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Topic: Guarani Indians

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Guarani Indians
		His recall left the field clear to the Jesuits, who assumed the double duty of civilizing and Christianizing the Indians and defending them against the merciless cruelties and butcheries of the slave dealers and the employers, including practically the whole white population, lay, clerical, and official.
		The Indian houses were sometimes of stone, but more often of adobe or cane, with home-made furniture or religious pictures, often made by the Indian themselves.
		By the official census of 1801, less than 45,000 Indians remained, cattle, sheep, and horses had disappeared, the fields and orchards were overgrown and cut down and the splendid churches were in ruins.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07045a.htm (2606 words)

	GUARANI KAIOWA E ÑANDEVA :: Encyclopedia :: Indigenous Peoples in Brazil :: ISA
		The "proto-guarani" populations, which gave rise to the Guarani at the time of the Conquest (1500) and those of the present day (Susnik: 1975), are marked by a history of intense movements within the spaces that they consider appropriate as territories for occupation.
		It is the descendants of these Guarani that we find today and who remained deep in the forests of their territories iuntil the end of the 19th Century.
		In the state of Paraná Kaingang and Guarani indigenous reserves were created, on which a model of agriculture, labor and development totally alien to the indigenous way of being was imposed, based on the policy in effect at that time of integrating the Indians into the surrounding society.
	www.socioambiental.org /pib/epienglish/guarani_kaiowa/hist.shtm (1767 words)

	Indians fight for the land invaded by Aracruz Celulose
		The statements of the Indians, who were present during Aracruz's occupation of the land, illustrate realistically the violence imposed by this company, which as well is responsible for the environment degradation in the region.
		The Indians' proposal for expansion of their present area, is for the unification of the communities of Caieias Velhas and Pau Brasil, which will Comboios community to a total area of 3,800 ha.
		Given these facts, the Tupinikim and Guarani Indians are launching an international campaign asking for the support of ngos, indigenous defense groups, personalities and authorities to put pressure on Aracruz Celulose, and over the Brazilian Government to redefine the boundaries of the lands.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/41/029.html (1762 words)

	Guarani Information Center - guarani indians
		The Indian houses were sometimes of stone, but more often of adobe or cane, with home-made furniture or religious who are the guarani indians pictures, often made by the Indian themselves.
		At midday each group assembled for rock cantado en guarani the Angelus, after which came dinner and a siesta; work was then resumed until evening, when the labourers political organization of the guarani returned singing to their homes.
		guarani indians of paraguay In 1750 a boundary treaty between Spain and Portugal transferred to the latter the territory of the seven missions on the Uruguay, and this was followed soon after by an official order for the removal of the Indians.
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Official_Languages_D_-_G/Guarani.html (2610 words)

	MAR \| Data \| Chronology for Amazonian Indians in Brazil (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Augusto Pereira Guajajara, a member of the Guajajara Indians, was assassinated by non-indigenous settlers, which sparked protests and violence between Indians and non-Indians in the region.
		Indians argue that making profits from development is the only mean they have to survive in their territories since the FUNAI has very little public funding.
		However, NGOs, representing the Indians were not satisfied because the courts referred the decision to the President, who announced that he was in favor of privatization of many of these lands.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=14002 (1339 words)

	Charity's Place.com > The Mission
		Nonetheless, Mendoza helps to prepare the Guaranis for battle by organizing a plan of action, knowing that the Portuguese troops would have a hard time carrying their canons through the dense rainforest.
		Indians are seen skinny-dipping in one scene; most of them are children.
		But it wasn't exactly historically accurate since the Indians that were in the motion picture weren't Guaraní but a different tribe that spoke a different language.
	www.charitysplace.com /review/themission.htm (1047 words)

	THEY CALL IT SUICIDE
		The plight of the Guarani, however, has kept a relatively low profile in comparison to some of the more isolated tribes in the jungles to the north, perhaps in part because the Guarani’s existence today is far from isolated or exotic.
		At his funeral, under a cloudless blue sky and scorching hot sun, many of the hundreds of mourners broke Guarani tradition of a peaceful burial and raged that it is not physically possible for a 140 pound boy to hang by the flimsy branch of a banana tree.
		The Guarani are little more than their playing pieces, positioned so as to best help them acquire as much of the vast lands owned by the ruling party’s wealthy constituency as possible, and to sway public opinion against the government by making it look mismanaged, dishonest and inhumane.
	www.julianrubinstein.com /suicide.html (5011 words)

	Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections - Bolivian natural gas dispute ignites protest from Guarani Indians
		During the wars for independence from the Spanish Crown, the Guarani were able to consolidate their territories in the new republic of Bolivia, but the Europeans who had settled in the country isolated them, relegating the Indians to less fertile lands and, in many cases, subjected them to servitude bordering on slavery.
		The Guarani protest, backed by small settlement farmers, rural workers and the landless peasant movement, united as the "Block of the East", is their first in defence of the fossil fuels in the region.
		An expert on indigenous issues, Acebey, says the Guarani mobilisation is not connected to the Aymara protests in the west, also characterised by their radical opposition to natural gas exports, although the two indigenous cultures share the ideals of defending natural resources and land to be run by community organisations.
	www.gasandoil.com /goc/news/ntl42248.htm (1051 words)

	Paraguay - Indians
		A survey of attitudes toward Indians in the 1970s found that 77 percent of respondents thought: "They are like animals because they are unbaptized." Indianness was a stigma; even Indians who became sedentary and Christian faced continued discrimination in employment and wages.
		Indeed, the warlike Indians, in combination with the inhospitable Chaco terrain and climate, presented an effective barrier to Spanish expansion west of the Río Paraguay.
		As was the case with other mission settlements, the problems ASCIM faced grew as Indians forced off their lands elsewhere in the Chaco flocked to the Mennonite settlements.
	countrystudies.us /paraguay/34.htm (2064 words)

	Guaraní language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In fact, Olívio Jekupé, a resident of Krukutu village, located in this area, has even published a book of folk tales written in Guaraní and Portuguese.
		Guaraní persisted with enough vigor to be made official because the Jesuits elected it as the language to preach Catholicism to the Indians (Guaraní was the language of the autonomous Jesuit Reducciones) and because Paraguay's dictators for a time shut the country's borders and thereby protected the local culture and language.
		Guarani - English Dictionary: from *Webster's Online Dictionary - the Rosetta Edition.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Guarani_language (1501 words)

	Land is Life Itself
		The ranchers accuse the Indians of stealing and butchering cattle,and of destroying installations and infrastructure on the occupied farms.
		He pointed out that there is testimony and material evidence that the Guaranis traditionally lived on the property in question, as well as ''specific documents from 1927'' that confirm their legal claim to the land.
		Of the estimated 34,000 Guarani Indians in Brazil, between 8,000 and 10,000 belong to the Ñandeva sub-group, according to the Socioambiental Institute, a non-governmental organisation dedicated to the research and support of indigenous rights.
	www.landaction.org /display.php?article=200 (1219 words)

	Survival International \| news
		Guarani Indians facing eviction from their land have warned of a bloodbath.
		The Indians are to be forced to return to the roadside where they lived in miserable conditions before 2004.
		The Indians were first evicted in the 1950s, and eventually obtained a court order in 2004 allowing them to return to part of Paso Piraju.
	www.survival-international.org /news.php?id=1560 (536 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Americas \| Land row dilemma for Brazil's Lula
		It is being watched by Indian groups with land claims around Brazil - as well as by farmers' organisations who fear it could start a wave of similar confrontations.
		The Guarani say they lost the land more than 50 years ago - when the government of the time gave it away in land grants to white settlers.
		For the moment the Guarani believe they have won the first round of what promises to be a long battle.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/americas/3446459.stm (763 words)

	Learn Guarani On (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		You should begin studying Guarani by becoming familiar with Pronunciation and Orthography, especially since Guarani orthography does not fit into the ISO Latin 1 scheme of things.
		The Guaranis were a people of the forest and their word for Paradise or heaven was Yvága, which means "a place of abundant fruit trees." Their language, which was largely onomatopoeic in origin, still preserves the sounds of the forest.
		Some Guarani tribes had fought the Guaycurus of the Chaco and pressed on to the edges of the Inca kingdom, coveting its riches long before the white man came.
	www.terere.com /terere/canales/paraguay4u/guaranilanguage/guarani.php (747 words)

