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	Gruinard island
		The conclusion of the test was that a large scale release of spores could render a city unusable for decades: due to the durability of anthrax spores, decontamination was unsuccessful, and the island was quarantined, with no-one permitted to visit, other than an occasional check on the level of contamination.
		Beginning in 1986, a determined effort was made to decontaminate the island, with 280 tonnes of formaldehyde solution diluted in seawater being sprayed over all 520 acres of the island, and the worst-contaminated topsoil around the dispersal site being removed.
		A flock of sheep was then placed on the island, and remained healthy, and on April 24, 1990, after 48 years of quarantine, the then junior defence minister personally visited the island and removed the warning signs to announce its safety.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/gr/Gruinard_island.html (235 words)

	CalendarHome.com - - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Eighty sheep were taken to the island, and bombs filled with anthrax spores were exploded close to where selected groups were tethered.
		As a result, Gruinard Island was quarantined and remained a no-go area for many years afterward.
		Starting in 1986, a determined effort was made to decontaminate the island, with 280 tonnes of formaldehyde solution diluted in seawater being sprayed over all 520 acres (2 km²) of the island, and the worst-contaminated topsoil around the dispersal site being removed.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=Gruinard_Island (583 words)

	BBC News \| SCOTLAND \| Britain's 'Anthrax Island'
		The island, Gruinard, just off the mainland, in Gruinard Bay, half way between Ullapool and Gairloch in the Highlands, was so contaminated that it was deemed out-of-bounds for almost 50 years.
		Despite attempts to disinfect Gruinard Island, the spores left by the experiments kept the island in quarantine for 48 years.
		The final WW II report on the Gruinard Island tests suggested anthrax could be used to render cities uninhabitable "for generations".
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/scotland/1457035.stm (657 words)

	Gruinard Island
		Gruinard Island is just off the mainland, in Gruinard Bay, half way between Ullapool and Gairloch in the Highlands.
		The island, Gruinard, was so contaminated that it was deemed out-of- bounds for almost 50 years.
		With Germany defeated, 520-acre Gruinard Island was deemed off-limits and abandoned by the government.
	www.ww2inthehighlands.co.uk /folders/environmental/gruinardisland.htm (604 words)

	Worldandnation: Island with a lethal legacy
		GRUINARD ISLAND, Scotland -- Low, mean clouds scud overhead, precursors of the gale building off the northwest coast of Scotland.
		Gruinard was cleaned up in 1986, and for the next 15 years no one paid any attention to a small, unpopulated island not unlike dozens of other small islands off the rugged Scottish coast.
		Assured of its quirky place in the history of weaponry, Gruinard Island slumbered on through the rest of World War II and most of the Cold War.
	www.sptimes.com /News/102801/news_pf/Worldandnation/Island_with_a_lethal_.shtml (2129 words)

	Lonely-Isles Handa
		Gruinard Island sits in Gruinard Bay on the west coast of Ross and Cromarty in Highland Council area and covers an area of 196 ha (484 acres).
		All the sheep not surprisingly died and their bodies were buried in a caved on the island under tons of rock.
		In 1990 Gruinard was finally declared free of anthrax nearly 50 years after what was now be looked upon as a foolhardy and unnecessary experiment.
	dialspace.dial.pipex.com /prod/dialspace/town/pipexdsl/t/atra04/lonelyisles/gruinard/Home.htm (475 words)

	Scottish Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament
		In 1941, the 520-acre Gruinard Island in Wester Ross was poisoned with anthrax as a testing ground for chemical and biological warfare.
		The anthrax released by the explosions on the island was tested on a flock of sheep to test the possibility of using, as a last resort, chemical warfare on German cities.
		Amongst the scientists who took part in the de-contamination of the island was Dr. David Kelly, whose suicide in July 2003 forced an inquiry into allegations that the government altered an intelligence report to advance the case for war in Iraq.
	www.banthebomb.org /militaryscotland/23.html (262 words)

	Anthrax and Other Biological Weapons
		In fact, there is an island called Gruinard, which was used for the testing of anthax on sheep, in the north west of Scotland.
		The island was infected in 1941 using modified mustard gas shells and a bomb from a Wellington Bomber.
		The anthrax cakes were tested on Gruinard Island, off Wester Ross, which was finally cleared of contamination in 1990.
	www.thirdreich.net /Anthrax___Biological_Weapons.html (1833 words)

	Gruinard Island - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gruinard Island is a small Scottish island, located in Gruinard Bay, about halfway between Gairloch and Ullapool.
		As a result, Gruinard Island was quarantined and remained a no-go area for many years afterward.
		Starting in 1986, a determined effort was made to decontaminate the island, with 280 tonnes of formaldehyde solution diluted in seawater being sprayed over all 520 acres (2 km²) of the island, and the worst-contaminated topsoil around the dispersal site being removed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gruinard_Island (372 words)

