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Topic: Gruffydd ap Llywelyn

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	Gruffydd ap Llywelyn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		He was the son of Llywelyn ap Seisyll and a descendant of Rhodri the Great.
		On the death of Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig in 1039, Gruffydd unexpectedly seized control of Kingdom of GwyneddGwynedd, successfully waged war with Mercia, then attacked the neighbouring principality of Deheubarth.
		Gruffydd reached an agreement with Edward the Confessor, but was less successful in holding off the incursions of Harold Godwinson/.
	www.infothis.com /find/Gruffydd_ap_Llywelyn (433 words)

	Dafydd ap Gruffydd - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Following the death of his brother, Llywelyn ap Gruffydd, he was the last free Welsh ruler of Wales, except for periods of rebellion.
		He was a prince of Gwynedd, a younger son of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn and his wife, Senena, and thus grandson of Llywelyn the Great.
		During his career, Dafydd had repeatedly switched allegiances between his elder brother Llywelyn and King Edward I of England, but it was his rash attack on Hawarden Castle in March 1282, that caused the final conflict with, in the course of which Welsh independence was lost.
	www.bucyrus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Dafydd_ap_Gruffydd (319 words)

	the History
		Llywelyn swore an oath of allegiance to King John in 1201 and at first their relationship was a cordial one, Llywelyn marrying King John`s daughter, Joan, in 1205.
		Llywelyn`s ability to develop and increase the military and economic strength within Wales is considered to be a key factor in his success.
		And then Llywelyn, being unable to suffer the oppression of the king, by the council of his leading men, sent to the king his wife, who was daughter to the king, to make peace between him and the king on whatsoever terms she could".
	www.geocities.com /jinx85uk/Princes-of-Gwynedd.html (2003 words)

	Llywelyn the Last
		Although a capable military leader, Llywelyn lacked the political acumen of his grandfather, and made an unnecessary enemy of King Edward I of England by continuing to ally himself with the family of Simon de Montfort even after a precarious peace with the English had been concluded.
		Llywelyn's capable military leadership might still have prevailed, but he was ambushed and killed at Cilmeri, near Builth Wells, while attempting to rally support in south Wales.
		Llywelyn's daughter, Gwenllian, was sent to the convent of Sempringham in Lincolnshire, where she died in her fifties.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/l/ll/llywelyn_the_last.html (502 words)

	Ll Notes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Gruffydd's revenge was to lay Dyfed and Seisyllwg to waste with alliance to new Earl Svein of Mercia in order to have Saxon support of his claim to Deheubarth.
		Gruffydd ap Llywelyn was undoubtedly the outstanding Welsh ruler of the 11th century and the most distinguished prince to emerge since the days of Hywel Dda.
		The defeat and death of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn were a disaster for Gwynedd and for Wales, and it might be expected that ten or fifteen years would pass before the damage had been contained, and before the next leading figure among the Welsh princes could be identified.
	www.packrat-pro.com /lln.htm (952 words)

	Llywelyn ap Gruffydd. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		1282, Welsh prince, grandson of Llywelyn ap Iorwerth.
		Montfort’s downfall did not check Llywelyn’s rise; by the Treaty of Montgomery (1267) he was recognized as prince of Wales—the first official English use of that title, although Llywelyn had assumed it in 1258.
		On the accession (1272) of Edward I, Llywelyn refused homage to the English king.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ll/LlywelynG.html (244 words)

	Gruffydd ap Llywelyn -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		He was the son of Llywelyn ap Seisyll and a descendant of (Click link for more info and facts about Rhodri the Great) Rhodri the Great.
		Gruffydd reached an agreement with (Son of Ethelred the Unready; King of England from 1042 to 1066; he founded Westminster Abbey where he was eventually buried (1003-1066)) Edward the Confessor, but was less successful in holding off the incursions of (Click link for more info and facts about Harold Godwinson) Harold Godwinson.
		The headstrong and impatient Gruffydd fell to his death while attempting to escape from the (A fortress in London on the Thames; used as a palace and a state prison and now as a museum containing the crown jewels) Tower of London.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/g/gr/gruffydd_ap_llywelyn.htm (561 words)

