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	Gulf of Mannar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Gulf of Mannar is an arm of the Indian Ocean, lying between the southern tip of India and the west coast of Sri Lanka at a width of between 160 and 200 km (100 to 125 mi).
		The gulf receives the Tambaraparani River from the coast of India and the Aruvi Aru from the coast of Sri Lanka.
		The chief seaports on the Gulf of Mannar are Thoothukudi (Tuticorin) in Tamil Nadu, and Colombo in Sri Lanka.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar (557 words)

	[No title]
		The intertidal region of Gulf of Mannar (GOM) islands is sandy and muddy.
		The destruction of reefs and reef associated organisms in the GOM and Palk Bay is perhaps unparalleled in the history of environmental damage to nature and natural resources in the recent past (Pillai, 1996).
		Thomas PA (1985) Demospongiae of the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay.
	envfor.nic.in /icrmn/events/sr_gmcr.html (3633 words)

	Gulf of Mannar
		Gulf of Mannar is the first marine area in India to be declared as World Biosphere Reserve under UNESCO's Man and Biosphere Programme.
		This trust is supporting CEE in an "Environmental Education in the Gulf of Mannar " (EEGM) programme that aims to work with 100 schools in Ramanathapuram and Thoothukudi districts in Tamil Nadu.
		The ultimate aim of this attempt is to conserve and protect the rich biological wealth of the Gulf of Mannar Region through the involvement of the school children of the area.
	www.ceeindia.org /cee/archive/mannar.htm (406 words)

	Management of Coral Reefs in Gulf of Mannar using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques — with Reference to Coastal ...
		As the Gulf of Mannar is on the lee of the northeast monsoon, there is no long shore drift from the northeast that might be the cause for the inward curving of this spit (Ahmad 1972).
		Along the coast of Gulf of Mannar, five coastal towns are located and due to rapid growth of population, the urban areas have increased in area from 22.07 km² to 34.92 km² over a period of ten years (1988-1998).
		This increases the silt in Gulf of Mannar waters and cause the death of coral reef.
	www.gisdevelopment.net /application/nrm/coastal/mnm/nrmmm008pf.htm (8436 words)

	Gulf of Mannar
		The Gulf of Mannar has a chain of 20 islands located between 8 º 48' N, 78 º 9' E and 9 º 14' N, 79 º 14' E on the southwest coast of India
		All islands in the Gulf of Mannar have fringing reefs.
		The Gulf of Mannar is particularly important for Green turtle and sea cow population, both of which depend on the large seagrass beds particularly around Musal, Appa and Balayamunai islands.
	envfor.nic.in /icrmn/dist/mannar.html (246 words)

	Nilacharal - A Tamil entertainment ezine presenting interesting contents and useful services
		Gulf of Mannar Marine Reserve is one of India's most biologically diverse coastal regions.
		Gulf of Mannar is the first Marine Biosphere Reserve not only in India but also in South and South East Asia.
		The establishment of the Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere reserve has enhanced India's position as an environmentally responsible country in the comity of nations.
	www.nilacharal.com /news/rajan/raj176.html (1304 words)

	The Hindu : Tamil Nadu News : Gulf of Mannar abounds in sea snake varieties
		RAMANATHAPURAM: T he Gulf of Mannar extending from Rameswaram to Kanyakumari, is a paradise for marine biologists, as it harbours nearly 4,000 species of sea organisms.
		While true sea snakes were found in the deep sea of Gulf of Mannar, mud snakes and wart snakes, which were not dangerous, were encountered at estuaries, mangrove habitats and shallow waters.
		The yellow sea snake was the longest sea snake, he recorded in Gulf of Mannar.
	www.hindu.com /2006/11/24/stories/2006112415300600.htm (497 words)

