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Topic: Guelfs

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	Guelphs and Ghibellines - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Guelph (often spelled Guelf, plural Guelfi) is most probably an Italian form of Welf, the family of the dukes of Bavaria (including the namesake Welf, as well as Henry the Lion).
		The Welfs were said to have used the name as a rallying cry during the Battle of Weinsberg in 1140, in which the rival Hohenstaufens of Swabia (led at the time by Conrad III) used Waiblingen, the name of a castle, as their cry.
		Guelf cities, of course, tended to be in areas where the Emperor was more a threat to local interests than the Pope, and Ghibelline cities tended to be in areas where the enlargement of the Papal States was the more immediate threat.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines (1046 words)

	Dante Alighieri - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He was born into the prominent Alighieri family of Florence, with loyalties to the Guelfs, a political alliance that supported the Papacy, involved in complex opposition to the Ghibellines, who were backed by the Holy Roman Emperor.
		Dante (a White Guelf) pretended that his family descended from the ancient Romans (Inferno, XV, 76), but the earliest relative he can mention by name is Cacciaguida degli Elisei (Paradiso, XV, 135), of no earlier than about 1100.
		He fought in the battle of Campaldino (June 11, 1289), with Florentine Guelf knights against Arezzo Ghibellines, then in 1294 he was among those knights who escorted Carlo Martello d'Anjou (son of Charles of Anjou) while he was in Florence.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dante_Alighieri (2805 words)

	Dante Alighieri
		He was born into a prominent Florentine family (whose real surname was Alaghieri), with loyalties to the Guelfs[?], a political alliance involved in complex opposition to the Ghibellines[?]; Guelfs themselves were divided into White Guelfs and Black Guelfs.
		His father, Alighiero di Bellincione, was a White Guelf, but suffered no reprisals after the Ghibellines won the Battle of Montaperti[?], and this safety reveals a certain personal or family prestige.
		The Guelfs were divided into the two factions of White Guelfs (Guelfi Bianchi) (led by Vieri dei Cerchi) and Black Guelfs (Guelfi Neri) (led by Corso Donati[?]).
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/da/Dante_Alighieri.html (1889 words)

	3. Florence. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		After a Guelf regime, Frederick of Antioch (son of Frederick II) as imperial vicar instituted the first mass expulsion in Florentine history by driving out the Guelfs (1249).
		The restored commune was under the domination of the businessmen, who had three objectives: access to the sea (hence hostility to Pisa), expansion in Tuscany (to dominate the trade roads), and support of the popes (to retain papal banking business).
		Continued pressure by Guelf extremists to exclude the lesser guilds led to a series of violent explosions.
	www.bartleby.com /67/534.html (1042 words)

	Borders - Feature - Dante in Love: The World's Greatest Poem and How It Changed History
		The brawl between the Guelfs and the Ghibellines of the 1300s is more than a bit opera buffa, and even by these standards, it reaches burlesque proportions.
		A vendetta was declared between Guelf and Ghibel, two rival brothers of Pistoia related to the amorous couple, and dozens of recriminations later, the fighting spun out of control.
		Guelf and Ghibelline became synonymous with support for the pope on the one hand and the emperor on the other.
	www.bordersstores.com /features/feature.jsp?file=danteinlove (2159 words)

	Dante Alighieri - Books and Biography
		The Guelfs, with whom Dante was allied, were identified with Florentine political autonomy, and with the interests of the Papacy in its long struggle against the centralizing ambitions of the Hohenstaufen emperors, who were supported by the Ghibellines.
		By the end of the century, the Guelfs were themselves riven by faction, grounded largely in family and economic interests, but determined also by differing degrees of loyalty to the papacy and to Guelf allegiances.
		In 1301, when conflict arose between the "Blacks," the faction most strongly committed to Guelf and papal interests, and the more moderate Whites, Pope Boniface VIII instigated a partisan settlement which allowed the Blacks to exile the White leadership, of whom Dante was one.
	www.readprint.com /author-2/Dante-Alighieri (656 words)

	Dante Alighieri (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		He was born into the prominent Alighieri family of Florence, with loyalties to the Guelfs, a political alliance that supported the Papacy, involved in complex opposition to the Ghibellines, who were backed by the Holy Roman Emperor.
		Dante (a White Guelf) pretended that his family descended from the ancient Romans (Inferno, XV, 76), but the earliest relative he can mention by name is Cacciaguida degli Elisei (Paradiso, XV, 135), of no earlier than about 1100.
		He fought in the battle of Campaldino (June 11, 1289), with Florentine Guelf knights against Arezzo Ghibellines, then in 1294 he was among those knights who escorted Carlo Martello d'Anjou (son of Charles of Anjou) while he was in Florence.
	en.encyclopediahome.com /wiki/Dante_Alighieri (2796 words)