	Llywelyn ap Iorworth
		When Llywelyn's cousin, Gruffydd ap Cynan donned the mantle of death Llywelyn, before his son Hywel ap Gruffudd could gather his thoughts and prepare the defence of the region, took advantage of the situation.
		Now the year was 1202 and when Hywel ap Gruffydd swore allegiance to him, Llywelyn was the Lord of of everything north of a line from the river Dovey in the west to the estuary of the river Dee in the east.
		Llywelyn's ambition however, was not sated with the acquisition, for he had expansionist plans that involved the whole of Wales.
	www.red-dragon-wales.com /WelshPrinces/LlywelynIorworth.htm (921 words)

	Uktravel.com - Castle Guide
		The earliest mention of any type of stronghold on the craggy rock is to be found in the Welsh chronicles, the Brut y Tywysogyon, in the year 1239, when Gruffydd ap Llywelyn (son of Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, or "the Great") was imprisoned in the castle by his half-brother, Dafydd.
		Llywelyn the Last's contribution was a curtain wall, which encompassed the entire promontory and formed the outer ward.
		Llywelyn the Last lost control of the castle early in 1283, a victim of King Edward I's second Welsh campaign.
	www.uktravel.com /castlecontent.asp?timeID=Criccieth&offset=0 (455 words)

	Churches of Gwynedd
		Gruffydd ap Cynan was buried on the north side of the high altar.
		There is some evidence to suggest that Madog ap Cynfrig, the Archdeacon of Mon, who took the place of Bishop Anian during his absence, and Adda ap Ynyr, may have been directly involved in a conspiracy against Llywelyn, luring him southwards to the area around Buellt(Builth) in the hope of securing support from the Mortimers.
		Llywelyn Fawr was a regular visitor to the Abbey, and probably had a hall less than 200 yards to the south west of the church.
	www.geocities.com /jinx85uk/Churches-of-Gwynedd.html (1625 words)

	powys (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Gruffydd ap Llywelyn who inflicted a series of defeats on the English, and made alliances with the enemies of King Edward the Confessor.
		Maredudd ap Gruffydd, the son of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, was excluded from the throne by his uncles Bleddyn ap Cynfyn and Rhywallon ap Cynfyn.
		Madoc ap Maredudd married Susanna, a daughter of Gruffydd ap Cynan, Prince of Gwynedd.
	www3.sympatico.ca /robert.sewell/powys.html (683 words)

	wales
		Iago ap Idwal was Prince of Gwynedd from 1023 to 1039 when he was murdered by Llywelyn ap Seisyll's son Gruffydd ap Llewelyn who was the only Welsh king to actually rule over the whole of Wales from 1057 until his death in 1063.
		Gruffydd ap Cynan married Angharad who was a daughter of Owain ap Edwin, Lord Tegeingl and a greatx2 granddaughter of Leofric, Earl of Mercia and his wife Godgifu who was the famous "Lady Godiva" who rode nude on her horse through Coventry.
		Llywelyn paid homage to King Henry III in 1247, but after rebelling several times he was killed in battle on December 11, 1282 during the reign of King Edward I. Llwelyn was the last of the Welsh princes to rule over an independent Wales.
	www3.sympatico.ca /robert.sewell/wales.html (1917 words)

	Dafydd ap Gruffydd (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Following the death of his brother, Llywelyn ap Gruffydd, he was the last native ruler of Wales, except for periods of rebellion.
		During his career, Dafydd had repeatedly switched allegiances between his elder brother Llywelyn and King Edward I of England, but it was his rash attack on Hawarden Castle in March, 1282, that caused the final conflict with Norman England, in the course of which Welsh independence was lost.
		Seeking refuge from the English forces in the mountains of Gwynedd, he was eventually captured and executed at Shrewsbury, and is identified by some sources as the first victim of hanging, drawing and quartering.
	centipedia.com /articles/David_ap_Gruffydd (231 words)