	Hope for paradise of biologists
		When Gulf of Mannar was declared a Marine National Park in 1986 and as a bio-reserve three years later, it was thought the flora and fauna would remain intact as fishing activities were restricted in the 10,500 square kilometre area.
		He claimed that after introducing the richness of the Gulf of Mannar to fishermen and how it could help them earn more money if it was protected, at least a section of them volunteered not to use the banned nets for fishing.
		In each batch about 30 teachers are introduced to the Gulf of Mannar who are taken to 21 islands, from the one closest to the coast just 500 metres away.
	www.rediff.com /news/2005/aug/30mannar.htm (510 words)

	An ecosystem in peril
		The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, the biologically richest coastal region in India, is under tremendous pressure, and the legal measures that are in place to protect it have not been quite effective.
		The Gulf of Mannar, with its spectacular yet highly endangered biological wealth, was declared a Marine National Park in 1986 and a Biosphere Reserve in 1989.
		The coral reefs are central to the Gulf of Mannar's status as a marine park.
	www.hinduonnet.com /fline/fl2006/stories/20030328001206500.htm (1321 words)

	Pearl Oyster (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Pinctada contributes famous ‘Pearl fisheries’ of the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Mannar and Gulf of Kutch.
		Pearl fisheries in the Gulf of Mannar is under the control of Tamil Nadu Govt.
		The Gulf of Kutch pearls are not only greatly valuable, but their pearl yielding capacity is also greater than those of Gulf of Mannar in Tuticorin.
	www.indiaagronet.com /indiaagronet/Fisheries/Contents/pearl_oyster.htm (320 words)

	Mannar Marine National Park, Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park, Wildlife Parks of Tamilnadu, Wildlife in Tamilnadu
		Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park is a marine biosphere, running along with coasts of Ramanathapuram and Tuticorin districts.
		Gulf of Mannar is the first Marine Biosphere Reserve not only in India but also in South East Asia.
		This unique marine ecosystem of Gulf of Mannar is one of the richest for biodiversity resources in the Indian subcontinent.
	www.indiantravelportal.com /tamil-nadu/wildlife/gulf-of-mannar-marine-national-park.html (444 words)

	Monitoring Coastal and Seafloor Changes in The Gulf of Mannar, Southeast Coast of India Using Remote Sensing and GIS ...
		Gulf of Mannar (Figure1), extends 140 km in the SW-NE direction between 78º 5’ and 79º30’ E longitudes and 8º47’ and 9º15’ N latitudes and it covers an area of about 10, 500 km².
		The Gulf of Mannar is endowed with a combination of ecosystems including mangroves, sea-grass, seaweed and corals reefs.
		Gulf of Mannar exhibits various types of reefs such as fringing, patch, and coral pinnacles.
	www.gisdevelopment.net /application/geology/geomorphology/ma06_259.htm (851 words)

	[No title]
		Summary: The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve is located in Southern India’s Gulf of Mannar with a core area known as the Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park that is comprised of 21 islands from between one and four kilometers offshore along 160 kilometers of coastline.
		The Gulf is known to harbor marine biodiversity of global significance, falling within the Indo-Malayan realm, the world’s richest region from a marine biodiversity perspective.
		The Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park (hereafter referred to as the Park) comprises the core area of the Reserve and is made-up of 21 uninhabited islands ranging in size from 0.25 ha to 130 ha and lying between one and four km offshore, surrounded by shallow waters.
	www.gefweb.org /wprogram/May99/Bio/India_1.doc (18140 words)

	Weekend Express - A canal ... and an Island !
		Accordingly when India begins the cutting of a canal in the Gulf of Mannar region, there is the possibility for many islands in the west and northern coast to go under the sea.
		But, on the other hand, once the sea-bed in the Gulf of Mannar is dredged to make the ocean deeper for ships to ply, there is an imminent danger of destruction of coral reefs from the region.
		The Gulf of Mannar is an inlet of the Indian Ocean, between South Eastern India and Western Sri Lanka.
	k.t.rajasingam.tripod.com /canal.htm (2323 words)

