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Topic: Growth ring

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	Growth ring - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Visible rings result from the change in growth speed through the seasons of the year, thus one ring usually marks the passage of one year in the life of the tree.
		Growth rings are the basis for the historical dating science of dendrochronology.
		Growth rings are responsible for the grain and knots visible in wood.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Growth_ring (355 words)

	ScienceDaily: Growth ring (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Rings Tell Tale Of Stringed Historic Instrument's Origin (November 20, 2001) -- A University of Arkansas researcher and his colleagues used tree ring records to accurately date the wood used in a famous violin purported to be made by Stradivarius and showed that the wood was...
		Growth ring -- Growth rings (or "tree rings" or "annular rings") can be seen in a horizontal cross section cut through the trunk of a tree.
		Growth is a fundamental human need, a desire that stems from a deep love of life and an urge to experience it fully.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/growth_ring (1691 words)

	Dendrochronology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Many trees in temperate zones grow one growth ring each year, the newest ring being under the bark.
		For the entire period of a tree's life, a year-by-year record or ring pattern is formed that reflects the climatic conditions in which the tree grew.
		In areas where the climate is reasonably predictable, trees develop annual rings of different properties depending on weather, rain, temperature, etc. in different years.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dendrochronology (748 words)

	Tree Rings
		Radial growth of trees is due to the periodic formation of xylem cells by the cambium.
		Growth rings are distinguished by differences in cell diameter and cell wall thickness produced during the relatively fast early growth in the spring (earlywood) and the late growth in the summer (latewood)
		Growth rings of ring-porous species (ashes, oaks, and hickories) are easily distinguished because of the concentration of large vessels in the early wood.
	www.yale.edu /fes519b/trchallenge.htm (329 words)

	Dating Exhibit
		A tree ring is a layer of wood cells produced by a tree in one year, consisting of thin walled cells formed in the early growing season (called earlywood), and thicker walled cells that are produced later in the growing season (called latewood).
		A departure of growth for any one year, as compared to average growth is known as a tree-ring chronology.
		Such factors can be: age related growth trends, the climate that occurred over the course of the year, and various factors that occur within the forest stand and outside of the forest stand.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/archaeology/dating/dat_dendro.html (844 words)

	Annual Growth Ring
		In the Temperate Zone the annual growth rings of many species (e.g., oaks, and pines) are readily distinguished because of differences in the cells formed during the early and late parts of the season.
		Earlywood: The portion of the annual growth ring that is formed during the early part of the growing season.
		Diagonal-Grained Wood - Wood in which the annual rings are at an angle with the axis of a piece as a result of sawing at an angle with the bark of the tree or log.
	www.picframer.ca /glossary.htm (3996 words)

	Useful Tree Species for Tree-Ring Dating
		The rings are also well defined - in other words, there is a sharp definition between the earlywood (wood formed early in the growing season) and latewood (wood formed later in the growing season).
		Note the difference in growth patterns between the four younger rings to the left and the older rings to the right.
		The large earlywood vessels are formed early in the spring during the initial flush of growth that occurs when the tree breaks dormancy after the winter.
	www.ltrr.arizona.edu /lorim/good.html (897 words)

	Intro and Background (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Growth for each year was determined by measuring the width of the rings in each core.
		The widths of the rings on this fir are approximately 2 to 3 mm.
		Otherwise, the ring measured adjacent to the bark shows the complete growth from the preceding year,and may show an incomplete growth ring from the current year (For examples of the incomplete years see the core examples that were taken in July of 1974: Fir, White Birch,Yellow Birch).
	www.hubbardbrook.org /yale/badyears/hbprojectintro-tom.htm (1693 words)

	Growth ring: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Growth rings can be seen in a horizontal cross section cross section quick summary:
		Growth rings are the basis for the historical dating science of dendrochronology dendrochronology quick summary:
		Growth rings are responsible for the grain and knots visible in wood wood quick summary:
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/g/gr/growth_ring.htm (364 words)

	Las Vegas SUN: LV sprawl expands ring around the valley
		Growth, and its effects and the quality of life in the valley, will be the subject of a series of meetings beginning Sep. 14.
		Development of outlying areas and urban growth -- or sprawl, depending on your point of view -- is far from just an issue for the valley.
		They cite studies that show residents aren't overly concerned about growth; the same studies show that residents are willing to spend more money to correct the related problems of air and water pollution and traffic congestion.
	www.lasvegassun.com /sunbin/stories/text/1999/sep/05/509266662.html (2632 words)

