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	Guanxi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Guanxi is a central concept in Chinese society and describes, in part, a personal connection between two people in which one is able to prevail upon another to perform a favor or service, or be prevailed upon.
		Sociologists have linked guanxi with the concept of social capital (it has been described as a Gemeinschaft value structure), and it has been extensively studied and described in studies of Chinese economic and political behavior.
		Guanxi often makes the press when its obligations take precedence over civic duties, leading to nepotism and cronyism, but commentators that focus exclusively on these negative aspects of guanxi are missing the bigger picture described above.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Guanxi (420 words)

	Guanxi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Often it is acquiring the right "Guanxi" with the relevant authorities that will determine the competitive standing of an organization in the long run in China.
		While on certain occasions, "Guanxi" has certain negative connotations related to bribery and corruption, relationship usually refers to emotional bounds, trust and friendship that originated from previous satisfactory experiences dealing with each other and frequent contacts.
		When "Guanxi" is involved, there is a risk of obtaining an invoice of twice the amount that you bargained for.
	www.agribusiness.org /guanxi.htm (699 words)

	wongh09's Xanga Site (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Guanxi or πÿµin Chinese is explicitly defined as “personal connections /relationships on which an individual can draw to secure resources or advantages when doing business as well as in the course of social life (Ewing, Caruana and Wong 1998 pg 2, cited in Davies 1995).
		Guanxi is also considered as ethical in the sense that it acts as the “rule of law” by promoting trust and credibility in a society as well as by passing of the inefficiencies inherent in a communist bureaucracy (Dunfee and Warren 2001 p.4).
		Guanxi is also deemed to be unethical in the sense that it increases personal gain of parties involved in guanxi but at the mean time reduces societal wealth due to inefficiency (Fan 2002 p.3).
	www.xanga.com /home.aspx?user=wongh09 (3484 words)

	Chinese Business Culture -- Guanxi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Although developing and nurturing the "Guanxi" in China is very demanding on time and resources, the time and money necessary to establish a strong network is well worth the investment.
		"Guanxi" or relationship with high rank officials are still important for doing business in China, though declining to some extent.
		Since "Guanxi" and relationship could function as an information network, companies with wide "Guanxi" and relationship networks often have much higher performance than companies with little or no relationship with the Chinese.
	chinese-school.netfirms.com /guanxi.html (914 words)

	The Christian Science Monitor \| csmonitor.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		At a basic level, guanxi is simply the hold one has on a matrix of influential relationships required to live and operate daily.
		Guanxi was often necessary to navigate effectively around stultifying party bureaucracy and totalitarian attitudes.
		Guanxi networks themselves are often at war or are clashing within the Chinese system.
	www.csmonitor.com /durable/2001/01/10/fp6s1-csm.shtml (1585 words)

	An in-depth look at Guanxi
		Guanxi networks entail reciprocity, obligation, and indebtedness among actors, as well as the aesthetic protocol that comes with cultivating these relationships.
		Guanxi is not the same as corruption because guanxi is relation-focused whereas corruption is transaction-focused.
		Guanxi relations typically develop among individuals who have some element of their pasts in common, for instance, they are classmates or are from the same hometown.
	resources.alibaba.com /topic/infoDetail.htm?topic=154&printFlag=true (2757 words)

	Networking Guanxi
		Guanxi is a fundamental web of interpersonal relations permeating Chinese societies that should not be facilely dichotomized into “bad” bribery relations and “good” friendship ties.
		Guanxi is probably eternal, but I wonder how did it operate differently in the previous system of bureaucratic rigidity than in the current system of fluidly, changing norms and relationships.
		guanxi may well be affected by individual “agency” (self-organized actions on one’s own behalf), ties dancing interpersonal duets, and the constraints and opportunities provided by networks with different sorts of structure and composition.
	www.chass.utoronto.ca /~wellman/publications/guanxi/guanxi3a1.htm (6821 words)

	Guanxi @ Berkshire Publishing
		Guanxi is a Chinese term, generally translated as "networks" or "connections," that is increasing discussed in Western business circles and among academics studying such aspects of community as affective networks and social capital.
		In China guanxi has become especially significant in the last fifty years because it provides individuals with a patterned, structured set of relationships that to some extent replace the social networks of family, village, and clan that are more difficult to maintain in the face of population relocations, [urbanization[, and Westernization.
		Guanxi is a mechanism for dealing with social uncertainty in a complex social environment.
	guanxi.pbwiki.com (1090 words)

