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	Groyne -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A groyne (groin in the United States) is a method of (additional info and facts about coastal defense) coastal defense against ((geology) the mechanical process of wearing or grinding something down (as by particles washing over it)) erosion.
		Groynes are structures running perpendicular to the shoreline, across a (An area of sand sloping down to the water of a sea or lake) beach into the (A division of an ocean or a large body of salt water partially enclosed by land) sea.
		Groynes are extremely cost-effective coastal defense measures, requiring little maintenance, and despite costing approximately (additional info and facts about $) $310,000 ((additional info and facts about ) 280,000 or (additional info and facts about £) £195,000) (ref?) in 2003 are one of the most common coastal defense structures.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/g/gr/groyne.htm (236 words)

	Station Information - Groyne
		Groynes are structures running perpendicular to the shoreline, across a beach into the sea.
		The effect of a groyne is to accumulate sand on the updrift side where littoral drift is predominately in one direction.
		Groynes are extremely cost-effective coastal defense measures, requiring little maintenance, and despite costing approximately $310310,000 (280280,000 or £195195,000) (ref?) in 2003 are one of the most common coastal defense structures.
	www.stationinformation.com /encyclopedia/g/gr/groyne.html (156 words)

	Coastal Management - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Groynes are wooden, concrete and/or rock barriers or walls at right angles to the sea.
		Groynes are extremely cost-effective coastal defense measures, requiring little maintenance, and are one of the most common coastal defense structures.
		However, groynes are increasingly viewed as detrimental to the aesthetics of the coastline, and face strong opposition in many coastal communities.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Groyne (1225 words)

	Visitors
		Groyne decided he didn't really grab the station he’d homed in on — but the tuner seemed to be stuck on the taut wire carrying its spoke along the dial or the wire was snapped.
		Groyne kneaded the soft, floury dough, pushing his fingers deep, forming mouths and eye sockets into which his fingers delved and groped, exploring the hidden realm of the dough's inner softness.
		Groyne set off at a fast pace through the narrow Harwich backstreets where floppy string sailor-dolls hung inside windows, and houses were painted like bright ships: heading through underpasses and the narrow concrete slip-ways of wartime-defences, redoubts with walls like hardened dough, until he came down at last to the heel of Stone Point.
	www.aphelion-webzine.com /shorts/2000/12/visitors3c.htm (3449 words)

	Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Groynes are structures constructed at an angle to the flow in order to deflect the flowing ter away from critical zones.
		Lowering the groynes along certain reaches of the river would result in a reduction of the effective roughness during high water conditions thus, increasing the river's flood conveyance capacity.
		To identify this impact, a thorough understanding to the effect of groynes on the morphology of the river is necessary.
	www.library.tudelft.nl /delftcluster/themes_all/DC1-334-4.html (393 words)

	NorthNorfolk.org - North Norfolk Coastal Environment Document 2
		The groyne is wooden with a concrete inshore end, and it holds a huge beach in front of the gangway from which the local fishing boats launch and retrieve.
		The groynes are generally of a solid design and many are showing signs of wear on the main piles and planks, especially the larger groynes to the east of the town.
		The Groyne field at Bacton was reconstructed about 10 years ago, and is generally in a good condition, although some work is required on the seaward ends of the groynes.
	www.northnorfolk.org /coastal/doc2.html (6168 words)

	UNESCO-IHE - Dicea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		When the groynes are meant to reduce current velocities along the coast, also during high tides, the crest level should be at least HW during spring tides.
		The bottom in front of the groyne can be eroded when the critical velocity of the bottom material is exceeded by the (tidal) currents or by the orbital wave velocities.
		For a small groyne, it can be cost-effective to use the same material for the whole groyne, because the construction can become complcated with many different materials.
	www.ihe.nl /we/dicea/brk01/brk0101.htm (1338 words)

	POST Newspapers Online: Headline News
		In that case, a man who dived from the groyne nine years ago when he was a boy, and was paralysed as a result, sued the council unsuccessfully for damages.
		One expert said a fence would provide a physical barrier and clearly indicate to a potential diver that they had crossed into a forbidden zone and it would suggest that the onus would then be on the swimmer who would assume the risk.
		Malcolm Doig, Cottesloe works manager, said people on the groyne had been knocked over in storms by the unexpected size and force of waves and a few had been washed into the ocean.
	www.postnewspapers.com.au /20020831/news/012.shtml (326 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The functions of groyne fields as artificial alternative habitats and their role in the solid material budget of the Elbe are the current issue in different investigations.
		In the joint BMBF project (Ecological relations between fish societies and habitat structure in the Elbe) different groyne fields were investigated during the past few years in order to investigate the effects of groynes on the morphodynamics as well as to obtain parameters for a fish-ecological project.
		Flow velocity and water exchange within the broken groyne fields is more strongly developed than in repaired groyne fields, where sedimentation and deposition of rotten mud is possible in pools after repair.
	www.geog.fu-berlin.de /~perg/team/dejong/page14.html (389 words)

