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Topic: Guelphs and Ghibellines

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	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Guelphs and Ghibellines
		The names "Guelph" and "Ghibelline" appear to have originated in Germany, in the rivalry between the house of Welf (Dukes of Bavaria) and the house of Hohenstaufen (Dukes of Swabia), whose ancestral castle was Waiblingen in Franconia.
		Ghibelline, partly from hostility to Florence, partly from the
		Guelph nobles were temporarily expelled from Florence; but Frederick's favourite son, King Enzio of Sardinia, was defeated and captured by the Bolognese (1249), and the strenuous opposition of the Italians proved too much for the imperial power.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07056c.htm (2103 words)

	Guelphs and Ghibellines - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Guelphs and Ghibellines were factions supporting, respectively, the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire in central and northern Italy during the 12th and 13th centuries.
		Guelph (sometimes spelled Guelf) is most probably an Italian form of Welf, the family of the dukes of Bavaria (including the namesake Welf, as well as Henry the Lion).
		The Sieneses Ghibellines inflicted a noteworthy defeat to Florentine Guelphs at the battle of Montaperti (1260).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines (1034 words)

	GUELPHS AND GHIBELLINES - LoveToKnow Article on GUELPHS AND GHIBELLINES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		At the opening of the 13th century it was intensified by the fight for the German and imperial thrones between Philip, duke of Swabia, a son of Frederick I., and the Welf, Otto of Brunswick, afterwards the emperor Otto IV., a fight waged in Italy as well as in Germany.
		Guelph and Ghibelline were soon found representing local and family rather than papal and imperial interests; the names were taken with little or no regard for their original significance, and in the 15th century they began to die out of current politics.
		The feud of Guelph and Ghibelline penetrated within the walls of almost every city of northern Italy, and the contest between the parties, which practically makes the history of Florence during the I3th century, is specially noteworthy.
	83.1911encyclopedia.org /G/GU/GUELPHS_AND_GHIBELLINES.htm (861 words)

	Battle of Montaperti - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The Battle of Montaperti was fought on September 4, 1260, between Florence and Siena in Tuscany as part of the conflict between the Guelphs and Ghibellines.
		The Guelphs and Ghibellines were factions supporting the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire respectively in Italy during the 12th and 13th centuries.
		In 1258, the Guelphs succeeded in expelling from Florence the last of the Ghibellines with any real power; they followed this with the murder of Tesauro Beccharia, Abbot of Vallombrosa, who was accused of plotting the return of the Ghibellines.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Montaperti (589 words)

	History Channel Search Results
		The Guelphs became the party opposing the authority of the Holy Roman emperors in Italy and supporting the power of the papacy, while the Ghibellines supported the imperial authority.
		The Guelph party, moreover, became a nationalist party in a sense, for it enlisted itself in support of the Italian principalities and city republics that were demanding provincial or municipal rights and liberties.
		In 1334 Pope Benedict XII (1285–1342) forbade, under pain of the censures of the church, the further use of the Guelph and Ghibelline names, but they were sometimes applied to different factions as late as the 16th century.
	www.historychannel.com /encyclopedia/article.jsp?link=FWNE.fw..gu106600.a (404 words)

	AllRefer.com - Guelphs and Ghibellines (Italian History) - Encyclopedia
		Guelphs and Ghibellines[gwelfs, gib´ulEnz, -linz] Pronunciation Key, opposing political factions in Germany and in Italy during the later Middle Ages.
		Among the Ghibellines were Ezzelino da Romano, Castruccio Castracani, Della Scala of Verona, the Montefeltro family of Urbino, and the Visconti family of Milan (although Milan itself was Guelph).
		In Rome the Ghibellines were represented by the pope's enemies, notably the Colonna family, and by the republicans.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/G/GuelphsN.html (408 words)

	Guelphs and Ghibellines
		This was the start of the feud between the house of Welf (Guelph), the followers of the dukes of Saxony and Bavaria (Henry the Proud, 1108–1139; later of his son Henry the Lion, 1129–1195), and that of the lords of Hohenstaufen whose castle at Waiblingen (near present-day Stuttgart) gave the Ghibellines their name.
		With the Guelphs responsible for the loss, the Ghibellines resumed power, restored the old institutions, and decreed the destruction of the palaces and towers and houses which the principal exponents of the Guelph party owned in the city and in the surroundings.
		At the Ghibelline League convention of Empoli, it was resolved that Florence itself be razed to the ground.
	www.dantealighieri.net /cambridge/guelphs.html (1862 words)

