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	Guano - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The high concentration of nitrates also made guano an important strategic commodity; in fact, the War of the Pacific between the Peru-Bolivia alliance and Chile was primarily based upon Bolivia's attempt to tax Chilean guano harvesters.
		Guano is harvested on various islands in the Pacific Ocean (for example the Chincha Islands and Nauru) and in other oceans (for example Juan de Nova Island).
		Guano has been harvested over several centuries along the coast of Peru, where islands and rocky shores have been sheltered from humans and predators and administered by private and state companies.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Guano (415 words)

	Guano Islands Act - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Guano Islands Act was federal legislation passed by the U.S. Congress on August 18, 1856 enabling citizens of the U.S. to take possession of islands containing guano deposits.
		In the early 19th century, guano came to be prized as an agricultural fertilizer.
		The act specifically allowed the islands to be considered a possession of the U.S., but it also provided that the U.S. was not obliged to retain possession after the guano was exhausted.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Guano_Islands_Act (375 words)

	Navassa Island - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Guano phosphate was a superior organic fertilizer that became a mainstay of American agriculture in the mid-19th century.
		The workers dug out the guano by dynamite and pick-axe and hauled it in rail cars to the landing point at Lulu Bay, where it was sacked and lowered onto boats for transfer to the Company barque, the S.S. Romance.
		Hauling guano by muscle-power in the fierce tropical heat with harsh rules enforced by abusive white supervisors eventually provoked a rebellion on the island in 1889.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Navassa_Island (1447 words)

	ICE Case Study: Guano
		Guano was widely used by the native populations of pre-Spanish Latin America for centuries as a fertilizer to increase crop yields.
		Peru's primary guano islands are the Chinchas, the Ballestras, the Lobos, and the Macabi and Guanape islands.
		However, by the 20th century, measures were taken to preserve the guano birds and their habitats by limiting the amount of guano that is exported and the amount of fish that is caught to ensure a stable food supply for the guano birds.) Industry output in 1920 was 11,400 tons, equal to $500,000 (1920 dollars).
	www.american.edu /TED/ice/guano.htm (1486 words)

	Guano
		The word guano originated from the Quichua language of the Inca civilization and means "the droppings of sea birds".
		Guano is provided in the ready to use condition, thoroughly aged to the vintage state of a good natural fertilizer.
		Famous guano known throughout history as the exclusive fertilizer of the Inca civilization and produced by sea birds that thrive on fish in a extreme environment.
	www.newenglandnatural.com /guano.html (1048 words)

	ICE Case Study: Guano
		Guano, a natural fertilizer made from bird droppings, was a prized commodity during the 19th century and heavily traded by European and American traders.
		Also guano and the environment will be looked at some length and what other problems lie ahead for the guano birds and their environment.
		Habitat loss is an issue because of the lack of measures to regulate the guano trade, the guano birds' habitats were seriously affected as their existence was at risk with the destruction of their nesting areas.
	www.american.edu /ted/ice/guano.htm (1486 words)

	Guano - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Guano ('gwä-"no from the Quechua 'wanu') is the name given to the collected droppings of seabirds and bats.
		It is highly prized as an effective fertilizer due to its high levels of nitrogen.
		Guano is harvested on various islands in the Pacific (for example the Chincha Islands and Nauru) and in other oceans (for example Juan de Nova Island).
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Guano (393 words)

	FAIR: History & Geography
		In the early 19th century, bird droppings, or "guano," came to be prized as an agricultural fertilizer.
		The act specifically allowed the islands to be considered a possession of the U.S., but it also provided that the U.S. was not obliged to retain possession after the guano supply was exhausted.
		Prior to the adoption of The Guano Islands Act, any territory acquired by the U.S. was considered to have become an integral part of the country's territory unless changed by treaty.
	www.kp1-5.com /history.html (858 words)

	FIREPOWER AND FERTILIZERS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Guano was Peru's leading export in the 1850s and its largest source of revenue, with 300 shiploads of guano a year leaving Peru, most of them in American ships.
		Guano fever swept American farmers, especially those who had suddenly realized that crop yields were dropping as they exhausted their soil.
		Guano continued to be exported to Britain for a number of years at about 150,000 tonnes per year during the 1860s, but with the advent of nitrates and mined rock phosphate, the guano trade diminished considerably because the new products had a high and more reliable quality.
	www-geology.ucdavis.edu /~cowen/~GEL115/115CH16fertilizer.html (3237 words)

	Palmyra Atoll - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It is also an unorganized territory as there is no Congressional act specifying how it should be governed, which is now a moot point as there is now no indigenous population nor any reason to think that there will be one in the future.
		In 1859, Palmyra was claimed both by the American Guano Company and the United States Guano Company, but the following year it was awarded to the second company which however never started mining for guano in accordance with the Guano Islands Act of 1856.
		In the period preceding the formal annexation of the atoll by the U.S., the U.K. had shown interest for the atoll to become part of the "Guano Empire" of John T. Arundel and Co; and in 1889 the British had even formally annexed it.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Palmyra_Atoll (1416 words)