	Channel Coastal Observatory - Groynes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Groynes are regularly used as part of sediment control systems.
		Numerous numerical models have been developed to predict the performance of groyne systems, but these are rarely calibrated or validated with adequate field data; the models are reliant upon energy-based principles and are unable to deal with all of the site-specific variables relating to sediment availability and size grading distributions.
		Groynes are usually introduced on stretches of shoreline where the longshore sediment transport rate is high; this often results in differential levels across the width of each groyne compartment.
	www.channelcoast.org /programme_design/defence_type?link=groynes.html (271 words)

	Coastal Erosion
		Groynes have been built out to sea in many areas of the British coastline.
		However, these groynes in some areas are been blamed for the rise in erosion rates further down the coast.
		This meant that the waves concentrated all their energy on the base of the weak cliff, because the beaches were not big enough to absorb the waves.
	www.onlineessays.com /essays/geography/geo08.php (1498 words)

	Sans Souci Beach Park
		Today seawalls, groynes, and other structures have divided the beach into 11 systems, numbers 127 through 137, many of which have been nourished with non-native sands from other islands and beyond.
		The 600 ft long beach is bordered by the Outrigger Canoe Club groyne to the east and the 300 ft long side of the Natatorium to the west.
		The beach is a 150-300 ft long sliver of sand wedged in against the western groyne, with seawall exposed along the eastern half of the beach.
	www.soest.hawaii.edu /coasts/oceansafety/oahu/technical/parks/sanssouci.htm (846 words)

	Flow around a groyne in a channel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The groyne is an obstacle located at the outer bank of a channel, reducing the water velocity and scour potential.
		The flow in a channel with one or more groynes mounted perpendicular to the flow direction was in 1993-1995 used by Hydraulic Research Wallingford, UK, to test CFD models.
		In the present study, a single groyne in a straight channel was tested.
	www.ntnu.no /~nilsol/cases/scourpro (264 words)

	Old Map
		The purpose of the map was to propse an addition to the groyne shown on the south-west corner of the island and some boulder and brush protection slightly further north along the shore..
		Note 13 shows the southern groyne and the note that says "Proposed extension of groyne" This was done to help build up land on the southern end of the Island that was washing away.
		Note the indications of the old groynes which are not completely underwater and are no longer serving their former purpose or only doing so in part.
	www.chantryisland.com /oldmap.htm (581 words)

	My MSc Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		According to field measurements carried out by RIZA in the groyne fields the maximum reduction of water level due to navigation is up to 0.3 m and the current velocities are up to 0.7 m/s.
		A 3D animation of a passage of a four barge push-tow unit along the groyne field in the River Waal is presented.
		The return current is maximum when the vessel is passing along the groyne field and the eddy almost disappears.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Troy/3204/researc.html (332 words)

	My Brighton & Hove \| Groynes \| History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Brighton's coastline is protected by walls, and groynes which project into the sea.
		The first groynes were built of wood in the 1720s, after the storms of 1703 and 1705 when Brighton's Lower Town was destroyed.
		But groynes were not the only protrusions to be built into the sea.
	www.mybrightonandhove.org.uk /groynes_history.htm (130 words)

	CCAG : The previous scheme
		Stage I of the works is to construct a groyne (preferably of rock) at the south-eastern end of Beach Road, aligning with the existing Groyne 48a and extending back so as to protect the exposed cliff face and protect the whole frontage from south-easterly wave action.
		The function of this groyne will be to limit the movement of sediment under the access ramp and help to stabilise the cliffs for a short distance northwestwards towards the Happisburgh Caravan Park.
		This sill may extend between the rock and midway groyne, or between the midway groyne and beach access ramp, depending upon the performance of the Stage II works.
	www.happisburgh.org.uk /campaign/2002scheme (530 words)

	Geology at Lee-on-the-Solent
		In the past macro faunal records from the Elmore Member at Elmore Kemp et al (1979), were based on surface finds, small faunal records were based on eroded ex situ beach concentrations and only very rarely from in situ samples.
		Larger individual Y or T shaped burrows were rare and apart from the occasional isolated examples preserved in siltstone nodules were restricted to rare large tabular and oval sandstone nodules.
		The freshly excavated clay islands associated with the construction of rock groynes 6 and 5 have provided new opportunities for the systematic sampling and recording of the micro faunas.
	www.hants.gov.uk /museum/geology/lee/paleo.html (1728 words)