	Paraty - Os Índios Guaranís
		The traditional territory of the Guarani is located in the castern part of Paraguai, the mission region in Argentina, the northern part of Uruguai and in Brasil parts of Mato Grosso South and in southern and easthern regions.
		The Guarani Mbyá, because of former intense contact characterized by cultural and fysical persecutions, developed variores mecanisms in order to maintain and live their cultural and religious traditions, guaranteeing the continuation of the tribe and ethniticity.
		The bonds and the reciprocity between the groups of the varions villages maintain and guarantee the necessary mobility for phisical and cultural reproduction of Guarani Mbyá society, in which the territorial conception and social space of all the villages are considered one cammon territory.
	www.paraty.com.br /iguarani.htm (611 words)

	GUARANI KAIOWA E ÑANDEVA :: Encyclopedia :: Indigenous Peoples in Brazil :: ISA
		The non-indigenous population of Paraguay, which speaks the Guarani language, refers to the Guarani by the term ava (Guarani man), which is also used by the Guarani subgroups who live in the country.
		In Mato Grosso do Sul, they are known as Guarani and in Paraguay as Chiripa, which refers to the garments of their ritual tradition which is typical of them.
		For the purposes of recognizing the specificity of this subgroup which speaks a Guarani language, it seems to be recommendable to designate them by the term ñandeva, which is what they utilize when they speak their language, allowing them also to strengthen their identity as such.
	www.socioambiental.org /pib/epienglish/guarani_kaiowa/nome.shtm (776 words)

	[No title]
		The term Guarani has been used in a number of different ways, and this has led to confusion concerning the identification of the Guarani.
		The missionized Indians became known as Guarani, while those who avoided conversion became known as Cayua or Caingua, a name which roughly translates as "men of the forest." The Cayua are also speakers of the Guarani language.
		In the sense that Guarani signifies a vaguely-defined group of acculturated Indians (including Mestizos), the entire rural population of Paraguay is often referred to as Guarani (Metraux 1948: 69).
	lucy.ukc.ac.uk /EthnoAtlas/Hmar/Cult_dir/Culture.7843 (1066 words)

	The history of the Guarani
		Since 1975, the Tupinikim and Guarani Indians of Aracruz, Espirito Santo State, have fought for their traditional lands given back by the Portuguese Crown and subsequently guaranteed in writing.
		On the 18th of March 1998 the Brazilian Government unleashed a military operation to put an end to the struggle of the Tupinikim and Guarani Indians for the demarcation of their lands and to oblige them to accept the impositions of the multinational Aracruz Celulose.
		A federal judge sets a deadline of 20 days for Funai to find a peaceful solution for the situation of Guarani families that, on July 10, reoccupied 49 hectares of the Guarani area that were invaded by a farmer in Saudades, western part of the state of Santa Catarina.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/41/index-mi.html (498 words)

	Legend of the Guarani Indians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		There is an old Guarani Indian legend that relates the origins of the Guarani in the Forests of Paraguay.
		According to the legend, the ancestors of the Guarani at one time in the distant past crossed a great and spacious ocean from a far land to settle in the Americas.
		It was like this: the tribe would clear part of the forest, plant manioc and corn, but after four or five years the soil would be worn out and the tribe had to move on.
	www.angelinasimportsllc.com /legend_of_the_guarani_indians.htm (596 words)

	Guaraní Indians United
		RIO DE JANEIRO, Feb 7 (IPS) - The unity of Guaraní Indians, whose communities are spread out over five South American nations, was sealed in a gathering that ended Tuesday with a march by around 8,000 demonstrators in the southern Brazilian city of Sao Gabriel, where indigenous hero Sepé Tiarajú died on Feb. 7, 1756.
		Around 1,500 Guaraní Indians from several countries took part in the Assembly itself, along with some 100 representatives of other Brazilian indigenous groups, said Mario Karaí, a Guaraní leader from the state of Rio Grande do Sul and one of the organisers of the event.
		The unity of the Guaraní in the struggle for change is indispensable, he added, because the group is facing "appalling exclusion and marginalisation" in all five countries, and is only now beginning to come together, after centuries of dispersal triggered by killings and massacres at the hands of Spanish and Portuguese colonists.
	www.globalexchange.org /countries/brazil/3774.html (1003 words)