	[No title]
		The Guano Islands Act provides for islands, rocks, or keys, not within the jurisdiction of any other government, to "be considered as appertaining to the United States," if a United States citizen discovers upon them a deposit of guano and provides notice of discovery to the Department of State.
		Three years later, the President formalized the revocation of guano mining interests in the Proclamation which referred to the congressional appropria- tion, and declared that it was "necessary" and in the "public interest" to reserve the Island for lighthouse purposes.
		Navassa Phosphate Co., 137 U.S. 647 (1891), the interest conveyed under the Act was in the nature of a "usufruct" or license to mine guano that was terminable "at the pleasure of Congress." Id. at 652-53.
	pacer.cadc.uscourts.gov /common/opinions/200012/00-5130a.txt (3102 words)

	Guano Trade
		Description Guano was widely used by the native populations of pre-Spanish Latin America for centuries as a fertilizer to increase crop yields.
		Such conservation measures include having the islands become off limits to guano companies for half a year to allow the birds to reaccumulate their guano reserves and allow the birds to safely raise their young without having much disruptions from human activity.
		However, by the 20th century, measures were taken to preserve the guano birds and their habitats by limiting the amount of guano that is exported and the amount of fish that is caught to ensure a stable food supply for the guano birds.) 15.
	www.american.edu /TED/guano.htm (1788 words)

	Guano Islands quiz -- free game
		Although rich in guano, this Norwegian territory in the Southern Hemisphere was never commercially mined.
		This country started the "Great Guano Rush" after rich deposits of nitrates were discovered on the islands off of its coast.
		Guano shipped to the United States from the Pacific usually arrived first in San Francisco.
	www.funtrivia.com /playquiz.cfm?qid=159625 (220 words)

	[No title]
		Completion of proof on death of discoverer -STATUTE- If the discoverer dies before perfecting proof of discovery or fully complying with the provisions of section 1412 of this title, his widow, heir, executor, or administrator shall be entitled to the benefits of such discovery, upon complying with the provisions of this chapter.
		Restrictions upon exportation -STATUTE- No guano shall be taken from any island, rock, or key mentioned in section 1411 of this title, except for the use of the citizens of the United States or of persons resident therein.
		Regulation of trade -STATUTE- The introduction of guano from such islands, rocks, or keys shall be regulated as in the coasting trade between different parts of the United States, and the same laws shall govern the vessels concerned therein.
	uscode.house.gov /download/pls/48C8.txt (575 words)

	Following the Equator.com
		In its infinite wisdom, the 34th Session of the United States Congress legislated that any unclaimed and uninhabited island anywhere in the world that possessed guano (in other words, bird droppings in various stages of petrification) was U.S. territory if an American citizen claimed it first.
		Guano phosphate was an important component of fertilizers that became a mainstay of American agriculture in the mid-19th century.
		It can be said that today's huge fertilizer industries have their roots in the guano from hundreds of islands like Poco Cabesa.
	www.followingtheequator.com /history/fte_actof1856.htm (231 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Navassa Island (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It was claimed by Peter Duncan, an American sea captain, in 1857 under the Guano Islands Act of 1856 because of its guano deposits, the third island to be claimed under this act.
		An African-American fraternal society, the Order of Galilean Fisherman, raised money to defend the miners in federal court, and the defense rested its case on the contention that the men acted in self-defense or in the heat of passion and that in any case the United States did not have proper jurisdiction over the island.
		The cases went as one to the U.S. Supreme Court in October 1890, which ruled the Guano Act constitutional, and three of the miners were scheduled for execution in the spring of 1891.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Navassa_Island (1303 words)

	Navassa Island: History
		The U.S. Congress had passed this act the year before, declaring that any unclaimed and uninhabited island anywhere in the world that possessed guano, ie.
		The purpose of the Act was to protect U.S. claims to uninhabited guano islands.
		Navassa had one million tons of guano and became the third island to be acquired under this law.
	members.aol.com /davidpb4/navhistory.html (863 words)

	Navassa Island - Mining History
		At this time in history, Congress had just passed the Guano Act and it allowed (and still does) for any American to go to deserted sea bird guano islands and mine the guano to their hearts content and ship it back to farmers across America (big business today for organic farmers).
		The Guano Act goes on to discuss the required filing of an affidavit and bond and discusses issues such as the President sending troops to protect the guano miners should they be threatened by other governments or pirates.............
		Navassa was the primary guano island in the West Indies.
	business.fortunecity.com /ziff/739/navassa/mining.html (1979 words)

	Baker, Howland, and Jarvis Islands
		These Pacific islands were claimed by the United States under the Guano Act of 1856 on May 13, 1936.
		Guano, composed of phosphates, was used as fertilizer in the 19th century, and its collection was highly lucrative.
		Through the Guano Act the U.S. gained 79 tiny territories around the world; it still controls eight of them.
	www.factmonster.com /ipka/A0113953.html (146 words)

