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Topic: Guarani, Brazil

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	Land Claims - An International Perspective: Guarani Archives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Some of the major conflicts that the Guarani people have lived with are, since the settlers came and took away the traditional land of the people, the suicide rate of the Guarani people have increased drastically.
		In the Guarani religion it is clear that there is nothing they prize more than the land, which is the gift of the 'great father', Ñande Ru, and land that does not pocess evil, is considered the resting place for their souls.
		The Guarani are asking for the government to have their land right recognised, and to have the land that has been taken away from them by ranchers and others restored to Guarani.
	www.nbchs.north-battleford.sk.ca /grassroots04/natst20/archives/cat_guarani.html (1502 words)

	Guarani - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Guarani was one of the most important tribal groups of South America, having the former home territory chiefly between the Uruguay and lower Paraguay Rivers, in what is now Paraguay and the Provinces of Corrientes and Entre Rios of Argentina.
		The Guarani were also later described, amongst many other historical documents in existence today, in 1903, by Croatian explorers Mirko and Stjepan Seljan.
		Roland Joffe's 1986 film The Mission was about the Guarani and their role in a battle between the Jesuits and Portuguese Government over them.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Guarani (2569 words)

	Brazil - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Brazil faces a deep economic and social crisis due to its huge national debt, which consumes a disproportionate fraction of its GNP and is preventing much-needed investment and economic growth.
		However, due to an increase in exports the economy of Brazil is growing above expected in 2004 and the overall feeling is optimistic for the year 2005.
		The 1988 constitution grants broad powers to the federal government, of which the president and vice president are elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Brazil (2254 words)

	Brazil: Tupinikim and Guarani peoples restart their struggle against Aracruz
		That is why the Tupinikim and Guarani of the seven indigenous villages, gathered in a general meeting held on February 19, 2005, decided to restart the struggle for the 11.008 hectares of indigenous lands not demarcated yet.
		In the case of the Guarani and Tupinikim, the relationship with the land is even deeper, because they consider land as Mother Earth, that must be kept and protected.
		Finally, the Tupinikim and Guarani are teaching an important lesson to the societies of Espírito Santo and Brazil, because they dare to dream and challenge the existing power structures.
	www.wrm.org.uy /bulletin/94/Brazil.html (809 words)

	Brazil: Tupinikim and Guarani indigenous peoples take back their lands occupied by Aracruz
		What is happening in Brazil is a historic event, not only for Brazil, but for all of us who are struggling against the advance of large scale monoculture tree plantations.
		Self-demarcation of the land ended 4 days later and presently the indigenous peoples are demanding recognition of these lands and are mainly carrying out activities for the reconstruction of their means of survival.
		Their presence at the event, in addition to expressing their solidarity and support to the indigenous peoples, Afro-Brazilian communities and peasant organizations of Brazil in their struggle, was also aimed at learning and at exchanging information with the local communities on the impacts of tree plantations and how to face them.
	www.wrm.org.uy /bulletin/96/Brazil.html (680 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Guarani Aquifer extends from the center-west region of Brazil, passing through Paraguay and regions in southeastern and southern Brazil, reaching northeastern Argentina and central-western Uruguay, with a total surface area of approximately 1.2 million square kilometers (839,800 km2 in Brazil, 225,500 km2 in Argentina, 71,700 km2 in Paraguay and 45,000 km2in Uruguay).
		Its extension in Brazil alone, equivalent to 2/3 of the total area and extending through eight Brazilian states, is equal to the areas of England, France and Spain combined.
		Brazil is the only country that has legislation foreseeing the sustainable use of water resources, including groundwater.
	www.ambiente.sp.gov.br /aquifero/guarani_cp2.doc (4266 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Americas \| Land row dilemma for Brazil's Lula
		The Guarani say they lost the land more than 50 years ago - when the government of the time gave it away in land grants to white settlers.
		Guarani leaders say they are using force now because they have lost patience.
		For the moment the Guarani believe they have won the first round of what promises to be a long battle.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/americas/3446459.stm (763 words)