	Alex's Film Critique
		He pleads that the Guarani have no right to be protected by the church and they can serve a greater purpose by beings enslaved for the good of the Europeans.
		He speech about the compassionate nature of the Guarani as well as the treatment of the of the Indians by the colonials is intercut by close-ups of the Indians faces and that of Cabeza and his Portuguese counterpart as they look uncomfortable as they hear the words that Gabriel says.
		The Guarani are shown singing at different points in the movie, and their voices present almost an angelic quality to the film and the soundtrack.
	www.msu.edu /~tremonte/alex.html (1365 words)

	Survival International \| sights
		The Indians of Cerro Marangatu are given new hope.
		In the community of Sucuriy, southern Brazil, Guarani Indians camped near a road pray to return to their land.
		In place of the forest, there are now endless plantations of sugar cane, and the Indians are forced to work in appalling conditions cutting sugar cane to earn enough to live on.
	www.survival.es /sights.php?gallery_id=304 (325 words)

	Suicides in the Guarani Kaiowa tribe in Brazil (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		According to an urgent action bulletin issued by Survival International, five young Guarani Kaiowa Indians attempted to commit suicide, on September 8, in the village of Penambizinho in the state of Mato Grosso de Sul, Brazil.
		Three hundred Kaiowa Indians are crammed into barely 60 hectares of land, surrounded by electric fences built by the colonists who live around the village.
		Despite the acute suffering by the Kaiowa, highlighted by the suicides, the federal authorities have not complied with the act: Kaiowa lands are still to be demarcated and the colonists are still to be resettled.
	www.sdnp.org.gy /apa/suicides.htm (276 words)

	"the People's Paths home page!" NAIIP News Path - Guarani Indians Face Eviction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Indians, he said, were "invaders" who were illegally occupying land that belonged to ranchers.
		The judgment comes after the Guarani successfully reoccupied their ancestral lands, from which they were evicted two decades or more ago.
		With a population of 25,000, the Guarani Indians are Brazil's largest indigenous people, however, social problems caused by lack of land has driven many Guarani to alcoholism and suicide.
	www.yvwiiusdinvnohii.net /News99/NAJ990120b.htm (418 words)

	Survival International \| tribes
		The Guarani believe that the 'land without evil' is the resting place of the soul after death - over the centuries many Guarani have embarked on great journeys in an attempt to find the land without evil in this life.
		The Guarani in Brazil are suffering terribly from the theft of almost all their land.
		Survival is supporting the Guarani in their struggle to have their land rights recognised, and to have the land that has been taken from them by ranchers and others restored to them.
	www.survival-international.org /tribes.php?tribe_id=50 (516 words)

	Brazil: Constructions of A Culture
		The Jesuits, Literature, Tupi Guarani, and the Tapuya Indians
		The Tupi-Guarani Indians are found along the Amazon while the Tapuya Indians are situated along the coast.
		Constantly circled by the nude Indian women, the women were naturally offered to the travelers by their own will or for tribal obligations of good hospitality.
	userwww.sfsu.edu /~lisalis/odyssey/brazil_tapuya.html (503 words)

	washingtonpost.com: Young Brazilian Indians Find Suicide Only Way Out
		In December, hundreds of Guarani Indians seized portions of 15 farms in the southern portion of this state -- posting signs that read "Our Place" -- before government negotiators intervened and reached a compromise for the squatters to vacate 12 of the farms.
		Settlers and wealthy landowners continued their encroachment onto Indian lands until the 1988 Brazilian constitution expanded land rights for the country's native people, who make up less than 1 percent of the country's population.
		But Indian efforts to reclaim lost land have resulted in armed standoffs between militias hired by landowners and throngs of Indian protesters, particularly since December.
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A9450-2004Apr13?language=printer (1665 words)

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