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Topic: Guano Islands Act

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	Navassa Island - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Guano phosphate was a superior organic fertilizer that became a mainstay of American agriculture in the mid-19th century.
		Hauling guano by muscle-power in the fierce tropical heat with harsh rules enforced by abusive white supervisors eventually provoked a rebellion on the island in 1889.
		The island is ringed by vertical white cliffs nine to 15 meters high and is composed of raised coral and limestone plateau, mostly exposed rock, but with dense stands of fig-like trees and scattered cactus, and enough grassland to support goat herds.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Navassa_Island (1412 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Guano
		Guano (from the Quechua 'wanu', via Spanish) is the name given to the collected droppings of seabirds, bats, and seals [1].
		The high concentration of nitrates also made guano an important strategic commodity; in fact, the War of the Pacific between the Peru-Bolivia alliance and Chile was primarily based upon Bolivia's attempt to tax Chilean guano harvesters.
		Guano is harvested on various islands in the Pacific Ocean (for example the Chincha Islands and Nauru) and in other oceans (for example Juan de Nova Island).
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Guano (422 words)

	ICE Case Study: Guano
		Guano was widely used by the native populations of pre-Spanish Latin America for centuries as a fertilizer to increase crop yields.
		Peru's primary guano islands are the Chinchas, the Ballestras, the Lobos, and the Macabi and Guanape islands.
		However, by the 20th century, measures were taken to preserve the guano birds and their habitats by limiting the amount of guano that is exported and the amount of fish that is caught to ensure a stable food supply for the guano birds.) Industry output in 1920 was 11,400 tons, equal to $500,000 (1920 dollars).
	www.american.edu /TED/ice/guano.htm (1486 words)

	Guano Islands Act - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Guano Islands Act was federal legislation passed by the U.S. Congress on August 18, 1856 enabling citizens of the U.S. to take possession of islands containing guano deposits.
		In the early 19th century, guano came to be prized as an agricultural fertilizer.
		The act specifically allowed the islands to be considered a possession of the U.S., but it also provided that the U.S. was not obliged to retain possession after the guano was exhausted.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Guano_Islands_Act (375 words)

	FAIR: History & Geography
		The act specifically allowed the islands to be considered a possession of the U.S., but it also provided that the U.S. was not obliged to retain possession after the guano supply was exhausted.
		Prior to the adoption of The Guano Islands Act, any territory acquired by the U.S. was considered to have become an integral part of the country's territory unless changed by treaty.
		In 1965 the island was declared as surplus property by the military, and in July 1966 it was acquired by the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, under whose direction a colony of rhesus macaques was introduced in 1967.
	www.kp1-5.com /history.html (858 words)

	islands trivia - Learn English bytes - British Council
		Guano Islands Act: Finding no success at attaining Peruvian guano (a substance composed chiefly of the excrement of seafowl and used as a fertilizer), the United States sought to acquire new sources of the stuff.
		No man is an island entire of itself; every man is a part of a continent, a part of the main; if a clod be washed away by the sea, Europe is the less, as well as if a promontory were, as well as if a manor of thy friends or of thine own were.
		We shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender.
	www.learnenglish.org.uk /trivia/islands_trivia_archive.html (1065 words)

	Tokelau - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The islands became a British protectorate in 1889 and then were annexed to the British colony of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands in 1916 and then transferred to New Zealand administration in 1926.
		The island was claimed by the US pursuant to their Guano Islands Act, however, in the draft constitution subject to the Tokelau self-determination referendum, 2006, Olohega is again claimed as part of Tokelau.
		On the island of Atafu all inhabitants are members of the Congregational Christian Church of Samoa.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Tokelau (1482 words)

	Buy Bat Guano organic fertilizer or Peruvian Seabird Guano from Dirtworks
		The discoverers of such islands were entitled to exclusive rights to the deposits thereon, but the guano could only be removed for the use of the citizens of the United States.
		Famous guano known throughout history as the exclusive fertilizer of the Inca civilization and produced by sea birds that thrive on fish in a extreme environment.
		Guano has a wide range of chelates (natural organic-mineral compounds with a high molecular weight), which give bat guano great structural stability and produces a high residual effect in the soil and substrate where it is applied.
	www.dirtworks.net /Bat-Guano-Organic-Fertilizer.html (1275 words)

	Note on the Legal History of Navassa Island
		As a guano island, Navassa entered the territorial domain of the United States under contingent circumstances, and it is currently the only public land administered by the Interior Department that is also claimed by a foreign nation (Haiti).
		An Act of Congress on October 22, 1913 (38 U.S. Statutes at Large 224) appropriated funds to erect a lighthouse on Navassa.
		To implement this Act, President Woodrow Wilson proclaimed the island a U.S. territory on January 17, 1916, and reserved it for lighthouse purposes.
	members.aol.com /davidpb4/legal.html (1339 words)