	Background to Dante's Inferno (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The White Guelf party--associated with the old Ghibelline party--was composed of merchants and traders.
		The Black Guelfs were led by old banking families.
		While he is away, the Black Guelfs completely take over Florence, and Dante is EXILED from his native city.
	www.geneseo.edu /~easton/humanities/infernonotes.html (431 words)

	VillaniBk9a
		But the most believe that he was in fault, forasmuch as he was in league with the Florentines and the Bolognese, and with other Guelf cities, and it was said that he was to receive much money therefor from the Florentines and their league.
		And on the return of the said cardinal to Italy, he received commandment from the Pope to bring to him across the mountains all the Church treasure which was in Rome and in the other cities pertaining to the Holy See, and this he brought as far as the city of Lucca.
		The Guelfs, being strong and well-armed, fought vigorously before the Ghibellines could gain the aid of the Emperor’s troops, and overcame them, and drave them out of the city with many slain and captured.
	www.elfinspell.com /VillaniBk9a.html (3176 words)

	Untitled Document
		The Guelf leaders were afraid the exiles would soon arrive from Siena with the Germans, and they knew that rebellious Ghibellines were already returning to the area.
		By that time (1278), since the great Guelfs of Florence were victoriously and honorably resting from their warfare with outside enemies and had fattened up on the goods of the exiled Ghibellines, their pride and envy led them to fight among themselves.
		In 1282 the dominant Guelfs excluded the Ghibellines and created a new type of government which was destined to have a long run in Florence, the priors.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/GeogHist/histories/histdocts/Biblio13/A13/Villani/villani.html (7345 words)

	The Inferno: Introduction
		Italy at this time was distracted between the factions of the Guelfs, or partisans of the pope, and the Ghibellines, the adherents of the emperor.
		Dante belonged to the Guelf party, which after many revolutions had got the upper hand in Florence, and had completely defeated the Ghibellines in the battles of Campaldino and Caprona, in both of which actions Dante had distinguished himself.
		But prosperity was fatal to the Guelfs: they became torn by internal dissensions, and under the names of Bianchi and Neri, or Whites and Blacks, they continually fought against each other.
	triggur.org /inferno (1220 words)

	Guelfs and Ghibellines
		Guelfs were mostly merchants and burghers, strongest in the city-states of
		In the country, one relies for physical safety on one's own strength and skill in arms, and on a culture of honor wherein friends avenge friends.
		Times of mental war, when, despite a broad and enlightened consensus, Guelf and Ghibelline struggle over the question of how man should relate to man, against a backdrop of steady and broad-based improvement—these are the golden ages.
	www.lancelotfinn.com /guelfs_and_ghibellines.htm (2476 words)

	Machiavelli, Writings, vol. 1 (Life of Machiavelli, History of Florence) ToC: The Online Library of Liberty
		The Guelfs are driven out of Florence, but after the death of Frederick they make terms with the Ghibellines and return to Florence, and then jointly attempt to reorganize the government of the city (1250).
		The Guelfs are routed at the battle of Arbia by the troops of Manfred, king of Naples (1260).
		The Guelfs, with the help of Charles d’Anjou, grow in power (1266), in consequence of which the Ghibellines of Florence attempt by new enactments to win the good will of the people.
	oll.libertyfund.org /Home3/Set.php?recordID=0076.01 (4314 words)

	WowEssays.com - Dante And His Inferno
		Although born into a Guelf family, Dante became more neutral later in life after realizing that the church was corrupt, believing it should only be involved in spiritual affairs.
		The Black Guelfs supported Pope Boniface VIII and his quest to seize Florence's province; the White Guelfs, however, did not support the Pope.
		Finally in 1302, while Dante was away serving an ambassadorship in the town of Siena, the Black Guelfs and their French allies took over the city.
	www.wowessays.com /dbase/ac2/wuj64.shtml (1170 words)

	BookRags: Guido Cavalcanti Biography
		Guido Cavalcanti was born in Florence not later than 1259, the son of a wealthy Guelf.
		In 1267 the boy Guido was married to Bice, the daughter of the Ghibelline leader Farinata degli Uberti, possibly in a peacemaking attempt between the Guelfs and the Ghibellines.
		Guido was one of the Guelf guarantors of a peace concluded between the two factions in 1280.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/guido-cavalcanti (523 words)

