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Topic: Guam Rail

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	PI-Guam Rail
		The Guam Rail has a brown head, neck and eye stripe; near gray throat and upper breast; short wings that are dark with brownish spots and barred with white; lower breast, abdomen, under tail coverts, and tail are flish with white barrings; gray bill, long legs and dark brown feet; and red iris.
		The Guam Rail is a secretive, flightless, territorial species that is most easily observed as it bathes or feeds along roadsides or field edges.
		The rail is one of the few native birds of Guam that is found more frequently in scrubby second growth or mixed forest than in uniform tracts of mature forest, and might have been more abundant after the arrival of man than before.
	www.fws.gov /pacificislands/wesa/guamrail.html (484 words)

	San Diego Zoo's Animal Bytes: Guam Rail
		Guam rails are year-round ground nesters, producing up to 10 clutches a year.
		Guam rails are omnivorous, although they do prefer animals instead of plants.
		Rails at the Wild Animal Park and the San Diego Zoo are offered crickets, mealworm larvae, mice, dog chow, and a specialized meat mixture for zoo carnivores.
	www.sandiegozoo.org /animalbytes/t-guam_rail.html (564 words)

	Guam Rails
		The Guam Rail, Gallirallus owstoni, is a flightless bird, endemic to Guam.
		The Guam Rail disappeared from southern Guam in the early 1970s and was extirpated from the entire island by the late 1980s.
		A recent effort to introduce rails on Guam in a 22 hectare forested area concentrated on protecting the rails by limiting snakes using a combination of trapping and a perimeter barrier to reduce re-invasion by snakes.
	www.avianweb.com /guamrails.html (570 words)

	At the aviary, a special chick is born (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In the mid-80s, 10 Guam rail were captured and sent to zoos and aviaries for captive breeding in the Species Survival Plan sponsored by the American Zoo and Aquarium Association.
		By 1997 the Guam rail were officially extinct, in the wild, on their native island.
		Further impeding the reintroduction of the Guam rail to their native island is a burgeoning population of feral cats, according to Megan Ross, curator of birds at the Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago and coordinator of the Guam rail species survival plan.
	www.post-gazette.com /pg/05304/597844.stm (623 words)

	BROWN TREE SNAKES IN GUAM AND THEIR EFFECT ON FAUNA
		The island of Guam, a U. Territory, is located in the tropical western Pacific, nearly equidistant from Japan to the north, the Philippines to the west, and New Guinea to the South (Enbring and Ftitts 1988).
		Boiga irregularis on Guam has resulted in population declines of native resident birds; of the 18 native species, half have been extirpated, six are almost gone, and three exist in only small numbers (Enbring and Fritts 1988).
		The key to the restoration process of Guam’s fauna is to restrict the impacts of snake predation by drastically reducing the number of snakes on Guam.
	horticulture.coafes.umn.edu /vd/h5015/00papers/amand.htm (2703 words)

	Guam Rail / Ko'ko' — Divison of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources
		Locally known as the "ko'ko' ", it is endemic to Guam, which means it is found only on Guam and nowhere else in the world.
		An experimental population of rails was begun in 1990 in nearby Rota where environmental conditions are similar to Guam's and there are no kulepbla (brown tree snakes).
		Hopefully, when Guam's kulepbla population is controlled or eradicated, the Rota population will have flourished enough so that we will be able to bring the ko'ko' back to its native habitat.
	www.guamdawr.org /learningcenter/factsheets/birds/rail_html (523 words)

	CNN - Stowaway snakes deplete bird populations on Guam - Nov. 9, 1996
		GUAM (CNN) -- To the casual observer, Guam is a Pacific paradise with gentle waves lapping against its sandy shores.
		The once-plentiful fruit bat, although a mammal, has also fallen prey to the brown tree snake, as has the Guam rail, a flightless bird that lives underground.
		The real fight, however, is taking place at Guam's airports and seaports, where police armed with terrier dogs patrol cargo areas to keep the snakes from catching a ride to other destinations.
	www.cnn.com /EARTH/9611/09/guam.snakes/index.html (369 words)

	RedOrbit - Reference Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Guam Rail (Rallus owstoni) is a flightless bird native to Guam.
		It disappeared from southern Guam in the early 1970s and was removed totally from the entire island by the late 1980s.
		A recent effort to introduce rails on Guam in a 22 hectare forested area concentrated on protecting the rails by limiting snakes using a combination of trapping and a perimeter barrier to reduce re-invasion by snakes.
	www.redorbit.com /education/reference_library?article_id=640 (523 words)

	Guam Visitors Bureau (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Guam is the largest island in the western Pacific.
		Guam's tropical plants are a study of hearty beauty.
		Guam's wildlife refuges and sanctuaries are home to sea turtle nesting sites, old forest stands, rare and exotic birds, and our only mammal, the fruit bat, known locally as the fanihi.
	www.visitguam.org /guide/?pg=picture (891 words)