	Labi-Nime 2002
		The Kaiowá are one of the three groups that comprise the Guaraní (the others are the Ñandeva and Mbüa); in additiobn to Brazil, the Guaraní are present in Paraguay, Argentina and Bolivia.
		The Kaiowá, in particular, originally accupied na area shared by Brazil and Paraguay and were forced into contact with whites mostly in the last century, when many battles were waged in their territories.
		Since the demarcation of these settlements did not follow the criteria of traditional land occupation, many indigenous groups were forced to abandon their original lands and ended up being transferred to reservations set up by federal government organs.
	www.imaginario.com.br /artigo/a0001_a0030/a0011.shtml (316 words)

	Week 2: Pre-columbian Times
		In fact, Guarani is one of the two official languages of Paraguay.
		Descendants of the Guarani in Brazil live in villages and their family life is communal.
		For 500 years the Guarani have confronted the challenge of surviving according to their traditions while interacting with Brazilian society.
	www.geocities.com /lmorilla94928/week_2.html (610 words)

	AIUK : Brazil: 69-Year old woman shot dead over land feud
		Kuretê Lopes, a 69-year-old indigenous woman from the Guarani-Kaiowá people, has become the latest victim of land-related violence that blights Brazil's southwestern state of Mato Grosso do Sul. Kuretê Lopes died when she was shot in the chest by a private security guard during an eviction from farm lands that the Guarani-Kaiowá claim as ancestral.
		Despite being one of the most populous indigenous peoples in Brazil, the Guarani-Kaiowá have one of the smallest ratios of land per person for any indigenous group in the country.
		The majority of the Guarani-Kaiowá live in 27 officially recognised territories in the south of Mato Grosso do Sul state - rural pockets of poverty surrounded by large soya and sugar cane plantations, and overcrowded urban reserves where life is plagued by malnutrition, ill-health, squalid living conditions, suicide, violence and alcoholism.
	www.amnesty.org.uk /news_details.asp?NewsID=17228 (638 words)

	Baxter's EduNET - Time Machine
		Noble families, granted control of Brazil by the Portuguese king, held the coastal area of Brazil which was divided into 12 "captaincies", each forming an almost independent territory.
		The Guarani were not just copiers, but combined European techniques with traditional themes, their love of the landscape, plants and animals of their homeland.
		The Guarani were taught how to govern themselves and be economically self-sufficient through farming and metal working.
	www.edunetconnect.com /cat/timemachine/250sa.html (566 words)

	Al Jazeera English - News
		Despite being one of the largest indigenous groups in Brazil, the Guarani Indians have the smallest area of land and one of the highest suicide rates in the world.
		The conditions mean the Guarani can only grow basics such as potatoes and manioc, with the result that the average diet in the reservation is almost exclusively starch, causing rampant malnutrition, particularly among the young.
		Brazil's State Foundation for Indigenous Affairs says it is trying to give the Guarani back as much land as possible.
	english.aljazeera.net /NR/exeres/995D087C-3CA6-4B41-9694-91D49D2ED038.htm (541 words)

	OHCHR: Guarani () - Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Guarani, with the stress on the final syllable, is the native language of Paraguay.
		Geographically speaking, the Guarani language, in its hegemonic period, before the Discovery, extended in the America from the Caribbean to the north, to the Amazon in the middle, and to the Rio de la Plata at the south.
		The Guarani language was spoken by various tribes which did not have well-defined geographic locations, owing to their nomadic conditions.
	www.unhchr.ch /udhr/lang/gun.htm (1301 words)

	Native American languages -> Languages of South America and the West Indies on Encyclopedia.com 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In the aboriginal period (before 1500), Arawakan tongues were spoken in the West Indies and S Brazil and along the eastern side of the Andes.
		The Tupian subdivision reaches from the coast of E Brazil along the Amazon River to the Andes.
		Tupí serves as a lingua franca for the indigenous population in Brazil.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/NatvAmlang_LanguagesofSouthAmericaandtheWestIndies.asp (1102 words)

