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Topic: Gulf of Finland

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Baltic Finnic

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Finnish Karelia

	Gulf of Finland — FactMonster.com
		The shallow gulf receives the Narva River and water from Lake Lagoda and the Saimaa lakes; it is frozen from December to March.
		Petersburg and Tallinn (Estonia) and Helsinki (Finland) are the chief ports.
		55,551), Southern Finland prov., SE Finland, on the Gulf of Finland.
	www.factmonster.com /id/A0818704 (178 words)

	Finland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Republic of Finland (Finnish: Suomen tasavalta Swedish: Republiken Finland) is a Nordic country in northeastern Europe, bounded by the Baltic Sea to the southwest, the Gulf of Finland to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west.
		The judicial system of Finland is divided between courts with regular civil and criminal jurisdiction and administrative courts with responsibility for litigation between the individuals and the administrative organs of the state and the communities.
		The climate in Southern Finland is a northern temperate climate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Finland (3495 words)

	Finland article - Finland Finnish Swedish Nordic country Europe Baltic Gulf Finland Gulf - What-Means.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Republic of Finland (Finnish: Suomi; Swedish: Finland) is a Nordic country in northeastern Europe, bordered by the Baltic Sea to the southwest, the Gulf of Finland to the southeast and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west.
		Finland's nearly 700-year association with the Kingdom of Sweden is traditionally connected with the year 1154 and the alleged introduction of Christianity by Sweden's King Erik.
		Finland was free to follow her own course and joined the European Union in 1995.
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/Finland (2281 words)

	Finland. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		It borders on the Gulf of Bothnia and Sweden in the west, on Norway in the north, on Russia in the east, and on the Gulf of Finland and the Baltic Sea in the south.
		Lutheranism was established in Finland, and in 1581 the country was raised to the rank of grand duchy.
		Finland was active in the League of Nations, which it joined in 1920, and it was the only European country to continue to honor its World War I debts to the United States after the advent of the economic depression at the start of the 1930s.
	www.bartleby.com /65/fi/Finland.html (2295 words)

	Estonica : Nature : The Gulf of Finland
		The Gulf of Finland is the easternmost gulf of the Baltic Sea, surrounded by Estonia, Finland and Russia.
		The waters of the Gulf of Finland are among the freshest in the Baltic Sea.
		The largest harbours of the Gulf of Finland are Helsinki in Finland, St Petersburg in Russia and Tallinn in Estonia.
	www.estonica.org /eng/lugu.html?kateg=10&menyy_id=515&alam=71&tekst_id=516 (715 words)

	National Minorities of Finland — Virtual Finland
		Prior to and during the period of the Crusades, 1050 -1150, and later, Swedes mainly from the coastal provinces of Roslagen, Gästrikland and Hälsingland, in Sweden, settled in the uninhabited coastlands of western and southern Finland.
		The influence of Swedish language and culture in Finland was at its peak in the 18th century when Finnish language and culture were extant principally among the peasantry.
		On 29 March 1809, Tsar Alexander I promised the four Estates of Finland to respect the faith and the basic laws that were in force in the country.
	virtual.finland.fi /finfo/english/minorit.html (815 words)

	St. Barnabas Vitural Tour of Finland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		It is beside Sweden, Russia, the Gulf of Bothina, and by the Gulf of Finland.
		One fourth of Finland is in the arctic circle.
		The land boundaries are Sweden, Russia, Gulf of Bothnia, and the Gulf of Finland.
	www.thepoint.net /~stbar/tours/europe/finland2/finland.htm (156 words)

	Invasion of Finland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Finland was united with Sweden from the early Middle Ages until 1809 when it became a grand duchy of Russia.
		Finland's war preparations and its anti-Soviet policy at home and abroad were a threat to both the Soviet Union and Finland itself.
		Faced with the threat of war, the Soviet government proposed that the USSR and Finland sign a mutual assistance pact and the border between the two countries on the Karelian isthmus be moved westwards as a compensation for which the USSR would cede to Finland a far larger territory of South Karelia.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /RUSfinland.htm (2037 words)

	Gulf of Finland
		The catchment area of the Gulf of Finland is 421 000 km2 (Estonia 35 000 km2, Finland 110 000 km2, Russia 276 000 km2).
		The city of St. Petersburg and the adjacent region, Karelia, and Estonia are main contributors to the pollution of the Gulf.
		Municipal sewage and industrial wastewater flowing to the Gulf of Finland from Russia and Estonia are the principal causes of water quality problems in the Gulf.
	www.baltic.vtt.fi /demo/gof (1492 words)

	Finland Travel
		Sweden lies to the west of Finland, northern Norway to the north, and Russia to the east.
		The Gulf of Finland and the Gulf of Bothnia, two arms of the Baltic Sea, border Finland on the south and southwest.
		Finland demanded that the eastern part of Karelia be made part of Finland, like the rest of Karelia, or that it be made independent of Russia.
	www.northerner.com /finland.html (4662 words)

