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	Gulistan Treaty - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Gulistan Treaty of 1813 (also written Golestan, Gulestan, and Golistan), was a peace treaty between imperial Russia and Qajarid Persia, signed on October 24 (November 5) in a village of Gulestan in Karabakh at the end of the first Russo-Persian Wars (1804-1813).
		The treaty was set up by Sir Gore Ouseley of Great Britain who served as the mediator, and was signed by Haji Mirza Abol Hasan Khan from the Iranian side in 11 chapters.
		The treaty is also regarded by Iranians as the main reason why Fath Ali Shah is seen as one of Iran's most incompetent rulers in memory.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Gulistan_Treaty (389 words)

	Turkmanchai treaty - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Turkmanchai treaty (also written Turkemanchay, Turkamanchay, and Turkmanchay) is a treaty by which Iran lost many of its northern territories to Imperial Russia after its defeat in 1828, bringing an end to the second Russo-Persian wars (1827-1828).
		The treaty was signed on February 21, 1828 (5th of Shaban, 1243 in the Islamic calendar), by Haj Mirza Abol-hasan Khan and Asef o-dowleh, chancellor of Fath Ali Shah from Iran's side, and General Ivan Paskievich representing Imperial Russia.
		As was the case for the Gulistan Treaty, Iran was forced to sign the treaty by Russia, as it had no other alternative after Abbas Mirza's defeat.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay (402 words)

	Encyclopedia: Treaty of Gulistan
		Gulistan Peace Treaty of 1813, a peace treaty between imperial Russia and Persia, signed on October 24 (November 5) in a village of Gulistan in Karabakh at the end of the Russo-Persian War of 1804-1813.
		According to this treaty, Persia (Iran) lost its territories to the north of Aras River and recognized Russia's authority over Dagestan, Georgia, Megrelia, Imeretia, Guria, Abkhazia and khanates of Baku, Karabakh, Ganja, Shirvan, Shekin, Derbent, and Talysh.
		Under Ouseley's auspices, the preliminary treaty was converted into the Definitive Treaty of Friendship and Alliance in 1812, which confirmed the earlier promises of military assistance and increased the amount of the subsidy for that purpose to c‚150,000 (Donboli, pp.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Treaty-of-Gulistan (426 words)

	Encyclopedia: Gulistan Treaty
		Gulistan Treaty of 1813 (also written Golestan, Gulestan, and Golistan), was a peace treaty between imperial Russia and Persia, signed on October 24 (November 5) in a village of Gulestan in Karabakh at the end of the first Russo-Persian Wars (1804-1813).
		The treaty was set up by Sir Gore Ouseley of Great Britain who served as the mediator, and was signed by Haji Mirza Abol Hasan Khan from the Iranian side in 11 chapters.
		The treaty is also regarded by Iranians as the main reason why Fath Ali Shah is seen as one of Iran's most incompetent rulers in memory.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Gulistan-Treaty (1314 words)

	Treaty of Gulistan - Encyclopedia.com
		Treaty of Gulistan, 1813, signed by Russia and Iran (Persia) at Gulistan, a village in what is now NW Azerbaijan.
		beyond the terms of the treaty, the behavior of the...
		Gulistan is also expanding this year, with 66 new wide-width airjet...
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Gulistan.html (523 words)