	› GUANO
		Guano ('gwä-andquot;no)- (n) : a substance composed chiefly of the excrement of seafowl and used as a fertilizer; also : a similar substance (as bat excrement or cannery waste) especially when used for...
		While most of these pages' involvements with guano are merely tangential, such as organic farming sites that advocate the use of guano as opposed to...
		GUANO SPECULATION I have been thinking that if I could make a small beginning in business for myself it would not be a bad idea for we know not andquot;what great events from little causes may springandquot;, so I...
	www.neotech.co.nz /guano-6687871.html (234 words)

	Note on the Legal History of Navassa Island
		As a guano island, Navassa entered the territorial domain of the United States under contingent circumstances, and it is currently the only public land administered by the Interior Department that is also claimed by a foreign nation (Haiti).
		The Act did not oblige the United States to relinquish such islands, nor did it expressly terminate sovereignty upon abandonment of a guano claim, but neither did it specify the status an abandoned island.
		An Act of Congress on October 22, 1913 (38 U.S. Statutes at Large 224) appropriated funds to erect a lighthouse on Navassa.
	members.aol.com /davidpb4/legal.html (1339 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The U.S. Congress in its wisdom had passed this act the year before, declaring that any unclaimed and uninhabited island anywhere in the world that possessed guano, ie.
		Navassa had one million tons of guano and became the third island to be annexed under this law, which launched America's career as a world power.
		Hauling guano by muscle-power in the fierce tropical heat, though, with harsh rules enforced by abusive white supervisors eventually provoked a rebellion on the island in 1889.
	www.425dxn.org /dc3mf/navassa.html (903 words)

	JIMMY SKAGGS PAPERS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Guano - Fertilizers, historical treatments This file contains copies of articles regarding the use of fertilizers and guano during the 19th century.
		Guano - Scientific analyses of specific islands This file includes copies of agricultural reports form journals regarding the value, method of use, and other aspects of guano from different locations.
		Guano Islands - Index and Lists Includes board copy of An Index to the Islands of the Pacific Ocean, a copy of Notes on the Guano Islands of the Pacific Ocean, a geographical bulletin of the U. and outlying areas, and lists of islands association with the Guano Island Acts.
	specialcollections.wichita.edu /collections/ms/95-14/95-14-b.html (6005 words)

	AmericanHeritage.com / DOES GUANO DRIVE HISTORY?
		In the mid-nineteenth century, as chemists discovered guano’s high concentration of nitrates and phosphates and as railroads spurred the development of commercial farming, guano came into great demand.
		The act was a reaction to the near-monopoly enjoyed by Peru, which had the world’s best guano, thanks to dry conditions along its coast that yielded a particularly concentrated product.
		As far back as the War of 1812 guano provided saltpeter for use in gunpowder, and during the Civil War bat caves were indispensable for this purpose in the resource-poor South.
	www.americanheritage.com /articles/magazine/it/2004/4/2004_4_63.shtml (702 words)

	History of Johnston Atoll (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Johnston Island was annexed into the United States as a guano island under the Guano Act of 1856.
		A large amount of guano was removed from the atoll between the late 1850's and the early1900's.
		The resident military commander of Johnston Island acts as the atoll's civil administrator for the Defense Nuclear Agency.
	www.historyofnations.net /oceania/johnston.html (470 words)

	FindLaw for Legal Professionals - Case Law, Federal and State Resources, Forms, and Code
		It is covered with small shrubs upon the surface beneath which is a deposit of phosphatic guano, varying in depth from one to six feet, and estimated in quantity at one million of tons.
		The provisions of the act of congress of August 18, 1856, c.
		In either case, the crime, the punishment, and the procedure are statutory, the whole criminal jurisdiction of the courts of the United States being derived from acts of congress.
	caselaw.lp.findlaw.com /scripts/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=137&page=202 (2525 words)

	Flint Island, Line Islands, Republic of Kiribati
		The island was claimed by American guano diggers under the U.S. Guano Act of 1856, but apparently it was not occupied by them.
		Extensive guano digging was carried on, especially between 1875 and 1880.
		The guano was dug in the central part of the island and carried on a tramline to the landing.
	www.janeresture.com /kiribati_line/flint.htm (831 words)

	PATAPSCO GUANO CO. v. BOARD OF AGRICULTURE OF NORTH CAROLINA, 171 U.S. 345 (1898) -- US Supreme Court Cases from Justia ...
		This act imposed a charge of 25 cents per ton on commercial fertilizers, and the purpose of the charge was declared to be to defray the expenses of inspection only.
		As before remarked, the sections of the act of 1877 relating to this subject were carried forward into the Code of 1883, and section 2190 required the license and imposed the privilege tax.
		The act of January 21, 1891, must be regarded, then, as an act providing for the inspection of fertilizers and fertilizing materials in order to prevent the practice of imposition on the people of the state, and the charge of 25 cents per ton as intended merely to defray the cost of such inspection.
	supreme.justia.com /us/171/345/case.html (3288 words)

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