	Dafydd ap Llywelyn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		He was the only legitimate son of Llywelyn the Great by his wife, Joan (daughter of King John of EnglandJohn).
		Recognised as Prince of Wales by his uncle King Henry III of England in 1220 (the first to hold this title officially), he ruled Gwynedd following his father's death in 1240, despite the rival claims of his half-brother, Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, who died trying to escape from the Tower of London in early 1244.
		Dafydd's revolt of 1244 against the Crown was only a temporary success, and his sudden death led to disorder, his marriage to Isabella de Breos/ having failed to produce an heir.
	www.infothis.com /find/Dafydd_ap_Llywelyn (118 words)

	BBC - South West Wales Llandovery - Profile of Llywelyn Ap Gruffydd Fychan
		Llywelyn was known as a host of great generosity and was well loved by his people.
		Henry eventually lost his patience and Llywelyn was forced to admit that he was a loyal follower of Glyndwr and believed passionately in the cause of Welsh freedom.
		Maddened with anger and frustration, Henry had Llywelyn dragged to Llandovery where, at the gallows in front of the castle gates, he was publicly disembowelled and dismembered.
	www.bbc.co.uk /wales/southwest/sites/llandovery/pages/llywelyn.shtml (534 words)

	Gruffydd ap Llywelyn
		On the death of Iago ab Idwal in 1039, Gruffydd unexpectedly seized control of Gwynedd, and successfully waged war with Mercia, then attacked the neighbouring principality of Deheubarth.
		1200 - March 1, 1244) was the eldest, illegitimate son of Llywelyn the Great.
		After his death, however, Gruffydd's four sons - Owain, Llywelyn, Dafydd and Rhodri - would come into their own, and, after much fraternal discord, one of them would end up ruling most of Wales.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/gruffydd_ap_llywelyn (484 words)

	Wales (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		His son, Dafydd, used the title 'Prince of Wales' towards the end of his short reign and this was also taken up by his nephew and successor, Llywelyn ap Gruffydd, who at first shared power with his brother, Owain Goch, under the auspices of Henry III of England.
		Llywelyn died in a minor skirmish after a long struggle for peace and political unity, including an alliance with Simon de Montfort, the leader of the civil war against the weak Henry III.
		Another claimant, Owain Lawgoch (Redhand), a grandson of Rhodri, Llywelyn ap Gruffydd's younger brother, who had been brought up in England, never managed to gather enough support to invade but was taken seriously enough to be assassinated by John Lamb, a Scot in English pay, in 1378.
	www.gaminggeeks.org /Resources/KateMonk/Celtic/Wales/History.htm (1321 words)

	[No title]
		Llywelyn's capable military leadership might still have prevailed, but he was ambushed and killed at Cilmeri, near {\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "/wiki/Builth_Wells"}}{\fldrslt{\ul Builth Wells}}}\ulnone\f0\fs20, while attempting to rally support in south Wales.
		His head was then severed and delivered to London, where it was paraded through the streets.\par With the loss of Llywelyn, Welsh morale and the will to resist diminished, and Dafydd, having declared himself Llywelyn's successor, was forced to flee into the mountains.
		Llywelyn's daughter, Gwenllian, was sent to the convent of Sempringham in {\field{\\fldinst{HYPERLINK "/wiki/Lincolnshire"}}{\fldrslt{\ul Lincolnshire}}}\ulnone\f0\fs20, where she died in her fifties.\par {\field{\\fldinst{HYPERLINK "/w/wiki.phtml?title=Special:Categories&article=Llywelyn_the_Last"}}{\fldrslt{\ul Categories}}}\ulnone\f0\fs20 : {\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "/wiki/Category:Welsh_people"}}{\fldrslt{\ul Welsh people}}}\ulnone\f0\fs20\par \pard\lang1033\par }
	www.walesonline.com /info/Document.rtf (473 words)