	Finland, Gulf of on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The shallow gulf receives the Narva River and water from Lake Lagoda and the Saimaa lakes; it is frozen from December to March.
		Petersburg and Tallinn (Estonia) and Helsinki (Finland) are the chief ports.
		FISHERMEN STRANDED ON ICE-FLOE RESCUED IN GULF OF FINLAND.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/f/finlandg1.asp (298 words)

	Finland, Gulf of -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		It is bordered on the north by Norway, on the northwest by Sweden, on the southwest by the Gulf of Bothnia, on the south by the Gulf of Finland, and on the east by Russia.
		Norway lies to the west and Finland to the northeast, and a long coastline extends along the Gulf of Bothnia and the Baltic Sea on the east.
		In the west it borders Norway, Finland, the Gulf of Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Belarus.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9034300 (1032 words)

	Finland - Atlapedia Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		It is bound by Russia to the east, the Gulf of Finland to the south, the Gulf of Bothnia and Sweden to the west and Norway to the north.
		Finland is a low lying plateau formed by glaciers, which have scoured the land leaving deposits of gravel, sand and clay.
		In 1992 Finland ratified the EEA treaty with the EU and announced it would be seeking accession to the EU by 1995, although the Union announced that Finland would have to adjust their heavy agricultural subsidies in line with the union and that they would have to adopt the EU's envisaged defense system.
	www.atlapedia.com /online/countries/finland.htm (1280 words)

	Finland encyclopedia : Cultural Information , Maps, Finland politics and officials, Finland History. Travel to Finland
		Finland (Finnish: Suomi, Swedish: Finland), officially the Republic of Finland (Finnish: Suomen tasavalta, Swedish: Republiken Finland), is one of the Nordic countries.
		It is situated in northern Europe, bounded by the Baltic Sea with the Gulf of Finland to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west.
		Finland has land frontiers with Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east.
	www.finlandiworld.com (267 words)

	The Whale-Watching Web: Seal population in the Gulf of Finland
		In Finland research on the Grey Seal (Halichoerus grypus) and the Ringed Seal (Phoca hispida botnica) is carried-out by the Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute in co-operation with the universities of Helsinki and Turku, the National Veterinary and Food Research Institute and the Finnish Institute of Marine Research.
		To be able to protect the seals in the eastern Gulf, we must known the size of their populations and more about their behaviour and these investigations depend on good co-operation between Finnish and Russian researchers.
		The investigation into the high mortality of Ringed Seals in the eastern Gulf of Finland at the end of 1991 was supported financially by WWF-Finland and carried-out in co- operation with the University of St. Petersburg.
	www.helsinki.fi /~lauhakan/whale/finland/stenman.html (622 words)

	Finland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Finland is located between the 60th and 70th latitudes.
		The annual rainfall in southern and central Finland ranges between 600 and 700 mm and is slightly lower on the coast.
		Gulfs of sea (the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia and the Gulf of Finland) surround the country in south and west.
	www.hridir.org /countries/finland (909 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Finland
		A department or province of the Russian Empire; bounded on the north by Norway, on the west by Sweden and the Gulf of Bothnia, on the south by the Gulf of Finland.
		Finland abounds in lakes and forests, buit the proportion of arable soil is small.
		When in 1617 Karelia (East Finland) fell to Sweden, an effort was made to win the native population, which belonged to the Greek Orthodox Church, for the "pure Gospel".
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06076d.htm (825 words)

	Etelä-Suomen Maakuntien Liittouma
		In conjunction with the pre-feasibility study, the South Finland regional alliance arranged the Gulf of Finland Growth Triangle seminar in May 2000, where it was concluded that the project supports the EU's Northern Dimension Action Plan and is in accordance with the strategic policies of Finland's regional co-operation.
		SThe Gulf of Finland Growth Triangle strategy is a continuation of the Gulf of Finland Growth Triangle pre-feasibility study project carried out in 2000 and it is also administrated by the South Finland regional alliance.
		There is a plan to include the Gulf of Finland Growth Triangle model in the next Northern Dimension Action Plan as an example of a new form of co-operation between the EU and Russia.
	www.etela-suomi.fi /english/raportit.htm (625 words)

	Finland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Conclusive archaeological evidence exists indicating that the area now comprising Finland was settled around 8000 BC, during the Stone Age, as the inland ice of the last ice age receded.
		During World War II, Finland fought the Soviet Union twice: in the Winter War of 1939-1940 and again in the Continuation War of 1941-1944 (with support from Germany).
		The constitution of Finland and its place in the judicial system are unusual in that there is no constitutional court and the supreme court doesn't have an explicit right to declare a law unconstitutional.
	www.yotor.com /wiki/en/fi/Finland.htm (2241 words)

	Gulf of Finland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Gulf of Finland is an arm of the Baltic Sea that extends between Finland (to the north) and Estonia (to the south) all the way to the city of Saint Petersburg in Russia, where the river Neva drains into it.
		Other major cities around the gulf include Helsinki and Tallinn.
		ESA satellite photograph of the Gulf of Finland
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gulf_of_Finland (93 words)

