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Topic: Gulf War oil spill

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	Oil Spill K-12 Experiments for Lesson Plans & Science Fair Projects
		An oil spill is the intentional or unintentional release of oil (generally, petroleum) into the natural environment as a result of human activity.
		Oil is also released into the environment from natural geologic seeps on the seafloor, as along the California coastline.
		Oil from the Exxon Valdez and Gulf War oil spills, while weathering over time, have persisted along the shoreline for years after the spill.
	www.juliantrubin.com /encyclopedia/environment/oilspill.html (859 words)

	Gulf War oil spill - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Gulf War oil spill was one of the worst oil spills in history, resulting from actions taken during the Gulf War in 1991.
		Although initial estimates placed the size of the spill in the range of 290 million US gallons (1,000,000 m³), later assessments downgraded this figure to between 24 and 60 million US gallons (91,000 and 230,000 m³); the exact size of the spill remains unknown.
		Coalition forces determined the main source of oil to be the Sea Island terminal in Kuwait.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gulf_War_oil_spill (245 words)

	Gulf War oil spill: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		An oil spill is the release of oil (generally, petroleum) into the natural environment, usually the ocean....
		Other common names for the conflict include the gulf war, war in the gulf, iraq-kuwait conflict, un-iraq conflict, operations desert shield,...
		The persian gulf (persian:, pronounced "khalij-e frs", ipa:/alidfars/,...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/g/gu/gulf_war_oil_spill.htm (368 words)

	Gulf War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		According to "Gulf War Air Power Survey" by Thomas A. Keaney and Eliot A. Cohen, (a report commissioned by the U.S. Air Force; 1993-ISBN 0-16-041950-6), there were an estimated 10-12,000 Iraqi combat deaths in the air campaign and as many as 10,000 casualties in the ground war.
		The Persian Gulf War was a heavily televised war.
		A crucial result of the Gulf War, according to Gilles Kepel, was the sharp revival in Islamic extremism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gulf_War (9139 words)

	Oil Spill Concerns
		Oil spills from tankers, drilling operations, and natural seeps cause a concentrated input of oil into the ocean, often occurring in a very short period of time, and thus can have serious local effects on animal and plant life and on land cherished for its recreational value.
		In the early stages of an oil spill, large numbers of sea birds and mammals may be killed by coming in contact with the freshly spilled oil.
		Oil spilled in the open ocean tends to cause less harm than oil that reaches or escapes near coasts, where the bulk of large marine plants, such as kelps, and their associated organisms live.
	www.arkent.com /resources/oil_spill_concerns.html (1602 words)

	Oil spill - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An oil spill is the intentional or unintentional release of oil (generally, petroleum) into the natural environment as a result of human activity.
		Oil is also released into the environment from natural geologic seeps on the seafloor, as along the California coastline.
		Oil from the Exxon Valdez and Gulf War oil spills, while weathering over time, has persisted along the shoreline for years after the spill.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Oil_spill (707 words)

	GWVRP: Document Detail
		A major concern of the local Gulf and international communities was the atmospheric emission of toxic chemicals due to activities during the Gulf War.
		The book authors believe that the Gulf is not a dying sea because of the oil spill in contradication to the predictions of those not familiar with its unusual nature.
		Oil contaminated over 777 km of shoreline and 1,367,000 m3 of sediment in Saudi Arabia due to the largest oil spill in history.
	www.gulfweb.org /doc_show.cfm?ID=180 (1987 words)

	Gulf War - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Gulf War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		War 16 January–28 February 1991 between Iraq and a coalition of 28 nations led by the USA.
		The ground war started on 24 February and the superior range of the US artillery soon devastated the retreating Iraqi forces; by the end of February the war was over, Iraq defeated, and Kuwait once more independent, though under a pall of smoke from burning oil wells and facing extensive rebuilding.
		The Gulf War, known to the Americans as ‘Desert Storm’ and to the British as ‘Operation Granby’, was the first large-scale demonstration of modern technological warfare, in which guided missiles, ‘smart’ munitions, night-vision equipment, infrared sensors, global positioning systems, cruise missiles, free-flight rockets with multiple warheads, antimissile missiles, and modern data communications systems were deployed.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Gulf+War (819 words)

	ENVIRONMENTAL WARFARE: 1991 PERSIAN GULF WAR
		The oil moved southward and began to accumulate on the north coast of Saudi Arabia, endangering the fragile intertidal zones and mangrove forests and destroying wildlife habitats.
		The Gulf's counterclockwise current moves the saline water coming through the Strait of Hormuz along the coast of Iran and fresh water and sediment from the Shatt-al-Arab along the very shallow Saudi coastline, providing an ideal habitat for algae, which is the primary link in the food chain for the Gulf's principal fisheries.
		However, when the relatively high oil reflectance values in band 5 are added to the low water values in band 4, the new values should separate the oil within the water from the false oil conditions on the land.
	employees.oneonta.edu /baumanpr/geosat2/Environmental_Warfare/ENVIRONMENTAL_WARFARE.htm (4326 words)