	Guaraní Indians United
		This was the first time that Guaraní indigenous people from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay came together, and the event "gave birth to a movement never before seen in the history of the Guaraní people," Karaí told IPS.
		However, the majority of the 150,000 Guaraní people living today û according to Liebgott's estimate û are concentrated in midwestern and southern Brazil, and in Paraguay, where the Guaraní language is spoken by a large part of the population and has the status of an official language alongside Spanish.
		But they are not recognised by the provincial constitutions of Argentina, while Brazil did nothing to fulfil the pledge to demarcate all indigenous lands until 1993.
	www.globalexchange.org /countries/brazil/3774.html (1003 words)

	Brazil: land barons set up arrests of indigenous leaders \| World War 4 Report
		The Tupinikim and Guarani communities have been challenging the multinational corporation Aracruz Celulose over ownership of 11,000 hectares of land in the area.
		Brazil's justice minister has until Sept. 20 to make a decision in the case; in the meantime, both sides are barred from entering the disputed area.
		See our last posts on Brazil, the Guarani struggle and the politics of eucalyptus.
	ww4report.com /node/2371 (363 words)

	Brazil: Constructions of A Culture
		Upon the discovery of Brazil, the Portuguese missionaries began describing their experiences1.
		The Jesuits, Literature, Tupi Guarani, and the Tapuya Indians
		Jose de Anchieta a Jesuit priest, considered the first writer on Brazilian themes, came to Brazil in 1533 with many others, shared the same idea with the monarchy of Portugal: teach the Catholic religion to Indians, in order to fight against the Protestant Reformation.
	userwww.sfsu.edu /~lisalis/odyssey/brazil_tapuya.html (503 words)

	Guarani
		Guaraní (Avañe'ê), a language that belongs to the Tupi-Guaraní family of South America, is spoken by over 90% of Paraguay's population and by nearly one million Paraguayan emigrants and their descendants in Argentina, Bolivia and Brazil.
		Guarani is a highly agglutinative language, i.e., it adds various suffixes and prefixes to build words and to mark grammatical relations.
		Guarani nouns are not marked for gender or number.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/december2005/guarani.html (548 words)

	Indians fight for the land invaded by Aracruz Celulose
		Efforts in Brazil so that pressure will be put on the Company and the Brazilian Government to decide in favor of the indians.
		Sinze 1975, the Tupinikim and Guarani Indians, living at the municipality of Aracruz, in Espirito Santo State, have been fighting for the recognition of their rights to occupy their traditional lands.
		Given these facts, the Tupinikim and Guarani Indians are launching an international campaign asking for the support of ngos, indigenous defense groups, personalities and authorities to put pressure on Aracruz Celulose, and over the Brazilian Government to redefine the boundaries of the lands.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/41/029.html (1762 words)

	A Treasure Underfoot
		The uncontrolled increase in volumes of water extracted from the aquifer and the contamination from agro-chemicals and urban and industrial waste are some of the factors that threaten the potable water supplies of millions of people, and even the hot springs tourism industry and the future of thermal-powered electrical plants.
		The mere presence of pesticides and fertilizers in areas where the aquifer is recharged with rainwater constitutes a threat to the entire reservoir.
		Demographic pressure, economic growth and surface water contamination have led to rising demands on subterranean water, which is purer and therefore much cheaper to process for consumption.
	www.tierramerica.net /english/2003/1104/iacentos.shtml (868 words)

	The Guarani Say: Death Before Eviction
		If the eviction is upheld, 250 Guarani people have threatened to commit collective suicide, a path that they have chosen to confront the continued invasions of their land.
		Marta Vito Guarani founded the association after the assassination of her uncle, Marcal Tupã de Souza, a well-known indigenous leader and one of the hundreds of leaders assassinated for their resistance to the invasions.
		In spite of the international pressure that Brazil faces, and the condemnation of the violation of human rights that is being committed there, nothing has been done to demarcate indigenous territories nor to prevent the suicides and violence from conti nuing.
	www.spunk.org /library/pubs/lr/sp001715/guarani.html (1426 words)

