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Topic: Group polarization

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	Motivation Peek: Group Polarization
		Group polarization has been used to explain the decision-making of a jury, particularly when considering punitive damages in a civil trial.
		The study of group polarization began with an unpublished 1961 Master’s thesis by MIT student James Stoner, who observed the so-called "risky shift", meaning that a group’s decisions are riskier than the average of the individual decisions of members before the group met.
		As a mechanism for polarization, group discussion shifts the weight of evidence as each individual exposes their pro and con arguments, giving each other new arguments and increasing the stock of pro arguments in favor of the group tendency, and con arguments against the group tendency.
	motivationcentre.blogspot.com /2006/09/group-polarization.html (1263 words)

	:: Welcome to Social Psychology ::
		Group decision making is affected by how cohesive a group is, how directive its leader is, and ingroup pressures that can lead to self-censorship, or the tendency for people to refrain from expressing their true feelings or reservations in the face of apparent consensus on the part of the other group members.
		Group discussion tends to create group polarization, whereby initial leanings in a risky direction tend to be made more risky by discussion and initial leanings in a conservative direction tend to be made more conservative.
		Polarization is a particularly common outcome in homogeneous groups, something we noted may be a particular problem in the modern world, as people are likely to read newspapers and watch news programs that fit their preexisting views.
	www.wwnorton.com /socialPsych/reviews/ch02.asp (625 words)

	[No title]
		The study of polarization first came to be identified with those realist writers who wrote about the structure of the international system, the impact of military alliances on war and peace, and the balance of power.
		Because parties have fewer ties to individuals from the other group, they may feel freer to employ more severe actions against that group.[3] Group isolation and polarization is further aggravated by the tendency of partisans to try to win bystanders to their side, forcing people to take sides.
		Polarization is so much a part of the process of escalation that it is difficult to ascertain if one is the cause of the other.
	www.beyondintractability.org /essay/polarization (2102 words)

	Yale Law Journal \| C. Sunstein, Deliberative Trouble? Why Groups Go to Extremes
		And in an equally important finding, group polarization is diminished, and depolarization may result, if members have a degree of flexibility in their views and groups consist of an equal number of people with opposing views.
		But the mechanisms that underlie group polarization raise serious questions about the view that deliberation is likely to yield correct answers to social questions.
		But an appreciation of group polarization helps show why a free society takes steps to protect deliberation within enclaves, to ensure that those inside enclaves hear alternative views, and to ensure as well that those outside of particular enclaves are exposed to what enclave members have to say.
	www.yalelawjournal.org /archive_abstract.asp?id=342 (640 words)

	Group Communication--Overview
		Groups that had access to information but nonetheless performed poorly, Hirokawa found, often engaged in fantasy-chaining; groups that arrived at superior decisions avoided fantasy chains and were vigilant in basing their decisions on appropriate evidence.
		When the group could not observe the answers given by a naive subject, conformity to the group's wrong answers dropped from 68% to 7.4% of the critical trials; the mean average for the occurrence of errors per subject dropped from 2.3 to 0.5.
		Group members would see what others had said (though would not be told the source of the statements) and would then be asked in a second round of comments to revise their initial statements and respond to the statements of others.
	web.utk.edu /~glenn/GroupCommOverview.html (10971 words)

	Small-group communication - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Small group communication is between three and 12 individuals (while the top number may vary) in a context that mixes interpersonal communication interactions with social clustering.
		Group tasks run the gamut from making decisions to performing projects to helping group members learn skills (training, or T-groups) to encouraging self help for members (sensitivity training groups; 12-step groups) to education; even informal groups of friends can be said to have a task if they perform activities together.
		This was originally thought to be a tendency for groups to be riskier than their members would be alone (the risky shift), but later found to be a tendency for extremity in any direction based on which way the members individually tended to lean before discussion (group polarization).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Small_group (2578 words)

	Jen Taylor
		The independent variables were the type of group interacting with the subject, in-group or out-group, and the visibility of subject responses, public or private.
		Therefore, when group membership is salient, the in-group exerts pressure to conform on subjects when responses are public, and the out-group does not exert pressure, and is generally publicly rejected.
		Group polarization is the tendency for a group discussion to cause group members to develop more extreme opinions on the issues discussed such that they polarize in a direction.
	www.princeton.edu /~psy312/Reports/taylor.shtml (1187 words)

	Polarization - Technical Groups - Membership - SPIE Web
		The Polarization Technical Group is focused on research, development, engineering, and applications in fields of optics where polarization and its measurement are key issues.
		It is thought that Vikings made use of the polarized sky for navigation at sea as long ago as 1000 AD with the aid of naturally occurring crystal of cordierite.
		Polarization is an important issue in many areas of modern technology, from optical communications to laser machining to medical diagnosis equipment.
	www.spie.org /Membership/index.cfm?fuseaction=TG_Polarization (384 words)