	Lonely-Isles Handa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Gruinard Island sits in Gruinard Bay on the west coast of Ross and Cromarty in Highland Council area and covers an area of 196 ha (484 acres).
		All the sheep not surprisingly died and their bodies were buried in a caved on the island under tons of rock.
		In 1990 Gruinard was finally declared free of anthrax nearly 50 years after what was now be looked upon as a foolhardy and unnecessary experiment.
	dspace.dial.pipex.com /prod/dialspace/town/pipexdsl/t/atra04/lonelyisles/gruinard/Home.htm (475 words)

	ASA Newsletter - Article 01-5C
		In 1945 when the owner sought the return of Gruinard Island, the Ministry of Supply recognized that the island was contaminated as a result of the wartime experiments and consequently it could not be derequisitioned until it was deemed safe.
		The importance attached to the return of Gruinard Island to civil ownership was such that the Ministry of Defense considered it essential to have an independent evaluation of the studies carried out by CDE.
		In addition, they recommended that as a demonstration of confidence that the whole island could now be used in the same way as the mainland, a local farmer should graze part of his flock of sheep on the island for six months.
	www.asanltr.com /newsletter/01-5/articles/015c.htm (1755 words)

	Guardian \| Welcome to anthrax island (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This is because the Soviet Union was using the island for the open-air testing of biological weapons.
		Located 3,500km from Moscow, in the middle of a remote inland sea surrounded by sparsely populated desert deep in the heart of central Asia, the island was the perfect proving ground for a deadly array of airborne microbes.
		Researchers at Rebirth Island used to joke that the condemned monkeys were the luckiest inhabitants of the Soviet Union because they lived on fresh fruit.
	www.guardian.co.uk /print/0,3858,5175213-111414,00.html (1163 words)

	Foyle's War
		Gruinard Island off the West Coast of Scotland was the perfect location for this purpose.
		A small island, which very few people knew about, it sits in a bay and is sheltered on three sides, making it the perfect testing ground for Fildes' experiment.
		The government could not own up to the goings-on on Gruinard Island (in fact Churchill only came to know of the experiments some time after they were underway) but paid up considerable compensation to make the story disappear.
	www.foyleswar.com /episodes/402/402bts.htm (713 words)

	Germs on the loose \| thebulletin.org
		Uzbek and Kazakh experts are extremely concerned that the buried anthrax and other pathogens tested on the island will eventually find their way to the mainland, either by way of disease-carrying animals or accidental contamination of workers involved in activities such as oil drilling, which could stir up long-dormant pathogens.
		Gruinard Island, a remote and rocky body a half-mile off the northwest Scottish coast, was chosen for the first British anthrax bomb tests.
		The island, which lies near the fishing village of Aultbea, is a heather-covered outcrop of rock 300 feet high, 1.5 miles long, and a mile wide.
	www.thebulletin.org /article.php?art_ofn=ma01choffnes (3154 words)

	Of Microbes and Mock Attacks: Years Ago, The Military Sprayed Germs on U.S. Cities Jim Carlton / Wall Street Journal ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Gruinard Island, in the northwest of Scotland, was perfect.
		Gruinard was too small to test such devices, but other countries were willing to help.
		To preserve the secrecy of their project, and because the island was heavily contaminated with anthrax, they couldn't return Gruinard to its original owners.
	www.mindfully.org /Reform/Military-Germs-US-Cities.htm (2314 words)

	Accommodation around Gruinard, Laide, Little Loch Broom in Wester Ross Scotland
		One of the caves near the village was used as a place of worship until the end of the last century.
		Old Duncan Matheson who died aged 93 was the last baby to be baptised there when his family were driven off Priest Island due to extreme hardship, and landed at Coast, where they lived in their upturned boat until they built a house.
		The road twists up to the top of Gruinard Hill before dropping down to the sands of Gruinard Bay, where the Inverianvie River meets the sea.
	www.celticfringe.org.uk /gruinard.htm (1018 words)

	Telegraph \| News
		On Gruinard Island, a mile off the West coast of Scotland, there are large, strange patches of lime-green vegetation which look as though they would glow in the dark if anyone were foolhardy enough to make a nocturnal visit.
		Gruinard was chosen because it is small, uninhabited and near the Allied military base at Loch Ewe.
		The dead sheep were dumped in a cave on the island and buried under tons of rock.
	www.telegraph.co.uk /news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/14/wanth214.xml (1241 words)

	The State Versus The Microbe
		But to prove it does indeed fix in the mind, I don't remember many small flat islands, but the closest I have personally got to anthrax was when I once passed the Scottish island of Gruinard.
		This was the island chosen by the British Military to conduct biological warfare experiments during World War II as the hapless sheep of the island were sacrificed to the spore clouds of military advancement.
		To the sheep's chagrin, their sacrifice in the line of duty was not needed as the weapons were deemed "frightening" in classified documents of the time as conventional warfare proved to be enough in Europe.
	www.lewrockwell.com /watson/watson20.html (1806 words)