	Oil Production and Environmental Damage
		The effects of oil on marine life are cause by either the physical nature of the oil (physical contamination and smothering) or by its chemical components (toxic effects and accumulation leading to tainting).
		Oil spills can interfere with the normal working of power stations and desalination plants that require a continuous supply of clean seawater and with the safe operation of coastal industries and ports.
		Oil waste in the past was placed in holes in the ground that contaminated the forests and the rivers.
	www.american.edu /TED/projects/tedcross/xoilpr15.htm (5889 words)

	Oil Spills :: Petroleum in the Environment : Gourt
		Oil from the Exxon Valdez and Gulf War oil spills, while weathering over time, has persisted along the shoreline for years after the spill.
		National Pollution Funds Center - NPFC is the fiduciary agent for the U.S. Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund and the portion of Superfund accessible to the U.S. Coast Guard.
		Spilled oil in the sea - Short discussion of oil behavior and fate during an oil spill, with links to additional information.
	science.gourt.com /Environment/Energy/Petroleum-in-the-Environment/Oil-Spills.html (778 words)

	Gulf War Impact on Marine Environment and Species (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		With an oil spill of this size, it is unrealistic to expect mechanical methods to effectively protect habitats like coral reefs or seagrass beds, except on a very local scale, so widescale damage must be expected.
		Effects of oil on marine turtles Effects of oil on marine turtles waterborne oil in small or moderate amounts presents a long term health hazard, particularly to hatchlings and smaller turtles; skin lesions and complete blockage of the mouth and throat are among documented effects.
		Oil installations are reported to be on fire in the vicinity of Failakah Island which could seriously affect the wildlife of this area.
	scilib.ucsd.edu /sio/guide/zgulfwar.html (9514 words)

	Oil Spill Containment -- Recommendations and Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Oil means oil of any kind or in any form and includes crude oil, oil refuse, petroleum-related products or by-products, oil mixed in waste, oily ballast, and oily bilge water.
		Studies of the effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill have shown that the environmental damage caused by oil spills is greater than was previously thought.
		Oil can also be washed up on beaches, requiring a large amount of work to be cleaned up.
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/107/oil-spill-containment.html (1056 words)

	CNN.com In-Depth Specials - Gulf War
		The amount of oil released was categorized as 20 times larges than the Exxon Valdez spill in Alaska and twice as large as the previous world record oil spill.
		The surface area of Kuwait covered in oil lakes has decreased steadily, and Landsat Termatic Mapper imagery analyzed in 1995 indicated that a majority of the contaminated areas surrounding the oil lakes were gradually recovering in terms of vegetation growth.
		What Kuwait suffered as a result of the oil spills and burning oil wells during the Gulf War is considered notorious from an environmental perspective, leaving a legacy that far outlasted the actual combat.
	www.cnn.com /SPECIALS/2001/gulf.war/legacy/environment (1014 words)

	= Heavy impact from Gulf war oil spills
		With time and the approach of warmer weather, the oil can be expected to partly evaporate and partly sink; and the lack of heavy wave and current action should tend to keep most of the oil concentrated north of the major dugong habitats.
		The oil has not settled in subtidal areas and there are no apparent short-term lethal impacts of the pollution on the seagrass beds or reefs.
		The direct impacts from oiling and the impacts from loss of intertidal habitats are expected to have a major impact on the populations of wading birds which migrate through or reside in the Gulf.
	www.sirenian.org /sirenews/15APR1991.html (6346 words)

	War and Disease
		Effects of the water-soluble fraction of partially combusted crude oil from Kuwait’s oil fires (from Desert Storm) on survival and growth of the marine fish Menidia beryllina.
		Gulf medical audit—an analysis of medical casualties evacuated to the UK from the Gulf during Operation Granby.
		Gulf War Illnesses: Improved Monitoring of Clinical Progress and Reexamination of Research Emphasis Are Needed.
	www.gulflink.osd.mil /gwv_bib/war_disease.html (6003 words)

	Valdez Oil Spill -- Recommendations and Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The Exxon Valdez oil spill was the most devastating domestic oil spill in the United States.
		On March 23, 1989, the oil tanker Exxon Valdez departed from the Valdez oil terminal in Valdez, Alaska (on its 28th voyage), heading south through Prince William Sound, with a full load of oil.
		A trial burn was conducted during the early stages of the spill, in a region of the spill isolated from the rest by a fire-resistant boom.
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/155/valdez-oil-spill.html (1154 words)

	annotatedreference
		Gulf oil slick “overestimated.” (oil pollution from the Persian Gulf War) (regional focus).
		Literathy, P. “Considerations for the assessment of environmental consequences of the 1991 Gulf War.” Marine Pollution Bulletin, 27: 349-356.
		Wiens, John A. “Oil, seabirds, and science: the effects of the Exxon Valdez Oil spill.” BioScience, 46 (8): p587 (11).
	www.kisr.edu.kw /isd/mfd/mfdlpub/effectofgulfwar.html (3090 words)