	Ethnologue: Brazil
		(KAMPA) [CPB] 212 to 235 in Brazil (1983 SIL); 7,000 in Peru (1995 SIL).
		In Brazil, speakers are over 40, and the group is shifting to Portuguese.
		PORTUGUESE [POR] 153,000,000 in Brazil (1995 estimate); 170,000,000 in all countries (1995 WA).
	www.christusrex.org /www1/pater/ethno/Braz.html (5094 words)

	www.agp.org \| archivos de los protestos globales: Indigenas: Guarani
		Guarani was one of the most important tribal groups of South America, having the former home territory chiefly between the Uruguay and lower Paraguay Rivers, in what is now Paraguay and the Provinces of Corrientes and Entre Rios of Argentina.
		They belong to the great Tupí-Guaraní stock, which extends almost continuously from the Paraná River to the Amazon River, including most of eastern Brazil, with outlying branches as far west as the slopes of the Andes.
		The Guarani were also later described, amongst many other historical documents in existence today, in 1903, by Croatian explorers Mirko and Stjepan Seljan.
	www.nadir.org /nadir/initiativ/agp/free/imf/indigenas/guarani.htm (2432 words)

	Four Nations Guard Giant South American Aquifer
		Currently, the waters of the Guarani Aquifer are being used, although there is no control on this usage nor do officials have an idea of how much water is being withdrawn.
		The annual recovery of the Guarani Aquifer by the infiltration of rain water is some 160 billion liters, and the amount that can be consumed is about 40 billion liters.
		In the other hand, in some parts of Brazil which are subject to a desertification process, the use of the underground water may be authorized for the irrigation of crops.
	www.ens-newswire.com /ens/may2003/2003-05-29-03.asp (752 words)

	Survival International \| tribes
		The Guarani believe that the 'land without evil' is the resting place of the soul after death - over the centuries many Guarani have embarked on great journeys in an attempt to find the land without evil in this life.
		The Guarani in Brazil are suffering terribly from the theft of almost all their land.
		Survival is supporting the Guarani in their struggle to have their land rights recognised, and to have the land that has been taken from them by ranchers and others restored to them.
	www.survival-international.org /tribes.php?tribe_id=50 (530 words)

	Paraty - Os Índios Guaranís
		The traditional territory of the Guarani is located in the castern part of Paraguai, the mission region in Argentina, the northern part of Uruguai and in Brasil parts of Mato Grosso South and in southern and easthern regions.
		The Guarani Mbyá, because of former intense contact characterized by cultural and fysical persecutions, developed variores mecanisms in order to maintain and live their cultural and religious traditions, guaranteeing the continuation of the tribe and ethniticity.
		Their destiny was lost in order to build new motorways, but all the same the Guarani managed to maintain the villages as strategic and vital points that permit the maintenance of the configuration of their space and presence along the mountainrange of the Sea and Atlantic Forest.
	www.paraty.com.br /iguarani.htm (611 words)

	Guarani Futebol Feminino - Tabelas 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Guarani set the example for many other clubs around the country.
		Many athletes from Guarani are having a change to go to USA and play soccer with a great scholarship.
		The Campinas, Brazil native broke numerous records during her time as a member of the Lady Bulldogs.
	www.guaranifutebolfeminino.hpg.ig.com.br /ingles.htm (629 words)

	Amazon Alliance - Amazon Update February 1999
		Also in Brazil, Sulivan Silvestre, the president of the Indigenous Protection Agency (FUNAI) was killed in a plane crash on February 1.
		In Rondonia, Brazil, the government has been unable to keep up surveillance of the Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau indigenous area leading to the stealing of mahogany from the area in November or December of last year.
		On February 3rd 18 Kayapo leaders, the Ministers of the Environment and Justice, and the presidents of FUNAI (the government indigenous institution) and IBAMA (the government environmental institution) signed an historic agreement meant to put an end to illegal mahogany logging in the Kayapo area in the state of Para.
	www.amazonalliance.org /update/1999/upd_feb99_en.htm (811 words)

	Survival International \| sights
		For the Guarani the terra sem mal, or 'land without evil', is the resting place of the soul after death.
		In the community of Sucuriy, southern Brazil, Guarani Indians camped near a road pray to return to their land.
		In place of the forest, there are now endless plantations of sugar cane, and the Indians are forced to work in appalling conditions cutting sugar cane to earn enough to live on.
	www.survival.es /sights.php?gallery_id=39 (338 words)

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