	In China, an Understanding of Guanxi Can Help Open Doors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		To understand this subject, we have to know that Chinese culture is based on an ancient agriculture society where favors go back and forth among neighbors, friends and relatives -- you lend me a hand in the spring, and I then work for you in the fall.
		Guanxi may last very long; sometimes you may be able to collect rewards for what your grandfather did for others.
		In certain cases, Guanxi is the only way for access to key resources or influential decision makers.
	chinadetail.com /Business/BusinessCultureGuanxiOpenDoors.php?... (919 words)

	The right way to Guangxi. Tips and Research
		Simply put, guanxi is the special case of Chinese business relationships and contacts that needs to be understood and worked within to successfully do business and management in most countries in the region.
		Examines the importance of 'guanxi' (connections) to the success of economies with a strong Confucian basis, e.g.
		Suggests that guanxi shares some characteristics with nepotism, and reports on the significance of guanxi and its contribution to business success; looks at the building and maintenance of guanxi relationships, commenting on elements such as the nurturing of long-term mutual benefits and the cultivation of trust.
	www.apmforum.com /news/apmn96.htm (508 words)

	Understanding "Human Relationships" in China - Kamal Sheel
		guanxi refers to the cultivation of myriad forms of new short-term and instrumental connections outside the framework of primary relations for mutually beneficial purposes.
		In such a situation, guanxi may be established by revitalizing or reconfiguring such traditional institutions of society as family, village or communal units.
		In the particular context of the growth of rural enterprises of China, the play of guanxi networks in both its primary and extended forms may be observed in interpenetrating and diffusing the boundaries between the state, capital and labour.
	www.ignca.nic.in /ks_41031.htm (6309 words)

	Business Library, The University of Western Ontario
		Guanxi is not a precise term of art.
		According to Bain (1994), guanxi could refer to one of three things: (a) the existence of a relationship between people who share a group status or are related to a common person, (b) actual connections with and frequent contact between people, and (c) a contact person with little direct interaction."Is guanxi ethical?
		Although there are many articles relating to the concept, the word "guanxi" is not classified as a subject.
	www.lib.uwo.ca /business/guanxi.html (717 words)

	Asia Business Intelligence: The Changing Value of "Guanxi"
		When Westerners discuss Chinese business, they inevitably fall upon the venerable topic of indispensable “guanxi (关系),” or, in ready-bake parlance, “connections.” With a charming innocence, Westerners ascribe to the term “guanxi” an almost mystical power, as if it were a talisman to be worn about the neck.
		And yet even they were difficult to access; they rationed their guanxi; they negotiated for value in return.
		Guanxi seems to be a favorite topic for many non-Chinese business persons in China.
	www.asiabizblog.com /archives/2005/03/the_changing_va.htm (916 words)

	Chinese Guanxi - Exportinfo.org Article
		The Chinese businessmen mentality is very much one of "You scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours." In essence, this boils down to exchanging favors, which are expected to be done regularly and voluntarily.
		The inevitable risks, barriers, and set-ups you’ll encounter in China will be minimized when you have the right “Guanxi” network working for you.
		It takes time and experience in order to be able to observe and identify who will be most beneficial to you.
	www.exportinfo.org /region/articles/Guanxi.htm (595 words)

	Producing Guanxi: Sentiment, Self and Subculture in a North China Village. - Review - book review Australian Journal of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The term guanxi refers to the practise of human relationships, with a strong emphasis on mutuality, reciprocity and social debt.
		Thinking that guanxi is 'just' about gifts, favours and obligations is to ignore the complexity of human association and its social materiality.
		Kipnis' contention is that guanxi does not cheapen human relationships through recourse to exchange, but on the contrary builds them through a system of acknowledgment and appropriate performance.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2472/is_1_12/ai_72299834 (453 words)

	By any other name . . . (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Guanxi is the thing you need to get anything in China.
		I'm not saying that connections don't grease the wheels in all parts of the world, because they certainly do, but not to the degree it is in China.
		Because of guanxi, the idea of corruption in China is very different than it is, here.
	www.projectjanel.org /china/guanxi.html (365 words)

	The Guanxi Qiye of Taiwan
		They tend to be conglomerate in order to avoid having to deal with entities outside of the family.
		Guanxi is the extension of business association beyond the family to a network of trusted allies.
		In Taiwan they are called guanxi qiye (This is the pinyin transliteration of the name).
	www.applet-magic.com /qiye2.htm (725 words)

	Hyphen Blog: Chinese guanxi in San Marino
		Guanxi is a big part of Chinese culture and to de-emphasize it would almost be ignoring a very key element in Chinese culture, not just in the realms of business.
		Guanxi is important culturally, when observing the social niceties of the culture.
		Maybe you're referring to other uses of the word "guanxi." But I think press articles about the importance of guanxi in China are not misplaced, overused, or stereotypical.
	www.hyphenmagazine.com /blog/archives/2006/01/chinese_money_f_1.html (930 words)