	FIREPOWER AND FERTILIZERS
		Guano was Peru's leading export in the 1850s and its largest source of revenue, with 300 shiploads of guano a year leaving Peru, most of them in American ships.
		Guano fever swept American farmers, especially those who had suddenly realized that crop yields were dropping as they exhausted their soil.
		Guano continued to be exported to Britain for a number of years at about 150,000 tonnes per year during the 1860s, but with the advent of nitrates and mined rock phosphate, the guano trade diminished considerably because the new products had a high and more reliable quality.
	www-geology.ucdavis.edu /~cowen/~GEL115/115CH16fertilizer.html (3237 words)

	Swan Islands/History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		From Chris Kulig: "The Swan Islands consist of two islands (Isla Grande and Isla Pequena), the former being inhabited by a few military and one "permanent" farmer, tending to the livestock on the island.
		The perimeter of the island is surrounded by sheer cliffs and there is really no area where the sea is calm.
		From Russ Summerell: Swan island was used by the CIA during the Contra war to resupply the contras via airplane.
	www.swanislands.com /history1.htm (1362 words)

	Baker Island - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Baker Island is an unincorporated and unorganized territory of the U.S. Its defense is the responsibility of the United States; though uninhabited, it is visited annually by the U.S. Coast Guard.
		Its guano deposits were mined by U.S. and British companies during the second half of the 19th century.
		The island is primarily a nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds, shorebirds, and marine wildlife.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=3453 (476 words)

	History
		The islands were later renamed in the 18th century after Captain Swan, who was believed to have been one of the pirates who dominated the area.
		As a result of the Guano Islands Act, the Swan Islands were claimed in April of 1857 by John Valentine White.
		In 2004, Swan Island Development, LLC announced it plans to launch a multimillion-dollar center to grow and study human embryonic stem cells on the islands.
	www.fantasyinternational.com /history.htm (450 words)

	[No title]
		Restrictions upon exportation -STATUTE- No guano shall be taken from any island, rock, or key mentioned in section 1411 of this title, except for the use of the citizens of the United States or of persons resident therein.
		Regulation of trade -STATUTE- The introduction of guano from such islands, rocks, or keys shall be regulated as in the coasting trade between different parts of the United States, and the same laws shall govern the vessels concerned therein.
		Right to abandon islands -STATUTE- Nothing in this chapter contained shall be construed as obliging the United States to retain possession of the islands, rocks, or keys, after the guano shall have been removed from the same.
	uscode.house.gov /download/pls/48C8.txt (575 words)

	History of Jarvis Island
		Guano is formed from the excrement of sea birds, where it has accumulated in dry regions, such as islands off the coast of Peru and in the mid-Pacific.
		From 1858 to 1879 there is continuous record of guano shipments from Jarvis island, one of the most extensively exploited of the guano islands.
		Supplies were taken to the guano islands about four times a year from Honolulu by schooners, which also transported native laborers, and white overseers and chemists.
	home.att.net /~higley.family/sub1.htm (2736 words)

	Muck and Mystery: Fossil Fertilizer
		A fair amount of geopolitics of the era was driven in part by the scramble to claim guano islands.
		The Guano Islands Act of 1856 encouraged entrepreneurs to claim and annex such islands as American territory.
		The ancestors of those who chant "no blood for oil" might have chanted "no blood for guano, or Chilean nitrates" in that earlier era, since those substances were the precious fossils of their time.
	www.garyjones.org /mt/archives/000303.html (1282 words)

	Navassa Island (U.S. Minor Outlying Islands) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In the final design for Navassa, the island is just one shade of emerald green with a white sky and a royal blue sea and the size of the lighthouse has been exaggerated and is a light gray with a green roof.
		According to the Haitians, Navassa Island became a part of Haiti in 1804 and this fact was recognized by the French in 1825.
		The US claims that the Island was up for grabs until 1859, when Peter Duncan made a claim on the island under the Guano Islands Act.
	fotw.vexillum.com /flags/um-navsa.html (496 words)

	WeatherMatrix: About the Swan Islands & Swan Island
		The islands were occupied by the American filibuster and adventurer William Walker in 1860 during one of his attempts to invade Latin America.
		As we approached Swan Island we could not contact them by radio until we got close, as the only power and radio they had was an emergency transceiver that was operated by hand cranking a small generator in the unit that was called a Gibson Girl.
		Though the island was supposed to be a nesting site for swans, primarily a small island near the southwest corner, It was evidently not the season for it, because the were not nesting.
	www.weathermatrix.net /education/swanisland (5286 words)