	POST Newspapers Online: Headline News
		But this council error was not enough for her to find in favour of Louis Uzabeaga in his claim for damages against the council.
		She said though there were signs on the groyne, they were not ideally placed.
		Anybody approaching the groyne from the swimming area would be unable to read them.
	www.postnewspapers.com.au /20020420/news/008.shtml (620 words)

	groyne - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about groyne
		Wooden or concrete barrier built at right angles to a beach in order to block the movement of material along the beach by longshore drift.
		Groynes are usually successful in protecting individual beaches, but because they prevent beach material from passing along the coast they can mean that other beaches, starved of sand and shingle, are in danger of being eroded away by the waves.
		This happened, for example, at Barton-on-Sea in Hampshire, England, in the 1970s, following the construction of a large groyne at Bournemouth.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /groyne (146 words)

	Geography Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This view of a groyne at right angles to the coast shows how such structures help prevent the movement of beach material along the coast.
		The groyne helps stop the movement of beach material too far along the coast.
		Note how it has piled up to the right of the groyne, whilst material on the other side has been removed.
	www.geographyonline.co.uk /sitetour/resources/wc30.html (78 words)

	Groyne work seen as harbour plus » ABC Mid North Coast » Local News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Fishermen and recreational boat users in Coffs Harbour annoyed at the temporary closure of the local boat ramp are being asked to be patient as it is seen a positive move for the harbour.
		A temporary groyne is being sunk at the edge of the ramp's eastern wall to ease chronic siltation.
		"We then went to the NSW University water research laboratory and they've suggested a moderate style of groyne which is made out of geo-textile fabric and that'll cost around $150,000," he said.
	www.abc.net.au /cgi-bin/common/printfriendly.pl?/midnorthcoast/news/200412/s1265435.htm (229 words)

	Timber Groyne Inspection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		When entering works or materials required to repair the groyne, details such as Number required and Cost rates allow an overall cost to be calculated.
		Groyne Condition is graphed as condition (grade) over time.
		Other data that will have been entered such as Groyne Dimensions, Works Completed Expenditure and Work Required to return groyne to sound condition (grade 1) are displayed in a tabular format.
	www.halcrow.com /sands/Diary_in_SANDS/timber_insp.htm (338 words)

	Kingston Beach, Adur Valley , West Sussex, England: Seashore
		The chiton was fixed to the underside of rock at mid-tide level, amongst the loose rocks between the end of the groynes and the water line.
		However, in the pool under the groyne, there was an adult Blenny, and juvenile Corkwing Wrasse (one) and juvenile Bullheads (4+).
		Adult Corkwing Wrasse (one), large first year Corkwing (only one caught in an upper pool underneath a groyne) but more would be present, largish 5-Bearded Rockling (one was 16 cm long and found in an upper pool), Bullheads (in the upper pool to 95 mm) and small Rock Gobies were very frequently discovered under rocks.
	www.glaucus.org.uk /Kingston.htm (4829 words)

	kirra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Between the groynes is the original point, a scattered lava outcropping extended from a headland to its south.
		Also between the groynes is stretched the long lethal ribbon of sand responsible for Kirra's supertube magic.
		When the sand is right it's literally sectionless, the barrel forming and reforming like some sort of incredible moving version of the Flowrider wave machine, yet with all the weight of the ocean pushing behind it.
	www.lasalle.edu /~pawlaka1/surfing_page/kirra.html (272 words)

	Advocate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Blades was one of several persons who took members of the media on a tour of the beach yesterday, pointing out the considerable erosion to the area caused by the structure, which has been there for the past two years.
		He said the groyne is essentially the remnants of a pathway out to the sea that was created for heavy excavation equipment to gain access to an area offshore to build a breakwater for the hotel.
		The sand is presently being trapped on the west side of the groyne instead of the east,” he said.
	www.barbadosadvocate.com /NewViewNews.cfm?Record=15004 (579 words)

	Chapter 40: WATER MANAGEMENT AND FLOOD CONTROL POLICIES
		This team marketed a groyne system known as the "Case" groyne that they claimed was highly successful at Dymchurch and Deal, England between the years 1872 to 1898 where recovery of the low water line ranged between 50 to 400 feet.
		Two of these groynes were installed west of the Mahaica Creek during 1899 and were not responsive to trapping material throughout their lengths.
		The "Case" groyne system was installed on an extensive scale along the Essequibo and West and East Demerara coasts.
	www.guyana.org /NDS/chap40.htm (13471 words)

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