	Reviews -- CBR Jul-Aug 2003
		The second part examines the methodological and conceptual considerations of guanxi, including the problems in evaluating its effectiveness in China, and the third-party effects of its use.
		The discussion examines the way guanxi is used in economic relations, its influence on the shape of business-state relations, and its role in China's emerging labor markets.
		Guthrie not only examines the problems inherent in measuring the extent to which guanxi produces tangible results, but also argues that the tendency to use guanxi is a result of one's social standing.
	www.chinabusinessreview.com /public/0307/reviews.html (1684 words)

	Guanxi + Chinese Culture Secrets \| Guanxi + Chinese Culture Resource (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Guanxi is a complete social system, based on the ties.
		Another example is about guanxi a network of personal relationships with chinese characteristic, which.
		The concepts of guanxi and face in asian culture are not exotic.
	www.chinese-customs.info /guanxi-+-chinese-culture.html (887 words)

	Guanxi In Hospitality - Management - Express Hotelier & Caterer
		As, Guanxi is more than stakeholder database management or getting the secretary to send greeting cards, it is enriching compared with traditional relationship management.
		Yet, Guanxi is a mixed blessing with its own set of strengths and weaknesses.
		On the other hand, Guanxi could be negative too: the inability to bargain with fellow members, possible obstruction to trade outside of the Guanxi, relationships ruined by adverse trade relationships and the risk of stoking crony capitalism.
	www.expresshotelierandcaterer.com /20050704/management01.shtml (533 words)

	[No title]
		The importance of Guanxi for companies seeking to win business in China varies depending on the sector.
		Observers believe the Chinese vendors signed their deals with Microsoft in April under pressure from Beijing, which is trying to show it is making serious efforts to stamp out piracy — a major complaint from many Western governments.
		By the way, I would also be very interested in hearing of a relationship involving Huawei, that has survived the test of time, and which the western company would honestly claim was successful.
	www.nyquistcapital.com /2006/06/02/microsofts-guanxi (696 words)

	Guanxi - Chinese Culture - Chinese Culture
		Guanxi (zh-tspt=關係s=关系p=gūan xi; Cantonese International Phonetic AlphabetIPA: IPAgwɑŋ1 hɐɪ3; Jyutping: gwaang1 hai3), describes the basic force that holds the personalised networks of influence.
		It has been a central concept in ChinaChinese society and describes a personal connection between two people in which one is able to prevail upon another to perform a favor or service.
		Guanxi can also form the basis of patronagepatron-client relations.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Guanxi (299 words)

	Definitions
		Use guanxi and ask a colleague who has guanxi with someone in the railway station.
		In one school in which I worked, I became the person who could get train tickets easily (it's a long story) and I became besieged by people wanting to do me favours in case they or a distant contact ever needed a train ticket at any time in the future.
		And remember the step from guanxi to corruption is a small one.
	www.liuzhou.co.uk /china/define.htm (469 words)

	Interarea Sessions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The second school of thought asserts that guanxi practice and other characteristics of Chinese culture lead to the development of an alternative form of capitalism—"Confucian capitalism"—which may be as viable as Western, rationalized capitalism.
		The third perspective contends that the practice of guanxi has facilitated the transition to capitalism in China (in contrast to, say, Russia), by providing informal institutions of trust, civility, and organization when formal institutions were not yet adequately formed.
		In the rapidly expanding high-tech sectors, guanxi based on kin and locality ties is being replaced by an emphasis on educational and associational connections.
	www.aasianst.org /absts/2005abst/Interarea/I-43.htm (1336 words)

	Vincent Lo, King of Guanxi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This has earned him the trust of many of China's elite—and a nickname: “the king of guanxi [connections].'' How he built his empire says much about the realities of doing business in China.
		An honorary citizen of Shanghai since 1999, he is also a member of one of the top advisory bodies consulted by central government.
		Of his old Shanghai friend, Mr Han, Mr Lo says: “I've never asked him for any favours, that's why he is not afraid to see me.” And he understands that China expects a lot back.
	chinese-school.netfirms.com /guanxi-king.html (1007 words)

	Guillaume Morel :: Guanxi
		After having a look to business affairs stratgegies in China, it seems that the models used to analyze the market are the same than the Western models, or Japanese models.
		But one of the main particularity of business in China is definitely guanxi.
		I did not translate my researches from French to English yet, and the guanxi methodology is only available in the French part of the site : here.
	www.guillaumemorel.com /en-guanxi.htm (178 words)

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