	The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve
		The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve is the first marine biosphere reserve in Asia, located in the Southern part of the Bay of Bengal.
		The Gulf of Mannar is the biologically richest coastal region in India with 3,600 species of plants and animals known to live within its boundaries.
		In the Gulf of Mannar you can still see the globally endangered dugong, several species of dolphins and whales and three species of endangered sea turtles.
	www.greenpeace.org /india/news/conservation-of-marine-life-an/the-gulf-of-mannar-biosphere-r (983 words)

	Eco Focus - ECOCLUB, International Ecotourism Monthly, Issue 59, April 2004
		The Gulf of Mannar (GOM) is in Tamilnadu, in South India, between India and Sri Lanka.
		The Indian Government declared the Gulf of Mannar as a National Marine Park in 1989, while in 2001 GOM was designated a Unesco Biosphere Reserve.
		The GOM reserve encompasses 21 coastal islands and is home to 3600 species of plants and animals, making it biologically one of the richest coastal regions in South and South East Asia.
	ecoclub.com /news/059/ecofocus.html (617 words)

	Gulf of Mannar
		There are 21 islands running almost parallel to the coastline of Gulf of Mannar with three distinct Marine ecosystems namely corals, seagrass and mangroves.
		Krusadai Island, in Mandapam, exemplifies the biological significance of the Gulf.
		The fact that close to 3,600 species of plants and animals are natural inhabitants of the Gulf of Mannar make it the biologically richest coastal region in India.
	www.greenpeace.org /india/campaigns/save-our-seas/biodiversity-hotspots/gulf-of-mannar (492 words)

	2 Coral Reefs of India: Review of Their Extent, Condition, Research and Management Status by Vineeta Hoon
		Field visits to the Andamans, Lakshadweep and the Gulf of Mannar were made to verify the physical condition of the most frequently visited reefs and to assess the local community attitudes towards reefs and their dependence on reefs.
		The Madurai-Kamraj University is involved in an underwater survey using scuba equipment, of the islands of Gulf of Mannar in relation to studying the ecology of ornamental fishes of export value in the Gulf of Mannar.
		The average annual fish landings from the Gulf of Mannar in the period 1989-94 are around 46,000 tonnes of demersal fishes and 33,000 tonnes of pelagic fish.
	www.fao.org /docrep/X5627E/x5627e06.htm (10948 words)

	Central Chronicle--Column
		Sethusamudram project-II The Gulf of Mannar region is among the richest marine biological resource regions in the world.
		The Gulf was chosen as a biosphere reserve primarily because of its biological and ecological uniqueness.
		Both the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay have, till date, remained undisturbed by shipping traffic and have nurtured a large number of faunal and floral species.
	www.centralchronicle.com /20060317/1703301.htm (1129 words)

	Sanctuary Asia - Campaign
		The Gulf of Mannar is one of India's most biologically diverse coastal regions.
		The Gulf of Mannar also harbours 117 species of coral belonging to seven genera.
		Unless large-scale public opinion can be mobilised, the dugongs, sea turtles and biodiversity of the Gulf of Mannar will be sacrificed together with the livelihoods of thousands of traditional fisherfolk.
	www.sanctuaryasia.com /takeaction/detailcampaign.php?cid=38 (545 words)

	GULF OF MANNAR --- WELCOME TO WWW.REEFINDIA.ORG
		The reefs of the Gulf of Mannar have been reasonably well-studied thanks to their proximity to Institutions
		With the inclusion of all these reefs in the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, mining has been almost stopped though clandestine removal is still a possibility.
		The Gulf of Mannar reef formations are of fringing type, developed around 20 islands located in a chain between Tuticorin (8º48`N; 78º9`E) and Rameswaram (9º14`N; 79º14`E), on the SE coast of India.
	www.reefindia.org /gulfofman.htm (219 words)

	travelsrilanka - Lost Pearl of the Orient,The Pearl Fishery of the Gulf of Mannar - Sri Lanka
		Several kilometres south of Mannar Island in the Gulf of Mannar lie the celebrated Pearl Banks, the location of one of the most famous pearl fisheries in history.
		The underwater Pearl Banks that yield these riches stretch from the island of Mannar south to the coastal town of Chilaw, and are located in depths ranging from five to ten fathoms.
		Dhows from the Persian Gulf that carried a crew of 14, together with ten divers, were the boats used in the fishery.
	www.travelsrilanka.com /index.cfm?PAGE=747 (1073 words)