	Ocean Life Institute - Marine Protected Areas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		However, in view of the massive Gulf War damage and evidence of continuing decline in some indicators of Gulf ecosystem health, these strategies may no longer be enough.
		The before-and-after consequences of the war are immediately obvious, and the memory of the benefits of pre-war natural assets are still fresh in the minds of those now making decisions concerning the future of the region.
		John H. Robinson oversees NOAA scientific support to the Gulf states in dealing with the atmospheric and marine consequences of the oil fires and spills that occurred during the Gulf War.
	www.whoi.edu /institutes/oli/currenttopics/ct_mpa_arabian_gulf.htm (2565 words)

	BOOK REVIEWS 3
		During the Gulf War the region's rich, and in many respects unique, wildlife was suddenly put at risk by the largest oil spill in human history.
		An oil spill of this size has never been tackled before and international cooperation in the field of wildlife conservation became indispensable.
		Two years after the oil spill, it is obvious that there are no long term effects on sub-tidal ecosystems.
	www.arabianwildlife.com /archive/vol2.1/book3.htm (934 words)

	WHAT HAPPENED TO THE GULF?
		The Gulf War oil-slick was not only the largest such instance of human-induced oil pollution ever, it was also one of the biggest news stories of a year in which newsmen worldwide were having field-day after field-day.
		The fact that fresh white sand now covers the sticky goo of oil congealed sediments that created such a strong impression among visitors who came to see the slick's sickly bequest, does not mean that the oil has disappeared into thin air.
		The oil recovery operations were not only aimed directly at wildlife protection however, but also at the primary aim of containing the slick and reducing its consequences for both man and wildlife.
	www.arabianwildlife.com /archive/vol2.1/oilglf.htm (1496 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Gulf War
		The 1991 Persian Gulf War was a conflict between Iraq and a coalition force of 34 nations mandated by the United Nations and led by the United States.
		During the Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s, Kuwait was allied with Iraq, largely due to desiring Iraqi protection from Islamic Iran.
		The Committee report noted that each of these had been "considered by various nations for use in war." http://www.gulfweb.org/bigdoc/report/riegle1.html Declassified U.S. government documents indicate that the U.S. government had confirmed that Iraq was using chemical weapons "almost daily" during the Iran-Iraq conflict as early as 1983.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Gulf_War (6265 words)

	Fate and Effects of Oil Spills Publications
		The impact of the Gulf War (1990-1991) oil release upon the intertidal gulf coastline of Saudi Arabia and subsequent recovery.
		Shoreline assessment and environmental impacts from the M/T Westchester oil spill in the Mississippi River.
		Michel, J. and C.B. Henry, 1994, Oil uptake and depuration in oysters after use of dispersants in shallow water during the RASA Refinery, El Salvador oil spill.
	www.researchplanning.com /pubs/fatepubs.html (1192 words)

	Gulf War oil spill, Tsunami hazards to be discussed in coastal conference \| Dubai Municipality
		Gulf War oil spill, Tsunami hazards to be discussed in coastal conference
		Gulf War oil spill, Tsunami hazards to be discussed in coastal conference
		Smit noted that there are some 20 papers concerning the UAE coasts while 28 papers concern the Gulf and Middle East regions including nine from Kuwait, five from the Sultanate of Oman, eight from Iran and four from Egypt.
	www.ameinfo.com /66502.html (761 words)

	Gulf War Curriculum Guide/Timeline and KEY PLAYERS
		Hussein asserts oil overproduction by Kuwait and United Arab Emirates is "economic warfare" against Iraq.
		Iraq accuses Kuwait of stealing oil from Rumaylah oil field on Iraq-Kuwait border and warns of military action.
		Schwarzkopf implements the Gulf War's critical "left hook" maneuver as conceived by General Grant's 1863 Civil War campaign at Vicksburg.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/teach/gulfguide/gwtimeline.html (289 words)

	Green Party of Iran - Our Program
		For example, the Persian Gulf, Indian Ocean and Caspian Sea have diverse marine environments and are a primary source of drinking water.
		The effects of a major oil spill could permanently damage these ecosystems and present a considerable threat to the well being of local populations.
		In last two decades, Iran has experienced increased levels of poverty, misery, homelessness, prostitution and inflation, and has seen a general reduction in the quality of life and in the strength of the economy as a result of its bloody eight-year war with Iraq and of its interference in the internal struggles of foreign countries.
	www.iran-e-sabz.org /program/program.html (2224 words)

	After oil, What Chemical Exposure do Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Cleanup workers and Gulf war vets Have in COMMON?
		After oil, which does not seem to be a primary cause of harm for most EVOS workers OR 'gulf war syndrome' vets...
		One of the chemical exposures for the 90-91 Gulf War vets was a commonly used chemical from the 1930s to the present.
		After oil, which does not seem to be a primary cause of harm, though it is harmful....
	www.valdezlink.com /evos/afteroil.htm (670 words)

	Mark Beech - Research Bibliography
		The Arabian Gulf environment and the consequences of the 1991 oil spill.
		Apel, M. Effects of the 1991 Gulf War oil spill on the crab fauna of intertidal mudflats in the Western Arabian Gulf.
		Assessment of the shrimp stocks of the west coast of the Gulf between Iran and the Arabian peninsula.
	www-users.york.ac.uk /~mjb117/bibliog.htm (9462 words)

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