	Group of Soviet Forces Germany
		Group of Soviet Forces Germany is a Strategy and Tactics issue #220 magazine game.
		It is a two-player alternative history game intended to examine what could've happened during the first month of fighting had the Soviets opted to invade Germany during the Cold War.
		The Soviet units of maneuver are divisions, as are most NATO units, along with a few brigades and regiments.
	www.boardgamegeek.com /game/10300 (389 words)

	Combined Federal Forces in the N Caucusus
		After graduating from the Military Academy of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces in 1998, he was appointed chief of staff - first deputy army commander.
		In July through September 2002 he was acting commander of the Joint Group of Forces of the counter-terrorist operation in the North Caucasus.
		"The airborne operations grouping comprises two regiment-size task forces, a battalion-size task force and a composite reconnaissance detachment of the 45th separate airborne reconnaissance regiment.
	www.fas.org /irp/world/russia/fbis/NCaucTroopGrouping.html (1339 words)

	Main Directorate for Military Education
		Served as platoon and company commander and chief of staff of a separate battalion in the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany.
		Appointed Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Land Force by a presidential decree of November 6, 2001.
		In December 1996, he was assigned chief of the Main Operational Directorate-First Deputy Chief of the Armed Forces General Staff.
	www.fas.org /irp/world/russia/fbis/EducationMainDir.html (458 words)

	Papers, Comrade! Soviet Photo IDs (NOT Order Books) - Wehrmacht-Awards.com Militaria Forums
		Colonel Ivanov, recipient of several Red Chinese awards, was apparently an inspector on the GSFG Staff itself.
		In 1943, the suspension was changed to what became the normal Soviet 5-sided mounting, the ribbon was changed, and the old serial numbered disk mounting discarded.
		I was informed that this book is in such good shape because it came out of an "archive" of purged officers, stripped of their awards when executed or sent to the Gulag.
	www.wehrmacht-awards.com /forums/showthread.php?t=20367 (1031 words)

	USMLM
		Based in Frankfurt, West Germany, these legal spies were allowed to travel throughout the country in order to monitor NATO troop movements.
		To help soldiers identify and report the whereabouts of Soviet mission vehicles, special SMLM cards were printed and distributed to American military members throughout West Germany.
		All the teams were deactivated on the eve of Germany's reunification on October 2, 1990.
	www.grenzer.com /smlm.htm (472 words)

	Ted H. Kim's Weblog
		A small part of the neighboring 1st Western Front operations are shown in the plan near Wurzburg.
		But I can't help wondering what the complete Group of Soviet Forces Germany (GSFG) plans might have looked like.
		Further, I would like to also look at how the documents compare with wargames on this hypothetical conflict, like NATO (SPI 1973), NATO (Victory 1983) and Group of Soviet Forces Germany (Decision 2003).
	blog.sun.com /roller/page/RandomDude?entry=a_cardboard_castle (432 words)

	review_critchfield_barlow_apr05.htm
		Although James Critchfield’s book does not provide the reader with details on the order of battle intelligence that Reinhard Gehlen’s organization provided the CIA in the early Cold War period regarding what became known as the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany, it does not thereby become simply an insignificant memoir.
		By the same token, while an intelligence agency should carefully weigh the morality of supporting an operation such as Gehlen’s that recruited some former members of the SD (Sicherheitdienst), the Third Reich’s security service, and even some members of the wartime SS (Schutzstaffel), a decision to provide such support is not inherently flawed.
		This is particularly the case with regard to the U.S. Navy’s intelligence effort in Germany.
	www.ijnhonline.org /volume4_number1_apr05/review_critchfield_barlow_apr05.htm (557 words)

	Germany, East (Former) : Country Studies - Federal Research Division, Library of Congress
		Germany, East (Former) : Country Studies - Federal Research Division, Library of Congress
		Ministry of the Interior and the Soviet Control Commission
		Creation of the National Defense Forces under the Ministry of the Interior
	lcweb2.loc.gov /frd/cs/gxtoc.html (146 words)

	Reverse Spins
		In April mass protests in Kyrgyzstan, dubbed the Tulip Revolution, forced the country's corrupt president to resign.
		Though democratic opposition forces in Azerbaijan have begun massing and are wearing orange colors, they face long odds as they attempt to overturn a Nov. 6 parliamentary election judged unfair by international observers.
		Making claims that these flat forms exhaust Reality, fundamentalists attempt to force everything and everybody into their mode of thinking, sometimes by all means necessary.
	www.reversespins.com (6656 words)

	Pentagon freed from menace of war in Europe [Free Republic]
		In practice, the doctrine was breached during the Gulf war of l991-2 when Germany was stripped of troops and equipment to go to Saudi Arabia.
		They have been greatly reduced in size since the end of the Cold War, from 17 to 10 army divisions, for example, while small crises in scattered areas of the world have increased calls on their services.
		In fact, the Kremlin is so primed for war that in January of 1995 Russia's nuclear forces were put on alert in response to the launching of a Norwegian weather rocket.
	www.freerepublic.com /forum/a3b3194c30971.htm (1612 words)

	'Singed Wings' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		During the dark days of 1942 he had fought in the skies over North Osetia, bombing General Kleist's tank columns that were attacking the republic's capital, the oil regions of Baku and Grozny, the Georgian military highway.
		Only after a fourth attempt, together with a group of prisoners, was he able to pull himself free from that hell.
		The Soviet forces liberate this or that camp.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-vetscor/1390401/posts (2844 words)

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