	28 Days or 28 Millennia Later, Anthrax Will Still Kill Man and Beast (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		During World War II, the British tested anthrax as a biological weapon on Gruinard Island, off the northwestern coast of Scotland.
		Bombarded with spores, the sheep on Gruinard died.
		Only 50 years after the first test the island was declared free of spores.
	baltimorechronicle.com /aug03_anthrax.html (500 words)

	Augusta Georgia: Opinions:Bring on the sheep 12/22/01
		The flock of sheep left on the island for the test keeled over soon thereafter.
		Gruinard was declared anthrax-free in 1987, after 280 tons of formaldehyde and 2,000 tons of seawater were dumped on the island.
		The flock of sheep sent in subsequently survived its vacation to Gruinard.
	chronicle.augusta.com /stories/122201/opi_240-5948.shtml (324 words)

	Straight To Hell : A Hellblazer Site (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Gemma Constantine is caught between the monsters of Gruinard Island and the human monsters who brought her there as she desperately tries to atone for her uncle John's past sins.
		In a small rowing boat just off the coast of Gruinard, Bantham gives Gemma Masters directions to the cairn under which he buried the creatures he killed some twenty years previous.
		Gemma's trek across the island comes to a violent end when the now transformed children swoop from the night sky to attack her.
	www.insanerantings.com /hell/comics/ongoing/hb188.html (844 words)

	Anthrax: essential data
		In order to determine whether or not anthrax was a viable weapon, in the summer of 1942 British researchers went to Gruinard Island, off the coast of Scotland, and conducted a series of tests with anthrax-containing bombs.
		Finally, in the 1980's, the British government undertook to decontaminate the island, conducting a survey to determine where the anthrax was and then studying means to decontaminate the soil.
		During the summer of 1986, the areas on the island which had been found to be still contaminated were treated, samples were collected to see if spores had survived, and areas where viable spores were found were retreated until no anthrax was found.
	www.cbwinfo.com /Biological/Pathogens/BA.html (4184 words)

	DX Bulletin de XE1BEF - in english :: No. 210
		ISLAND NOSY BE (IOTA AF057) - MADAGASCAR - Dino IZ4AKV writes us to the "DX Bulletin of XE1BEF" to inform us that of August 25 at September 8 will be active as 5R8HS in all the bands HF, but also from the islands Nosy Iranja and Nosy Komba.
		ISLAND BERMUDA (NA005) - (HF + 6 METERS) - Of August 20-28 it will be active it Franks K3TRM like K3TRM/VP9 while it passes their vacations in that place, operating in the bands of 80-6 meters, even the WARC, in SSB, RTTY, and PSK31.
		ISLAND NOSY BE (IOTA AF057) - Dino IZ4AKV writes us to the "DX Bulletin of XE1BEF" to inform us that of August 25 at September 8 will be active as 5R8HS in all the bands HF, but also from the islands Nosy Iranja and Nosy Komba.
	members.fortunecity.com /dxbulletin/DXbulletin210-e.htm (6423 words)

	village voice > news > You Can't Iron Out the Anthrax by George Smith
		By 1981, persons unknown demanded the British government decontaminate the island, and made sure their request got noticed by filling a couple ten-pound packages with still spore-laden soil and directing authorities to them.
		Eventually, Gruinard was de-anthraxed with a mixture of seawater and formaldehyde.
		Alibek had his own equivalent of Gruinard Island called Rebirth—rebirth into the oblivion, perhaps, since at least a couple of people appear to have died as a result of testing on it.
	www.villagevoice.com /issues/0143/smith.php (771 words)

	History of Biological Warfare
		The fateful Gruinard Island off the coast of Scotland was chosen as the site for this testing.
		After an outbreak of anthrax in sheep and cattle in 1943 on the coast o f Scotland that directly faced Gruinard, the British decided to stop testing.
		Unfortunately, the spores unexpectedly embedded themselves in the soil so total decontamination of the island was and still is impossible.
	library.thinkquest.org /21659/agents/history.html (1273 words)

	West Highland Free Press Local Newspaper for the Isle of Skye and Western Isles in the Gaelic and English (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		After the end of the war it had become apparent that the island would remain dangerous for many years and it was therefore purchased by the Ministry of Supply in 1947.
		Finally in 1990 it was announced that Gruinard Island was to be sold back to the heirs of its former owner on 1st May for £500, equal to compensation paid at the time of its compulsory purchase.
		Certain areas had been decontaminated in 1986 and 1987 by spraying with five per cent formaldehyde in sea water, and the island as a whole had been passed as safe in 1988 by "independent scientists", after a local farmer had grazed a flock of 40 sheep there for several months with no observable ill effects.
	www.whfp.com /1584/focus.html (1790 words)

	WorldNetDaily: The secret history of anthrax
		British and Canadian researchers were especially aggressive in their pursuit of anthrax as a weapon of mass destruction.
		As a result of the Gruinard tests, the island was so badly contaminated that it has been completely sealed off to visitors.
		Before its conversion to the bacteriological cause, the island had served as a quarantine station for immigrants wishing to enter Canada.
	www.worldnetdaily.com /news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=25220 (2326 words)

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