	Las Islas del Cisne - Swan Islands of Honduras
		In 1863 the area was certified as islands appertaining to the United States under the Guano Islands Act of August 18, 1856 (Title 48, U.S. Code, sections 1411-19), and guano operations were carried on there for many years.
		In 1982, the Swan Islands were named as a territory of Honduras in the Honduran Constitution.
		Swan Islands This website, built apparently to entice investors for its luxury vessels, claims the islands were discovered by Christopher Columbus on St. Anne's day in 1502, and originally named Islas Santa Ana.
	www.islasdelcisne.com (451 words)

	AmericanHeritage.com / DOES GUANO DRIVE HISTORY?
		In the mid-nineteenth century, as chemists discovered guano’s high concentration of nitrates and phosphates and as railroads spurred the development of commercial farming, guano came into great demand.
		The act was a reaction to the near-monopoly enjoyed by Peru, which had the world’s best guano, thanks to dry conditions along its coast that yielded a particularly concentrated product.
		As far back as the War of 1812 guano provided saltpeter for use in gunpowder, and during the Civil War bat caves were indispensable for this purpose in the resource-poor South.
	www.americanheritage.com /articles/magazine/it/2004/4/2004_4_63.shtml (702 words)

	Hawaiian Kingdom - Dept of Justice Legal Opinion, 1988
		The constitutionality of the annexation of Hawaii, by a simple legislative act, was strenuously contested at the time both in Congress and by the press.
		United States, 137 U.S. 202 (1890), the Supreme Court held that the statute was valid and that Navassa, a guano island claimed under that statute, “must be considered as appertaining to the United States.” Id.
		The Guano Islands Act does not appear to be an explicit claim of territory by Congress.
	hawaiiankingdom.org /legal-opinion-1988.shtml (907 words)

	Navassa Island - Mining History
		At this time in history, Congress had just passed the Guano Act and it allowed (and still does) for any American to go to deserted sea bird guano islands and mine the guano to their hearts content and ship it back to farmers across America (big business today for organic farmers).
		The Guano Act goes on to discuss the required filing of an affidavit and bond and discusses issues such as the President sending troops to protect the guano miners should they be threatened by other governments or pirates.............
		Navassa was the primary guano island in the West Indies.
	business.fortunecity.com /ziff/739/navassa/mining.html (1979 words)

	Taiwan status: Glossary
		Hence, the act of territorial cession is not affected by later cancellation, abrogation, or nullification of the treaty.
		The "Guano Islands" are still part of the US dominion established by terra nullius without any peace treaty cessions.
		Discovery of (uninhabited) islands or lands and occupation thereof are the basic requirements of terra nullius, dating from the colonial era of the Imperialist Powers in discovering America or the Guano Islands.
	www.taiwanadvice.com /ts_glossary.htm (4295 words)

	Acquisition Process of Insular Areas
		[confirmed by the acts of cession of the matai of Tutuila and Aunu’u on April 17, 1900, and of Tuimanu’a and the matai of Manu’a on July 14, 1904]
		Occupation is the act of appropriation of an insular area that is not under the supreme power of another sovereign, i.e.
		Prescription is the acquisition of an insular area subject to the supreme power of another sovereign through the continuous and undisturbed exercise of that supreme power during such period as is necessary to create, under the influence of historical development, the general conviction that the present condition of things is in conformity with international order.
	www.doi.gov /oia/Islandpages/acquisition_process.htm (708 words)

	trsc.com : Radio Swan & Radio Americas
		White was the first to report the existence of guano on the islands and filed his claim with the U.S. State Department.
		Realizing the islands were now unclaimed and unoccupied, Adams returned the next day taking formal possession for himself alleging "the discovery, occupation, and possession, of the said Swan Islands.
		The Americans stationed on the island were, of course, invited to attend the ceremony and afterwards, graciously hosted the ensuing victory party.
	www.trsc.com /ref_radio_swan_americas.html (1421 words)

	Guano Islands Act
		Such unincorporated territories as Baker, Jarvis and Howland islands, and Kingman Reef and Johnston Atoll were protected under the provisions of this measure.
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		The first civil governor of the island under the Foraker Act was Charles H. Allen, inaugurated on May 1, 1900 in San Juan, Puerto Rico.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h1047.html (280 words)

	Amazon.com: The Great Guano Rush: Entrepreneurs and American Overseas Expansion: Books: Jimmy M. Skaggs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Guano, the dried excrement of sea fowl, was one of the most efficacious fertilizers available in the 19th century and was in great demand in America and Europe.
		Under pressure from American farmers, Congress pased the Guano Act of 1856, which permitted U.S. citizens to claim uninhabited islands in the Caribbean and Pacific for the mining of guano.
		Skaggs (economics, Wichita State Univ.) views this development as a move toward "activist public economic policy," not "evidence of laissez faire." He describes in detail the history of the guano industry, including the "guano war" of 1852 and the riot of guano workers on Navassa Island in 1889.
	www.amazon.com /Great-Guano-Rush-Entrepreneurs-Expansion/dp/0312123396 (930 words)

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