	Bibliography of the Rallidae for Guam Rail SSP and Gruiformes TAG
		The decline and restoration of the Guam Rail, Rallus owstoni.
		A total of 325 RAPD primers were tested on DNA from a subset of five clapper rails composed of a single representative for each of the four light-footed clapper rail populations and a representative for the single Yuma clapper rail population.
		The morphology of flightless rails is apparently frequently dominated by evolutionary parallelism although similarity of external appearance is not an indication of the extent of genetic divergence.
	www.guamrailvetinfo.com /docs/grbib.htm (8892 words)

	Guam-based conservation helps save endangered species (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Lujan is the liaison for the Guam Department of Agriculture, which has a partnership with the base to re-introduce the Marianas crow back to the island.
		Jones is a wildlife technician from the Guam Department of Agriculture.
		The Guam rail is a flightless native bird that thrived here until a military cargo ship accidentally introduced the brown tree snake here during World War II.
	www.af.mil /news/story_print.asp?storyID=123014289 (612 words)

	Bird Watcher's General Store
		Guam is a pleasant tropical island in the south Pacific, just north of New Guinea, which is just north of Australia, which is just north of Antarctica and all those fun penguins.
		Guam is not a huge island; only about thirty miles long and around seven miles wide on average, but it did have enough habitat to support a nice assortment of endemic birds.
		There was the flightless Guam Rail, the handsome Micronesian Kingfisher, and the interesting sounding Cardinal Honeyeater.
	www.birdwatchersgeneralstore.com /Guam.htm (781 words)

	[No title]
		The island of Guam is the largest island of the Ladrone Archipelago.
		Guam and the other Mariana Islands were formally claimed by the Spanish Crown in 1565 by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi.
		Once Christianity was firmly established, the Catholic Church became the focal point for village activities and Guam became a regular port-of-call for the Spanish treasure galleons that crisscrossed the Pacific Ocean from Mexico to the Philippines.
	www.lycos.com /info/guam--islands.html (568 words)

	[No title]
		As Guam was probably mostly limestone forest before the arrival of man (11), the rail may have been more common after much of the mature forest had been converted to scrubby second growth or mixed forest (14).
		In the past, the Guam rail was also observed in association with areas such as rural residential, golf courses, cropland (vegtables, melons, and fallow), pasture, and evergreen and mixed forests (09).
		POPULATION BIOLOGY: The present decline of the Guam rail is apparently due to predation by the brown tree snake, Boiga irregularis (10).
	fwie.fw.vt.edu /WWW/esis/lists/e101035.htm (2063 words)

	Extinctions and Loss of Species from Guam: Birds
		A recent effort to introduce rails on Guam in a 22-ha forested area concentrated on protecting the rails by limiting snakes using a combination of trapping and a perimetereter barrier to reduce re-invasion by snakes.
		A colorful and frequent urban resident on Guam, the Cardinal honeyeater was lost as the brown Treesnake population boomed.
		The Micronesian megapode disappeared from Guam prior to the arrival of the brown Treesnake.
	www.mesc.usgs.gov /resources/education/bts/impacts/birds.asp (2026 words)

	Most Wanted: Brown Tree Snake (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Victims: The Guam rail and several other bird species, native fruit bats as well as some reptile wildlife, are close to extinction because of the snake.
		Although the population on Guam is estimated at more than one million, if you hike in the jungle you probably won’t see one.
		As the bird population of Guam declined, the snake turned its focus to Guam's lizards.
	www.af.mil /news/airman/0304/serpentsb1.shtml (240 words)

	STATEMENT OF SCOTT CAMERON, DEPUTY ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR PERFORMANCE AND MANAGEMENT,
		The brown treesnake arrived in Guam sometime during the late 1940s. On the island, the brown treesnake has devastated bird populations, sending 10 species to extinction in the short span of 20 years.
		Guam’s endemic birds evolved in a snake-free environment and, thus, were naive in their response to predatory tree snakes.
		The Guam Rail and Guam Micronesian Kingfisher have been extirpated in the wild on Guam and the Guam Micronesian Kingfisher exists only in zoos and breeding facilities.
	www.doi.gov /ocl/2004/HR3479.htm (1670 words)

	Alien Snake Threatens Pacific Islands Endangered Species Bulletin - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		By the 1980's, when the snake was identified as the cause of the declines in the native fauna, 10 of 13 Guam's native forest birds had disappeared, along with several species of seabirds and lizards.
		The severity of the conservation crisis led to the establishment of the Guam National Wildlife Refuge to preserve habitat and serve as a focal point for research and recovery.
		Guam's Department of Agriculture also manages a large trapping effort in areas contiguous with U.S.D.A. control areas, but the area represents a fraction of the island.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0ASV/is_6_23/ai_54061821 (918 words)

	Adopt a Guam Rail - National Zoo\| FONZ
		In 1989, rails were introduced to the snake-free island of Rota about 30 miles from Guam, and this population now appears to be established and increasing.
		Over time, CRC's role under the Guam rail SSP has evolved from increasing the population through breeding, then breeding and reintroduction, to health screening and clearance for all rails to be transferred from mainland zoos to Guam for breeding and reintroduction.
		The future of the rail in its native Guam ultimately depends on developing measures to control and eventually eradicate the brown tree snake population.
	nationalzoo.si.edu /Support/AdoptSpecies/AnimalInfo/Guamrail/default.cfm (1234 words)