	Tree Rings
		Ring thickness' can vary from approximately 1" to 0.02" depending on varying factors such as growing conditions, soil fertility, temperature, rainfall, and whether grown in the open or woodland, character of individual species and also the tree's age.
		The number of cells laid down each year appears to decrease, but as the tree's girth increases the same number of cells laid down would produce narrower rings simply because the increase in the tree's circumference in later years requires a proportionally greater number of cells to be laid if ring thickness is maintained.
		The nutrimental input from the tree's surroundings to sustain constant ring growth thickness cannot be supported, and so the ring growth thickness diminishes proportionally.
	www.microscopy-uk.org.uk /mag/artjan02/treering.html (1304 words)

	products (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The geometrical problem of efficiently turning smaller round logs into rectangles is compounded by the effect of growth stresses and the distortion that occurs during the drying of the cut timber.
		Growth stresses and drying distortion are related to the circular and radial nature of the log.
		The primary effects of spring, bow and cupping in a particular section of timber relate directly to the alignment of the growth rings.
	www.radialtimber.com /html/technic.htm (685 words)

	Brown, R. H. --- Can Tree Rings Be Used to Calibrate Radiocarbon Dates?
		In temperate climates wood cells that are produced in the beginning of the growing season are larger and have thinner walls than the cells produced in the latter part of the growing season.
		Variation in the width of these rings results from year-by-year variation in the conditions favorable to growth of a particular portion of a tree.
		Or, an investigator with an unknown-aged piece of wood containing 290 growth rings could with a high degree of statistical justification chose any one of 66 matches (113-47) within the previously developed master growth-ring sequence, making his ultimate choice in accord with where he had expected, or wanted, the match to occur.
	www.grisda.org /origins/22047.htm (1847 words)

	NOAA Ocean Explorer: Davidson Seamount (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Gorgonians' growth has been estimated by growth-ring counts in the skeleton and by extrapolating linear extension rates; however, validated age and growth is limited to a few radiometric analyses, in which naturally occurring radioisotopes were used to determine an independent estimate of age or growth rate.
		In a recent study conducted by Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, age and growth characteristics of red tree coral were described by counting growth rings in cross-sections of the coral skeleton.
		Growth rates and age estimates for red tree coral in this study fall within the range of reported values for other gorgonian coral studies.
	oceanexplorer.noaa.gov /explorations/02davidson/background/corals/corals.html (936 words)

	Dendrochronology
		Discovered by A.E. Douglass from the University of Arizona, who noted that the wide rings of certain species of trees were produced during wet years and, inversely, narrow rings during dry seasons.
		Its outer growth rings were compared with the inner rings of a living tree.
		The more a tree's rate of growth has been limited by such environmental factors, the more variation in ring to ring growth will be present.
	www.sonic.net /bristlecone/dendro.html (898 words)

	NOVA Online \| The Vikings \| Build a Tree-Ring Timeline
		The rings form a kind of fingerprint—actually, with its irregularly spaced lines, the pattern bears a remarkably close resemblance to a DNA fingerprint.
		Every year a new ring of growth is added to a tree's trunk and branches, just beneath the bark.
		The thickness of this ring depends on how much the tree grows during the year: favorable growing conditions result in a fat ring, unfavorable conditions, in a narrow ring.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/vikings/treering.html (345 words)

	History in a Tree Stump! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The year 1927 was a year of low growth for this maple and this was also a year that a frost occurred every month at some place in the county.
		I had been going on the assumption that tree ring growth was a simple function of rainfall: less rain meant a narrower ring.
		It is possible that growth was normal for the early 1960's because the rain that occurred came during the tree's growth period even though total rainfall was well below average.
	www.tier.net /nvhistory/articles/1998/tree_stump.htm (884 words)

	Growth Rate-Dependent Regulation of Medial FtsZ Ring Formation -- Weart and Levin 185 (9): 2826 -- The Journal of ...
		The FtsZ ring frequencies for these cultures were 85% (1,366 of 1,601) for LB medium, 75% (828 of 1,104) for minimal glucose, 53% (698 of 1,305) for minimal sorbitol, and 34% (449 of 1,326) for minimal succinate.
		The FtsZ ring frequencies for these cultures were 86% (421 of 492) for LB medium, 68% (349 of 513) for minimal glycerol, 52% (263 of 509) for minimal sorbitol, and 30% (159 of 531) for minimal succinate.
		Mid-cell Z ring assembly in the absence of entry into the elongation phase of the round of replication in bacteria: co-ordinating chromosome replication with cell division.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/185/9/2826 (5904 words)