	Fragmentation and Cybercascades
		If the public is balkanized and if different groups are designing their own preferred communications packages, the consequence will be not merely the same but still more balkanization, as group members move one another toward more extreme points in line with their initial tendencies.
		Because group polarization occurs merely on the basis of exposure to the views of others, it is likely to be a common phenomenon in a balkanized speech market.
		An understanding of group polarization casts light on the potential effects not only of the Internet but also of radio and television, at least if stations are numerous and many take a well-defined point of view.
	fathom.lib.uchicago.edu /1/777777122307 (3513 words)

	NAME OF THEORY - BLANK Communication Context
		Group Polarization - is the tendency to make a decision that is more extreme, either riskier or more caution, after discussion has occurred than the initial preferences of group members.
		Parsimony -Group polarization is simple in saying that when members are in a group they are more likely to go with the group rather than their initial preference.
		Groups make decisions that differ from group member's initial preferences and it is important to understand why this is the case.
	www.uky.edu /~drlane/capstone/group/gpolar.htm (480 words)

	The University of Chicago Law School Faculty Blog: Polarization: Planned and Spontaneous
		Polarization might reflect the natural way in which humans come to believe or know that something is true.
		Polarized associations inevitably contain all three types of people: followers, individuals who may agree but still act on their own ideas and those that always act in their self interest.
		I think the polarization that we witness in regards to blogs and other news orgs is a much needed route to further polarization and ultimately fragmentation.
	uchicagolaw.typepad.com /faculty/2005/12/polarization_pl.html (2868 words)

	Group polarization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Moscovici, S., and Zavalloni, M. The group as a polarizer of attitudes.
		Bray, R. M., and Noble, A. Authoritarianism and decisions of mock juries: Evidence of jury bias and group polarization.
		Sia, C. L., Tan, B. and Wei, K. Group Polarization and Computer-Mediated Communication: Effects of Communication Cues, Social Presence, and Anonymity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Group_polarization (964 words)

	Ethics of Team Work (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The primary purpose of this module is to use group work and cooperative learning as an occasion to reflect on the different ethical issues and problems that arise in collective activity.
		Groups are provided with key ethical values that they describe and seek to realize thorugh group activity.
		The group collectively and the members individually remain loyal to the party line while happily marching off the cliff, all the while blaming “them” (i.e., outsiders) for the height and situation of the cliff.
	cnx.org /content/m13760/latest (1831 words)

	How Groups can Intensify Decisions
		After an individual made a series of such decisions, 5 people were put into a group and had to reach a consensus on what advice to give in the cases they had just made individual decisions on.
		Group Polarization -- Group produced enhancement of members’ preexisting tendencies; a strengthening of the members’ average tendency.
		Highly successful leaders are able to communicate a vision to the group members, a vision which inspires the group members to work toward the common group goal.
	www.rpi.edu /~verwyc/oh8.htm (1142 words)

	EastSouthWestNorth: Group Polarization on the Blogosphere
		Group polarization means that after deliberating with one another, people are likely to move towards a more extreme position in the direction to which they were already inclined.
		If the public is balkanized, and if different groups design their own preferred communications packages, the consequences will be further balkanization, as group members move one another toward more extreme points of view in line with their initial tendencies.
		But when group discussion tends to lead people to more strongly held versions of the same view with which they began, and if social influences and limited argument pools are responsible, there is legitimate reason for concern about sensible self-government.
	www.zonaeuropa.com /20050312_1.htm (1887 words)

	Is there really polarization on the Internet? \| Si 684
		Group polarization works under conditions in which people are compelled by an experimenter to engage in conversation with others.
		Since there is an entire rainbow of political groups "out there" they should be free to locate one that is closer to their own interests.
		Polarization seems like it would become an influential factor when someone belonged to a group that agreed on many (but not all) viewpoints.
	icd.si.umich.edu /684/node/682 (392 words)

	MISQ Vol 22, No. 2, Polorization & Persuasion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This study draws from the well-established literature of group polarization, as well as the growing body of GSS literature, to develop a model to study group polarization in a contemporary communication context.
		The proposed model focuses on communication medium, task characteristics, group composition, and their interaction as explanations for the outcome of group polarization and the process that precedes it.
		In this study, group polarization is recorded by comparing decisions at the individual level, face-to-face group settings, and GSS mediated settings.
	www.misq.org /archivist/vol/no22/issue2/vol22n2art3.html (297 words)

	SSRN-The Law of Group Polarization by Cass Sunstein
		In a striking empirical regularity, deliberation tends to move groups, and the individuals who compose them, toward a more extreme point in the direction indicated by their own predeliberation judgments.
		Group polarization bears on the conduct of government institutions, including juries, legislatures, courts, and regulatory commissions.
		There are interesting relationships between group polarization and social cascades, both informational and reputational.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=199668 (288 words)