	Turkmanchai treaty - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The Turkmanchai treaty (also written Turkemanchay, Turkamanchay, and Turkmanchay) is a treaty by which the Persian Empire, more commonly known today as Iran, lost many of its northern territories to Imperial Russia after its defeat in 1828 at the end of the second Russo-Persian war (1827-1828).
		The treaty was signed on February 21, 1828 (5th of Shaban, 1243 in the Islamic calendar), by Haj Mirza Abol-hasan Khan and Asef o-dowleh, chancellor of Fath Ali Shah from Persia's side, and General Ivan Paskievich representing Imperial Russia.
		As was the case for the Gulistan Treaty, Persia was forced to sign the treaty by Russia, as it had no other alternative after Abbas Mirza's defeat.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay (427 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Treaty of Gulistan
		The treaty provided for the incorporation into the Russian Empire of vast tracts of Iranian territory, including Daghestan, Georgia with the Sheragel province, Imeretia, Guria, Mingrelia, and Abkhazia, as well as the khanates of Karabagh, Ganja, Sheki, Shirvan, Derbent, Kuba, Baku, and Talysh.
		This lead to the treaty of Gulistan in 1813, which gave Russia control over large territories that hitherto had been at least nominally Iranian, and moreover a say in Iranian succession politics.
		The two treaties of Gulistan and Turkemenchai also divided Azerbaijani and Talysh from their brethren in Iran and the wider Iranian cultural world.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan (878 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The treaty was signed on February 21, 1828 by Haj Mirza Abol-hasan Khan and Asef o-dowleh, chancellor of Fath Ali Shah on behalf of Persia, and General Ivan Paskievich representing Imperial Russia.
		As was the case for the Treaty of Gulistan, Persia was forced to sign the treaty by Russia, as it had no alternative after crown prince Abbas Mirza's defeat.
		By Article 4 of the treaty, Persia renounces claims over the Erivan khanate (most of present-day central Armenia), the Nakhchivan khanate (most of the present-day Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan), the Talysh khanate, the Ordubad and Mughan regions (now also part of Azerbaijan), in addition to all lands annexed by Russia in the Gulistan Treaty.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Treaty_of_Turkamanchai (356 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		By Article 8 of the treaty, Iranian ships lose full rights to navigate all of the Caspian Sea and her coasts, henceforth given to Russia.
		By Article 7 of the treaty, Russia promises to support Abbas Mirza as the heir to the throne of Persia after Fath Ali Shah dies.
		Iran sees this and the preceding Treaty of Gulistan as the most humiliating treaties signed in the country's millennia-old history.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Treaty_of_Turkmenchay (431 words)

	Turkmanchai Treaty Information
		The Turkmanchai treaty (also written Turkemanchay, Turkamanchay, and Turkmanchay) is a treaty by which the Persian Empire, more commonly known today as Iran, lost many of its northern territories to Imperial Russia after its defeat in 1828 at the end of the Russo-Persian War, 1826-1828.
		By Article 7 of the treaty, Russia promises to support Abbas Mirza as the heir to the throne of Persia when Fath Ali Shah dies.
		The treaty is the reason many Iranians consider Fath Ali Shah to be one of Iran's most incompetent rulers.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Turkmanchai_Treaty (390 words)

	Iranica.com - GOLESTAÚN TREATY
		The Treaty of Golesta@n was concluded on 29 ˆawwa@l 1228/24 October 1813 (12 October according to Hurewitz, I, p.
		The treaty of Golesta@n was naturally a great disappointment for the Persians and was bitterly opposed by officials such as Mirza@ Bozorg.
		At the same time, the treaty vastly increased the role of Russia in the political and economic affairs of Persia while not fully satisfying the territorial ambitions of the Russians, particularly those of their governors and military officers in the Caucasus.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v11f1/v11f1069.html (2202 words)

	Torkman (Turkmanchai) Treaty - (CAIS)
		Abstract: Treaty of Torkamanchai dated 1828, agreement signed by Russia and Persia at the village of Turkmanchai (Torkaman), East Azerbaijan province., NW Iran.
		The treaty was signed on February 21, 1828, by Haj Mirza Abol-hasan Khan and Asef ul-dowleh, chancellor of Fath Ali Shah from Iran's side, and General Ivan Paskievich representing Russia.
		By Article 4 of the treaty, Iran loses sovereignty over Yerevan (current capital of Armenia), Nakhichevan, Talysh, Ordubad, and Mughan regions of Arran Province (now part of modern Azerbaijan Republic), in addition to all lands annexed by Russia in the Gulistan Treaty.
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/iran/torkmanchai.htm (433 words)