	Tree Growth and Decay (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Ray cells hold annual growth rings together like a nail and serve as the path to move carbohydrates in and out of storage in the xylem tissues.
		The trunk is a series of boxes or compartments framed by the annual growth rings (xylem tissue high in fiber that grew towards the end of the annual growth cycle) and ray cells.
		The branch collar is where annual growth rings of the trunk overlap the annual growth rings of the branch like shuffling a deck of cards.
	www.ext.colostate.edu /pubs/garden/07820.html (2183 words)

	The ULTIMATE tree-ring pages!
		The science that uses tree rings to date when timber was felled, transported, processed, or used for construction or wooden artifacts.
		The science that uses tree rings to date and study the past dynamics of insect populations.
		The reconstruction was developed by calibrating the widths of tree rings from the 1900s with rainfall records from the 1900s.
	web.utk.edu /~grissino/principles.htm (1779 words)

	Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, The University of Arizona
		The practical applications of the study of tree rings are numerous.
		A key distinction of dendrochronology is that all trees rings being analyzed are dated to their correct year of formation.
		The wedge that is the 4th ring is "locally absent" from part of this tree.
	www.ltrr.arizona.edu /dendrochronology.html (494 words)

	WoodCentral Articles & Reviews
		Many folks think of growth rings in three-dimensional form as cylinders, but they are really cones as shown to the right.
		These are in-growths that clog the sapwood's pores as it transforms to heartwood and prevent water transmission.
		You can see that as a seedling, it had a tough time competing with its larger forest neighbors, and there are 20 rings to the inch until its larger neighbors were thinned in 1936.
	www.woodcentral.com /cgi-bin/readarticle.pl?dir=smalser&file=articles_404.shtml (863 words)

	Intrigue of the Past: Lesson 2.4
		Dendrochronology: the study of the growth rings in trees to reconstruct climate variations and to determine the age of trees, beams, and other timbers.
		Each year a tree's growth ring has two parts; one is wide and light colored, and the other is narrow and dark.
		Experience told him this narrow ring would be in all the region's trees, but at different positions on the stump because of their different ages.
	rla.unc.edu /lessons/Lesson/L204/L204.htm (2199 words)

	USGS Learning Web :: Lesson Plans :: Volcanoes :: Lessons
		Tree ring boundaries are distinguished by a change in appearance between the small thick-walled cells produced at the end of a growth season and the large thin-walled cells produced at the beginning of the next growth season.
		Scientists use tree ring data to help them establish the date of volcanic eruptions: the width of each year's growth records evidence of natural events, such as floods, drought, fires, and volcanic eruptions, that increased or decreased the width of that year's ring growth (fig.
		Trees that survived, however, were charred or had their growth affected by the ash that covered the ground.
	interactive2.usgs.gov /learningweb/teachers/volcanoes_lesson5_1.htm (526 words)

	90pc.htm PLUTO -- Part C (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		That is the tremendous feat the SIBs must accomplish in their application of growth rings.
		As to whether the equipment moves with respect to the material being applied or the growth ring being applied revolves (along with Pluto's surface) with respect to the equipment is immaterial -- but for the purpose of this analysis and explanation, the applied growth ring moves counterclockwise with respect to the equipment;
		The application of the growth ring proceeds, layer by layer, past each item of equipment until all the layers have been applied and the desired final thickness of approximately 22 miles is achieved;
	www.sibology.org /90PC.HTM (679 words)

	LWF project: [Effects of defoliation on Abies alba trees] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The knowledge of the defoliation effects on the physiological processes resulting in tree growth is still lacking.
		Although several studies found that a severe defoliation leads to a significant reduction in mobile carbohydrates and growth of trees (e.g., Li et al.
		We used one in situ experiment close to one of the Swiss Long-Term Forest Ecosystem Research (LWF) plots, Vordemwald (AG), to simulate such a defoliation (removal of the older needles) with different intensities (5 treatments) in trees (Abies alba) growing in a stand (shadow) and in a gap, i.e.
	www.wsl.ch /projects/vitality (662 words)

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