	Groups (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		EX: Kennedy's group thought the Communists were so stupid, incompetent, and weak that their air force and army (the paltry 200,000 of them) would be ineffective against the highly trained CIA exiles.
		When group members agree on their relative status, and especially on that of their leaders, a condition of status consensus is said to exist.
		Occasional public praise of a group member may be admirable, but frequent praise may cause embarrassment by putting undue pressure on the rest of the group to accept an evaluation they may not be ready to accept.
	www.nd.edu /~rwilliam/xsoc530/groups.html (6682 words)

	Decision Making in Communities: Why Groups of Smart People Sometimes Make Bad Decisions
		To find out if groups actually make decisions that are cautious and relatively risk free, social psychologists have conducted experiments and found that--interestingly--groups make decisions that both limit risk and increase risk, and that both effects are valid and are to be expected as outcomes of group decisions.
		As polarization increases in a community, so does "homogeneous grouping." This means that like-minded people come closer together, strengthening their sense of being the in-group, clearly distinct from the other side--the out-group.
		When groups are divided on an issue, one side may disagree with the position of the other side, refusing to hear the arguments.
	www.caionline.org /excerpts/index.cfm?ProductCode=5621 (2432 words)

	Psychology of Groups in Psychology 101 at AllPsych Online
		If you've ever been involved in a group decision making process, you've probably seen one of two things happen: either the group agrees on all of the major issues, or there is significant dissent that splits the group.
		If the group is cohesive; if they agree on most issues, they tend to stifle dissent because group harmony is the anticipated outcome (Janis, 1972).
		As more people are added to the group, you will end up with a small percentage doing a large portion of the work and a large percentage doing a much smaller proportion.
	allpsych.com /psychology101/groups.html (822 words)

	Groups Lecture Notes
		Group: Two or more people who, for longer than a few moments, interact with and influence one another and perceive one another as 'us'.
		Deindividuation: Loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension; occurs in group situations that foster anonymity and draw attention away from the individual.
		Group polarization: Group-produced enhancement of members' preexisting tendencies; a strengthening of the members' average tendency, not a split within the group.
	otel.uis.edu /yoder/groups_ho.htm (556 words)

	Group polarization and joint enterprises \| Si 684
		The author's point here is that polarization should be fostered to some extent, but that online communities should also be mindful of the traps they may fall into with too much polarization.
		The polarization is an example of self-selection, in which those who are interested in exploring geographic locations for entertainment and educational value will join the communities while those are interested in exploring geographic locations for, for example, scientific research purposes will go elsewhere (probably to a professional community).
		For instance, Geocaching.com does not polarize its members into only those who are interested in geocaching for one particular reason-- there are people interested in it as a family activity, as a way to get to know their town better, as a way to learn about historical landmarks, or as a way to socialize only.
	icd.si.umich.edu /684/node/688 (651 words)

	[No title]
		If the average of the group members' prediscussion choices is closer to the risky pole of the continuum than to the cautious pole then a risky shift will occur.
		When people discuss issues in groups, they tend to decide upon a more extreme course of action than would be suggested by the average of their individual judgments.
		Instead, it leads to group polarization: judgments made after group discussion will be more extreme in the same direction as the average of individual judgments made prior to discussion (Myers, 1982).
	www.richmond.edu /~choyt/supportingdocs_spring05/lecture19_groups.ppt (1414 words)

	Polarization free essays
		Group polarization tends to exacerbate inter-group competition by driving any two groups who initially disagree farther apart in their respective views.
		In turn, a competitive situation in which one side must lose in order for the other to win (and political situations are nearly always competitive), will codify the differences between groups - leading to further extremism by those seeking power within the group - and thus, to further group polarization.
		Group polarization refers to the tendency of groups to gravitate to the extreme of whatever opinion the group shares (Baron & Graziano, 1991, p.498-99).
	www.needapaper.com /viewpaper/3037.html (294 words)

	Concurring Opinions: Group Polarization and Internet Shaming
		Internet shaming is problematic for its permanence, but it is also problematic for its viciousness and extremism.
		One explanation for why Internet shaming can turn into a form of mob justice is a phenomenon known as group polarization.
		For an interesting discussion of group polarization and the blogosphere, which quotes from Sunstein's work, click here.
	www.concurringopinions.com /archives/2005/12/group_polarizat.html (608 words)

	Fathom :: The Source for Online Learning
		In cyberspace, consumers can filter out the news that doesn't interest them, as well as the points of view with which they don't agree.
		University of Chicago law professor Cass Sunstein (right) sees a dark side to this newfound freedom of choice: a fragmented communications market that produces an increasingly polarized society.
		In an excerpt from his book, Republic.com, Sunstein probes the ideological echo chamber that can be created by popular Web features like chat rooms, messages boards and the Daily Me.
	www.fathom.com /feature/122307 (3414 words)

	Welcome Page of the Proton Polarization Study Group for HERA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Welcome Page of the Proton Polarization Study Group for HERA
		Workshop on Polarized Protons at High Energies - Accelerator Challenges and Physics Opportunities
		Home page of the University of Michigan SPIN PHYSICS CENTER
	www.lns.cornell.edu /~hoff/proton_pol/index.html (43 words)

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