	GradeSaver: ClassicNote: Biography of Dante Alighieri
		The Guelfs and the Ghibellines were the two major factions, and in fact that division was important in all of Italy and other countries as well.
		The Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor were political rivals for much of this time period, and in general the Guelfs were in favor of the Pope, while the Ghibellines supported Imperial power.
		Instead, the Guelf party divided between the Whites and the Blacks (Dante was a White Guelf).
	www.gradesaver.com /classicnotes/authors/about_dante_alighieri.html (624 words)

	Digital Dante: Students' Work: The Role of the Church
		Further evidence of the Alighieri's lack of support of the Guelf cause is that after the Guelf defeat at Montaperti in 1260, Dante's father was not among those sent into exile by the Ghibelline's (Brittanica, 481).
		Dante supported the cause of the White Guelfs and condemned the Pope as power hungry and arrogant; the episode with Guido da montefeltro in the Inferno is directly related to this issue.
		The White Guelfs wrre able to oust the Blacks, and in 1300 Boniface sent Cardinal Matteo D'Acquasparta to Florence under the guise of seeking reconcilliation with the Whites.
	dante.ilt.columbia.edu /papers/trotc (4597 words)

	Literature of the Western World, Vol. I and Vol. II, 5/e Chapter 2 -- Dante Alighieri
		Dante was born in 1265 in the independent, republican city-state of Florence, which in its commercial prosperity and its culture was beginning to rank with the leading cities of Europe.
		For decades before his birth, an appallingly bloody feud had divided Florence into two factions: the Ghibellines, a feudal and military class allied with the Holy Roman Emperor, and the Guelfs, a middle-class party that tended to side with the papacy in its struggle against the empire.
		But by the end of the century the Guefls themselves had split into factions: the Blacks, who represented the nobility and were willing to tolerate papal political influence, and the Whites, who represented the commercial bourgeoisie and wanted political independence.
	cwx.prenhall.com /bookbind/pubbooks/wilkie/chapter2/custom1/deluxe-content.html (393 words)

	VillaniBk7b
		They returned to Prato gloomy and shamed, and as they were returning, being angry, they attacked the fortress of Capalle, but did not take it, And when they came to Prato they bitterly reproached each other; but after a thing ill-judged, and worse carried out, repentance is in vain.
		In this manner was ordered the state and course of the commonwealth and of the people of Florence at the return of the Guelfs; and the chancellors of finance were the monks of Settimo and of Ognissanti on alternate half-years.
		At which defeat and capture the followers of King Charles and all those of the Guelf party were much dismayed, and Conradino and his people increased thereupon in great pride and courage, and held the French almost for naught.
	www.elfinspell.com /VillaniBk7b.html (1783 words)

	Dante Alighieri - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		His father, Alighiero de Bellincione, was a White Guelf, but suffered no reprisals after the Ghibellines won the Battle of Montaperti, and this safety reveals a certain personal or family prestige.
		A new government was installed of Black Guelfs, and Messer Cante dei Gabrielli di Gubbio was appointed Podestà (mayor) of Florence.
		If he were ever caught by Florentine soldiers, he would have been summarily executed.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Dante_Alighieri (2837 words)

	OperaWorld.com's Bel Canto Zone: Historical Note for The Capulets and the Montagues (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		One innovation on the Italian side of the Romeo legend is the linkage of the families' feud to an actual dispute between political factions that occurred in Italy during the 12th — 14th centuries.
		In theory the Guelfs championed the liberty of local Italian governments, free from foreign domination, while the Ghibellines regarded their ideology as anarchy and potentially destructive to the Imperial system, already a weak conglomeration of relatively independent principalities.
		The Guelf Cappelletti were situated in Cremona and may not have been in direct conflict with the Montecchi, their customary opponents being the Barbarasi.
	www.operaworld.com /belcanto/capshist.shtml (366 words)

	Dante Alighieri - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		Dante was born in 1265 and he tells us he was born under the sign of Gemini, placing his birthday in May or June.
		He was born into the prominent Alighieri family of Florence, with loyalties to the Guelfs, a political alliance involved in complex opposition to the Ghibellines; Guelfs themselves were divided into White Guelfs (pro-imperial) and Black Guelfs.
		A new government was installed of Black Guelfs, and Cante dei Gabbrielli di Gubbio was named Podestà (mayor).
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=8169 (2246 words)

	Dante Alighieri and early Italian Poetry
		Dante Alighieri was born in 1265 into a modestly aristocratic family that owed allegiance to the white Guelfs.
		In Florence the Guelf split into two factions, fiercely antagonistic, the white and the white.
		But the white Guelfs opposing Bonifacio VIII’s expansion policy were defeated by the fls with the help of the French king, Charles de Valois, and Dante was accused of fraud and ordered to pay a fine.
	www.poetrymagic.co.uk /poets/dante.html (636 words)

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