	Guelphs and Ghibellines - Britannica Concise
		The terms Guelph (see Welf dynasty) and Ghibelline (from Waiblingen, the castle of the Welfs' Hohenstaufen opponents) first acquired significance in Italy during the reign of the Hohenstaufen emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, who tried to assert imperial authority over northern Italy and was opposed by Pope Alexander III.
		The split between the Guelphs, who sided with the papacy, and the Ghibellines, who were sympathetic to the Holy Roman emperors, contributed to chronic strife in the cities of northern Italy in the 13th–14th century, reflected in Dante's Divine Comedy.
		The split between the Guelfs, who were sympathetic to the papacy, and the Ghibellines, who were sympathetic to the German (Holy Roman) emperors, contributed to chronic strife within the cities of northern Italy in the 13th and 14th centuries.
	concise.britannica.com /ebc/article-9366264 (511 words)

	Guelphs and Ghibellines
		In 1244 the Ghibelline nobles, who were in power, decided to broaden the social base of the government, so as to obtain the favor of the merchant middle class.
		When the Ghibellines resumed power and restored the old institutions they decreed the destruction of the palaces and towers and houses which the principal exponents of the Guelph party owned in the city and in the surroundings.
		The attempt failed, but the Ghibellines, fearing the power of the people, and deprived of imperial support, were forced to accept the services of Clement IV as peacemaker between the opposing factions.
	www.arca.net /db/storia/chp7.htm (2051 words)

	ninemsn Encarta - Search Results - Guelph
		Guelph, city in south-eastern Ontario, Canada, on the Speed River.
		Guelph is the seat of Wellington County and an industrial and educational centre....
		Guelphs and Ghibellines, names of two political factions in northern and central Italy from about the 12th to the 15th century.
	au.encarta.msn.com /Guelph.html (93 words)

	Guelphs and Ghibellines
		The princes of the house of Hohenstaufen being the constant opponents of the papacy, "Guelph" and "Ghibelline" were taken to denote adherents of Church and Empire, respectively.
		The popes having favoured and fostered the growth of the communes, the Guelphs were in the main the republican, commercial, burgher party; the Ghibellines represented the old feudal aristocracy of Italy.
		From the death of Frederick II (1250) to the election of Henry VII (1308), the imperial throne was regarded by the Italians as vacant.
	www.san-miniato.com /guelphs.htm (2132 words)

	[No title]
		They were, however, most cordially hated, both by the people and the Guelphs, for the latter could not forget their exile, and the former but too well remembered their tyranny when they were in power; the result was, that the minds of neither party became settled.
		The Ghibellines having departed, the Florentines reorganized the government of the city, and elected twelve men who, as the supreme power, were to hold their magistracy two months, and were not called Anziani or "ancients," but Buono Uomini or "good men." They also formed a council of eighty citizens, which they called the Credenza.
		The Ghibellines returned, and, instead of twelve governors, fourteen were appointed, seven for each party, who held their office one year, and were to be chosen by the pope.
	www.cumorah.com /etexts/hflit10.txt (16444 words)

	History of Florence and Of the Affairs Of Italy, by Niccolo Machiavelli
		The Guelphs were headed by a legate of the pope; and the Ghibelline party by Ezelin, who possessed nearly the whole of Lombardy beyond the Po; and, as in the course of the war Padua rebelled, he put to death twelve thousand of its citizens.
		His coming occasioned great excitement in Lombardy; for he sent all the banished to their homes, whether they were Guelphs or Ghibellines; and in consequence of this, one faction endeavoring to drive out the other, the whole province was filled with war; nor could the emperor with all his endeavors abate its fury.
		The Ghibellines, in the meantime, finding themselves divested of authority, could not rest, but watched for an occasion of repossessing the government; and they thought the favorable moment come, when they found that Manfred, son of Frederick, had made himself sovereign of Naples, and reduced the power of the church.
	snowy.arsc.alaska.edu /gutenberg/2/4/6/2464/2464-h/2464-h.htm (15241 words)

	Guelphs and Ghibellines
		The names were first used in 13th-century Florence to designate the supporters of Otto IV (a Guelph) and the Hohenstaufen Frederick II (a Ghibelline).
		Among the Ghibellines were Ezzelino da Romano, Castruccio Castracani, Della Scala of Verona, the Montefeltro family of Urbino, and the Visconti family of Milan (although Milan itself was Guelph).
		In Rome the Ghibellines were represented by the pope’s enemies, notably the Colonna family, and by the republicans.
	www.orbilat.com /Encyclopaedia/G/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines.html (249 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Florence
		In this way there was endless friction an strife, and thus was laid the foundation of the two great parties that for centuries divided the city, Guelphs and Ghibellines.
		Pistoia was taken, and was forced to recall the exiled Guelphs.
		The Guelphs thereupon chose exile for themselves and their families.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06105c.htm (6181 words)

	GUELPHS AND GHIBELLINES - Online Information article about GUELPHS AND GHIBELLINES
		The story of the contest between Guelph and Ghibelline, however, is little less than the history of Italy in the See also:
		expulsion of the Ghibellines by Charles of Anjou in 1266, and on a smaller scale a similar story may be told of many other cities (see FLORENCE).
		bound the Guelph to the pope, and so enabled the latter to defy the arms of Frederick II.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /GRA_GUI/GUELPHS_AND_GHIBELLINES.html (1375 words)