	Guam Rail - National Zoo\| FONZ
		Guam rails (Rallus owstoni) are a small flightless bird that lived only on the island of Guam in the Mariana Archipelago in the Pacific.
		Snakes feeding on the rails' young and eggs caused the Guam rail population to crash to only 21 birds by 1985.
		Although the brown snake still poses a threat to the species, in 1997 a large 60-acre area has been fenced off and after many weeks of trapping and re-trapping, snakes were removed from the area.
	nationalzoo.si.edu /ConservationAndScience/EndangeredSpecies/GuamRail (302 words)

	Critically Endangered Guam Rail Chick Hatches at National Aviary
		By all accounts the Guam Rail, native only to the island of Guam, is not a flashy or exceptionally pretty bird.
		The near annihilation of the Guam Rail was due to the accidental introduction of the brown tree snake after World War II when it is believed snakes reached the island via military vessels.
		Today millions of snakes exist on the island and efforts are underway to cull the snake population, which continues to wreak havoc on native bird and animal species.
	www.aviary.org /wlcm/pressroom_release.php?itemid=41 (353 words)

	War in the Pacific NHP: Archeology and History of Guam (Section A)
		There have been extensive changes in the vegetation of Guam in addition to those brought about by deliberate artificial clearing of land for living and farming purposes and, in recent years, for large military installations, highways, and new settlements, and cutting of wood (the tropical hardwood trees of the northern plateau are mostly gone).
		Finally, the ocean about Guam, outside the fringing reef, is swarming with fishes of many kinds, [10] which were formerly utilized as an important source of food.
		Among the birds seen on Guam in January-February 1952, but not definitely identified, was one which, on brief and casual observation, distinctly resembled the accipitrine hawks, and presumably it was one of these.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/reed/sectiona-2.htm (2092 words)

	Guam Rail - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The preliminary success constitutes one of the few bright spots in the conservation of Guam's native fauna in recent years and speaks to future opportunities to recover wildlife.
		The birds of Guam evolved in the absence of snake predators.
		Two of these species, the Guam Rail and the Micronesian Kingfisher, are being captively bred in zoos in the hope that they can eventually be released back into the wild.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Guam_Rail (532 words)

	birds020199 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		He is helping reintroduce the Guam rail, a little brown bird on the verge of extinction, back into the wild.
		The Guam rail, a small, flightless bird, was driven almost to extinction by the brown tree snake, a venomous, aggressive reptile that can reach 8 feet in length.
		Biologists hope to reintroduce the rail in Guam someday, once the brown tree snake is brought under control.
	www.cincypost.com /living/1999/birds020199.html (597 words)

	FOR444 Lecture Notes
		Guam Rail – flightless; habitat and diet generalist; high fecundity; at one time was so numerous that native people kept them for pets.
		Currently, there are 0 Guam rails in the wild; mainly the result of Brown Tree Snake.
		Extremely precipitous population decline: from 3,000 to extinction in 40 years (less genetic diversity than in Guam rails, because rail population was about 40,000 40 years prior to extinction).
	www.cof.orst.edu /cof/teach/for444/haig.htm (455 words)

	National Aviary's newest is indeed a rare bird - Pittsburgh Tribune-Review
		The Guam Rail chick, hatched Oct. 8 at the North Side bird park, can trace his family tree to a measly 10 ancestors.
		Because Guam is overrun with brown tree snakes, the flightless, generally silent brown and white birds don't survive long in the wild before being gobbled up, Ross said.
		Guam Rails have been introduced to the neighboring island of Rota, where the snakes don't live, and wildlife officials want to help the birds thrive again in their native habitat, perhaps by culling the snakes.
	www.pittsburghlive.com /x/pittsburghtrib/s_385063.html (440 words)

	Guam, Endangered Species - Biological Diversity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The seven Guam species are the Mariana crow (Corvus kubaryi), Guam rail (Rallus owstoni), Guam Micronesian kingfisher (Halcyon cinnamomina cinnamomina), Guam broadbill (Myiagra freycineti), Guam bridled white-eye (Zosterops conspicillata conspicillata), Mariana fruit bat (Pteropus mariannus), and little Mariana fruit bat (Pteropus tokudae).
		The Service listed all seven Guam species as endangered in 1984, and their continued survival remains in doubt, due largely to predation by the introduced brown tree snake and continued fragmentation and destruction of their native habitat.
		As part of these efforts, the Guam rail has recently been reintroduced to native forest habitat in the northern part of Guam.
	www.biologicaldiversity.org /swcbd/activist/guam.html (634 words)

	The Guam Micronesian Kingfisher (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Micronesian Kingfisher is a native to Guam.
		There are five native birds in Guam that have become endangered or threatened because of the brown tree snake.
		The solution to saving the birds of Guam and the forest ecosystems is to reduce the brown tree snakes population.
	www.orecity.k12.or.us /ochs/departments/science/species/kingfisher.html (1210 words)

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