	Where do you want to go birding in Finland today?
		Finland and the Varanger Fjord, Norway (20 June - 5 July 1998) by
		Our targets were the many species which are more characteristic of regions to the east, which in Europe are easiest to find in Finland, as well as the excellent suite of owls, raptors, grouse, waders and seabirds which frequent the vast forests, wetlands, tundra and fjords of these two beautiful countries.
		the bird rich forests, lakes and marshes of Finland with the tundra of Norway and the Arctic Ocean in the land of the midnight sun and northern lights.
	www.camacdonald.com /birding/eufinland.htm (1489 words)

	THE GULF OF FINLAND by Christine Pakkala
		THE GULF OF FINLAND, Christine Pakkala's first novel, is the story of two sisters, Annie and Greta Ahvonen; it follows Greta, the younger one, as she searches for Annie, the elder, in Finland.
		When their father dies the day after Greta graduates from college in Idaho, Greta buries him alone and finds, in an old desk in his house, four years of unopened letters from Annie, who had disappeared and was presumed dead.
		The letters are all from Finland, the land of their grandparents, so Greta boards a plane for Helsinki.
	www.rittlit.com /Firsts/finland.htm (543 words)

	Finland
		Finland continued to pursue a foreign policy of nonalignment throughout the cold war era.
		Since 1998, Finland has been judged to be the world's least corrupt country, according to the annual corruption survey by the Berlin-based organization Transparency International.
		Oy Finland!: Finland leads the world in mid-term growth potential thanks to canny investment in R&D. Richard Butler explores Biotech's impact.
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0107513.html (846 words)

	Gulf of Finland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Gulf of Finland (mean depth 37 m) is an east-west elongated basin, freely connected to the Baltic proper.
		There are at least two invasion corridors to the Gulf of Finland: (1) Lake Ladoga-Baltic Sea (confirmed by genetic studies of the cladoceran Bythotrephes cederstroemi (Berg et al.
		The latest primary introduction into the Gulf of Finland is probably the cladoceran Cercopagis pengoi.
	www.ku.lt /nemo/fin_lag_desc.html (353 words)

	Report submitted for the 1998 Gulf of Finland Annual Assessment
		International transport corridor, the Gulf of Finland can be identified as "a hot spot" area in the Baltic Sea in terms of vulnerability to alien species and high potential of established invaders to negatively affect the ecosystems.
		Possibility of the Gulf of Finland waters to serve as a source of secondary introductions of alien species to other aquatic ecosystems worldwide is also exists.
		Panov V.E., Krylov P.I., Telesh I.V. The Caspian predatory cladoceran Cercopagis pengoi invades the Gulf of Finland.
	www.zin.ru /projects/invasions/gaas/aliens3.htm (1690 words)

	WWF - Russian roulette in the Gulf of Finland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Currently, the whole of the Gulf of Finland is full of pack and solid ice, the thickness of which is between 0.3 and 0.5 metres.
		The routes of the oil tankers in the Gulf of Finland cross seal breeding areas, and nesting and resting areas of migratory birds.
		WWF is calling on the countries around the Baltic Sea to jointly propose that the Baltic Sea â” or at least the most sensitive parts of it, such as the Gulf of Finland â” receive the status of Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSSA).
	www.panda.org /news_facts/newsroom/press_releases/news.cfm?uNewsID=5738 (472 words)

	CIA - The World Factbook -- Finland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Finland was a province and then a grand duchy under Sweden from the 12th to the 19th centuries and an autonomous grand duchy of Russia after 1809.
		As a member of the European Union, Finland was the only Nordic state to join the euro system at its initiation in January 1999.
		Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, between Sweden and Russia
	www.cia.gov /cia/publications/factbook/geos/fi.html (1222 words)

	Gulf of Finland's environment
		Natural scientists, musicians, artists and school children from Finland, Russia and Estonia gathered in a historical island fortress in Finland to express their concern and opinions about the health of the Gulf of Finland.
		Major joint activities and greatly increased exchange of environmental data and information amongst the states surrounding the Gulf are now recognized as pre-requisites for stabilizing the ecological decline of this marine body.
		The Suomenlinna event was organized by the Gulf of Finland Environment Society (SULA) and co-sponsored by UNESCO (CSI and WDCD), the Finnish Ministry of the Environment, the City of Helsinki and some commercial companies.
	www.unesco.org /csi/act/other/project6.htm (397 words)

	Optical properties of melting landfast sea ice and underlying seawater in Santala Bay, Gulf of Finland
		In March and early April 2000, spectral irradiance measurements were conducted on 10 occasions above and beneath the landfast sea ice in Santala Bay near the entrance to the Gulf of Finland.
		The measurements included the spectral albedo and transmittance of the sea ice and the downwelling and upwelling spectral irradiance at different depths in the water column.
		Citation: Ehn, J. Granskog, A. Reinart, and A. Erm (2004), Optical properties of melting landfast sea ice and underlying seawater in Santala Bay, Gulf of Finland, J.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2004/2003JC002042.shtml (391 words)

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