	The Battle at Montaperti
		The Guelphs followed this victory with the murder of Tesauro Beccharia, Archbishop of Vallambrosa, who was accused of plotting with the Ghibellines for their return.
		Dante (who was himself a Ghibelline) discovered the details of this act of treachery as he trawled the Florentine archives in the fourteenth century, and he reserved a place for the turncoat Bocca in the frozen wastes of the ninth circle of Hell.
		Incidentally, if the Ghibellines and the Guelphs seem unfamiliar to you, you may be familiar with yet another two members of these families, for whom the bitter faction-fighting was to spell doom for their ill-fated romance.
	www.brighton73.freeserve.co.uk /tomsplace/interests/medieval/montaperti.htm (882 words)

	Guelphs and Ghibellines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Derived from two warring royal houses in Germany (Waiblingen and Welf), the sides came to be distinguished by their adherence to the claims of the emperor (ghibellines) or the pope (guelph).
		The guelph cause finally triumphed with the death of Manfred--son of Emperor Frederick II--at the battle of Benevento (in southern Italy) in 1266.
		This event came to be seen as the origin of the factional violence that would plague Florence for the next century and beyond.
	danteworlds.laits.utexas.edu /textpopup/inf1002.html (77 words)

	History of Florence, by Niccolo Machiavelli (chapter8) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Of the Ghibelline faction were the Uberti, Manelli, Ubriachi, Fifanti, Amidei, Infangati, Malespini, Scolari, Guidi, Galli, Cappiardi, Lamberti, Soldanieri, Cipriani, Toschi, Amieri, Palermini, Migliorelli, Pigli, Barucci, Cattani, Agolanti, Brunelleschi, Caponsacchi, Elisei, Abati, Tidaldini, Giuochi, and Galigai.
		The Guelphs being expelled, took refuge in the Upper Val d’Arno, where part of their castles and strongholds were situated, and where they strengthened and fortified themselves against the attacks of their enemies.
		But, upon the death of Frederick, the most unbiased men, and those who had the greatest authority with the people, considered that it would be better to effect the reunion of the city, than, by keeping her divided, cause her ruin.
	etext.library.adelaide.edu.au /m/machiavelli/niccolo/m149h/chapter8.html (1257 words)

	Dante's Inferno - Circle 6 - Canto 10
		As a Florentine leader of the ghibellines, Farinata was an enemy to the party of Dante's ancestors, the guelphs (before the ghibellines were defeated and the guelphs splintered into white and fl factions).
		Although Farinata's ghibellines twice defeated the guelphs (in 1248 and 1260), the guelphs both times succeeded in returning to power--unlike the ghibellines following their defeat in 1266.
		Frederick's court nourished the first major movement in Italian vernacular poetry; this so-called "Sicilian School" of poetry (in which the sonnet was first developed) contributed greatly to the establishment of the Italian literary tradition that influenced the young Dante.
	danteworlds.laits.utexas.edu /utopia/circle6.html (1261 words)

	Untitled Document
		Ghibelline Guido Giunizzelli (1230-1276), one of the main exponents of the "dolce stilnovo", was in fact banned in 1274 from Bologna, his home town, for his beliefs.
		The title of the initiative, "Florentines Guelphs and Ghibellines - a short history of Florence that it hardly knows itself", is explicit, in other words, it aims to help both locals and visitors rediscover what still exists in the city but which normally they are unable to see.
		The Guelph symbol, a royal eagle capturing a dragon, is an expression, in our opinion, of the Imperial power, while the Ghibelline arms portray a young man, perhaps Hercules, killing a lion (again symbolic of power).
	www.florence-concierge.it /earticoli/medioevo.html (1165 words)

	Guelfs and Ghibellines
		The Ghibellines supported the German emperor, who was called the "Holy Roman Emperor." Many were noblemen.
		In the country, one relies for physical safety on one's own strength and skill in arms, and on a culture of honor wherein friends avenge friends.
		The latent power of the UN Whereas Dante was the last defender of a lost cause, today's Ghibellines are momentarily confident.
	www.lancelotfinn.com /guelfs_and_ghibellines.htm (2476 words)

	Digital Dante: Students' Work: How To Win Friends and Influence People
		The conflict between the Guelphs and the Ghibellines arose as a family feud, but eventually escalated into political warfare, each party competing for control of Florence and political domination.
		In 1300, the Guelphs split into the Blacks and Whites.[7] The conflict, however, was more between "leagues of allied families than between opposing political philosophies."[8] The altercation began as a family feud, similar to the Guelphs-Ghibelline division, over the matter of...
		More and more, the White Guelphs found that they were allying themselves with the Ghibellines, and as a result, they tended to follow their political philosophy.
	dante.ilt.columbia.edu /new/papers/htwfaip (1857 words)

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