	AllRefer.com - Gruffydd ap Llywelyn (British And Irish History, Biography) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, British And Irish History, Biographies
		Gruffydd ap Llywelyn[grif´ith Ap hluwel´in, lOOel´in] Pronunciation Key, d.
		His defeat plunged Wales into confusion and paved the way for the conquest of Wales by the Normans.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/G/Gruffydd.html (205 words)

	Kingdoms of Cymru Celts - Gwynedd
		Brother of Euddolen ap Afallach, ancestor of kings of Powys.
		With the death of Llywelyn ap Gruffydd in 1282 and his brother Dafydd the following year, 400 years of dominance by the house of Gwynedd comes to an end.
		It had done so through a combination of might and well-placed diplomacy that nevertheless failed to withstand the final, determined assault from the English in the person of Edward I. Llywelyn is beheaded and the grisly trophy taken by Roger Mortimer of Chirk to Rhuddlan.
	www.kessler-web.co.uk /History/KingListsBritain/CymruGwynedd.htm (550 words)

	Llywelyn the Last
		he years that followed the death of Llywelyn ab Iorwerth saw a major reversal in the fortunes of Gwynedd, culminating in the Treaty of Woodstock, concluded with King Henry III in 1247, a year after the death of Llywelyn's son Dafydd.
		Owain was imprisoned, and Llywelyn set about reasserting the authority of Gwynedd and thereafter extending it into a supremacy over much of the rest of Wales.
		In 1267 his position as overlord was recognized by Henry III in the Treaty of Montgomery when the English king accepted Llywelyn's homage as prince of Wales.
	www.castlewales.com /llywel2.html (474 words)

	WALES AND THE WELSH LANGUAGE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Gruffydd ap Llywelyn is killed by his own men and relatives and England's ascendancy is reaffirmed.
		At first, Llywelyn was eminently successful, the castles of Builth, Aberystwyth and Ruthin fell into his hands, and a large English force was utterly destroyed in the Menai Straights in Gwynedd.
		Llywelyn, separated from his army, found himself in a minor skirmish and on December 11, 1282 A.D. he was killed by an English knight unaware of the Welsh prince's identity.
	www.tylwythteg.com /wales/whistory.html (2948 words)

	700000 people connected with European Royalty
		Llywelyn Ap Gruffydd Prince Of Wales and Eleanor Montford Lady
		Trahern Ap Caradog Gwynedd and Nest Ferch Gruffydd
		Spouse: Iowerth Ap Owain Prince Of Gwynedd (Abt 1130-Abt 1184)
	www.e-familytree.net /f4594.htm (1651 words)

	Llywelyn ap Gruffudd: Prince of Wales (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The author takes thirteenth-century Wales as a backdrop against which he analyses the relationship between a sense of nationhood and the practical realities of creating a structure to embrace a unified principality of Wales held under the aegis of the English Crown.
		Llywelyn ap Gruffudd: Prince of Wales is an outstanding work by an author with a perceptive understanding of the complexities of his subject.
		He is the author of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd: Tywysog Cymru and of numerous articles.
	www.uwp.co.uk /book_desc/1474.html (412 words)

	Welsh Princes in Wales, Deheubarth
		Angharad who married 1st LLYWELYN AP SEISYLL who became King of Deheubarth in 999 and died in 1023, leaving a son.
		He was the son of Seisyll and Prawst, daughter of Elise ab Anarawd and became ruler of all Wales.
		Gruffydd was killed through the treachery of his own men, and left issue, though this is usually ascribed to his wife.
	freespace.virgin.net /owston.tj/Deheubarth.htm (482 words)

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