	The Hindu : First national marine park in Gulf of Mannar
		The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve encompasses 21 coastal islands.
		Supporting the Gulf's extensive biodiversity is its extensive and diverse assemblage of seagrass.
		The Gulf of Mannar has the highest concentration of seagrass species along India's 7,500 km coastline.
	www.hindu.com /thehindu/2002/04/23/stories/2002042301410500.htm (452 words)

	Knowledge :: Travel :: Journey through Kaveri ::
		At the entrance of the Gulf of Khambat, a narrow, swampy channel connects mainland Gujarat to the picturesque little island of Diu, which is barely 40 sq.km.
		One of the places of interest in the Gulf of Khambat is Lothal, where archaeologists discovered relics belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization.
		South-east of Lothal, lies the once famous sea-port of Cambay or Khambat, after which the gulf is named.
	www.dimdima.com /knowledge/coastal.asp?id=2&q_title=Gulf+of+Khambat (610 words)

	SETHU SAMUDRAM SEAWAY
		Palk Bay and the Gulf of Mannar covering an area of 10,500 kms in which the proposed ship canal is to be constructed are biologically rich and rated among the highly productive seas of the world.
		In the Gulf of Mannar between the coastline and the proposed alignment there are 21 islands which have been declared as National Marine Parks by the Tamil Nadu Forest Department and the MEF, Government of India.
		The reported current velocities in the Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar are as mild as 0.2 m-0.4m/sec except on few days during south-west monsoon when it rises up to 0.7 m/sec.
	www.angelfire.com /indie/dravidian (5701 words)

	Poseidon Sciences :: A Life Science Company Discovering Novel Technologies From The Sea
		This seaboard is touched by the Bay of Bengal, Palk Strait, Gulf of Mannar, and the Arabian Sea.
		The coral formations of the southeast coast of India are mostly centered around the small islands in the Gulf of Mannar from Rameswaram to Tuticorin, and along the shores of Rameswaram Island and Mandapam Peninsula in Palk Bay.
		The coral reef of the Gulf of Mannar is a barrier also known as Mannar Barrier, which extends to a length of nearly 140 kilometers.
	www.poseidonsciences.com /images/shmrc.html (819 words)

	LankaLibrary: 'Pearling' in the Gulf of Mannar
		The most abundant supplies like Rome's famous lapilla Indica in the first century came from the pearl banks or paars in the Gulf of Mannar in Sri Lanka via India.
		There were jewellery dealers, merchants, financiers, shop-keepers, dacoits, criminals shark charmers, and the star performers or divers who came from the Persian Gulf and India in sailing vessels (dhows) commanded by Sheiks.
		They were housed in a special town of timber and cadjan roof buildings, together with a police station, prison and hospital.
	www.lankalibrary.com /natural/pearls2.htm (875 words)

	Sethusamudram Ship Canal Project : Interim Report - Manitham urges investigation by 'Independent International Experts ...
		The Gulf of Mannar [GOM] falls in the Indo-Pacific region, considered to be one of world's richest marine biological resources.
		The GOM is famous for its chanks, although irrational chank fishing has severely depleted the stock.
		Full of beach ridges, the GOM can be grouped into: (i) Beach ridges south of Vaigai River; (ii) Beach ridges between Kotangudi River and Palar River; (iii) Beach ridges between Palar River and Gundar River system; (iv) Beach ridges between Gundar River and Vaippar River; and (v) Beach ridges south of Vaippar River.
	www.tamilinfoservice.com /manitham/environment/sscp/ir.htm (999 words)

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