	Gulistan Treaty - Japan
		Gulistan Treaty of 1813 (also written Golestan, Gulestan, and Golistan), was a peace treaty between imperial Russia and Qajarid Persia, signed on October 24 (November 5) in a village of Gulestan in Karabakh at the; end of the first Russo-Persian Wars (1804-1813).
		The treaty was set up by Sir Gore Ouseley of Great Britain who served as the mediator, and was signed by Haji Mirza Abol Hasan Khan from the Iranian side in 11 chapters.
		The treaty is also regarded by Iranians as the main reason why Fath Ali Shah is seen as one of Iran's most incompetent rulers in memory.
	gulistan-treaty.zdnet.co.za /zdnet/Gulistan_Treaty (786 words)

	Nakhchivan Republic
		Then according to the peace treaty between Persia and Byzantine, Nakhchivan passed into the hands of Persia, in the 7th century - of Arabs, in the 9th century Nakhchivan was ruined by seljuks, and in the 12th century - by the Mongols.
		To 1828, till the conclusion of a peace treaty between Russia and Iran, Nakhchivan was the center of the Nakhchivan Khanlig.
		The Turkmanchay Treaty of 1828 between Russia and Iran separated Azerbaijan and its people: the northern part of Azerbaijan was conquered by Russia, its southern part became a part of the Iranian state.
	www.fortunecity.com /campus/purdue/47/naxcivan.html (2881 words)

	[No title]
		Under Fath Ali Shah (1797–1834), Persian claims in the entire Caucasian area were challenged by the Russians in a long struggle that ended with the Treaty of Gulistan (1813) and the Treaty of Turkmanchay (1828), by which Iran was forced to give up the Caucasian lands.
		After Iranian recognition of the USSR in a treaty of 1921, the Soviet Union renounced czarist imperialistic policies toward Iran, canceled all debts and concessions, and withdrew occupation forces from Iranian territory.
		In Apr., 1969, Iran voided the 1937 accord with Iraq on the control of the Shatt al Arab and demanded that the treaty, which had given Iraq virtual control of the river, be renegotiated.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-srv/world/countries/iran.html?nav=el (5245 words)

	Issues of International Law and Politics in the Caspian in the Context of the Turkrnenistan-Azerbaijan Discussion and ...
		Article I of the 1813 Gulistan treaty reads “enmity and disputes between the Russian Empire and the Persian State shall end once and for all..,” However, its enactment did not balance the legal standing of the two countries.
		The 1927 treaty on exploiting the fishing grounds on the southern shore between the USSR and Persia and the 1940 treaty on trade and navigation between the USSR and Iran clearly define the subject of international legal regulation, while the 1921 treaty does not even have a name.
		The current period, during which the Treaty between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakstan delimiting the bottom of the northern portion of the Caspian Sea was signed on July 6, 1998 in Moscow, confirms Russia’s consistency.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/usazerb/422.htm (5211 words)

	gulistan, treaty of
		beyond the terms of the treaty, the behavior of the...
		Gulistan is also expanding this year, with 66 new wide-width airjet...
		acquired by Russia from Persia, its claims confirmed in the Treaty of Gulistan in 1813.
	www.halleuropeanhistory.com /top/sites/10/1/gulistan%252C_treaty_of.html (497 words)

	The Perso-Russian Wars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The first Perso-Russian War was consequently ended in defeat of Iran, and the Treaty of Gulistan in 1228/1813 stripped Iran of all the Caucasian provinces, such as Georgia, Darband, Baku, Shirwan, Shaki, Ganja, Qarabagh, Mughan and part of Talish.
		Iran gained initial success, recovering most of the territories ceded by the treaty of Gulistan.
		Negotiations for peace began in November, 1827, and a treaty was signed on February 21, 1828 at Turkomanchay.
	ismaili.net /histoire/history07/history755.html (680 words)

	History of Azerbaijan
		Historically Azerbaijan is located in the territory from the Caucasian ridge in the north till Hamadan (central Iran) in the south, from the Goyche (Sevan) and Uremia rivers in the west till the Caspian Sea in the east.
		Pursuant to the Gulistan (1813) and Turkmenchay (1828) peace treaties concluded between Russia and Iran as a result of the wars between them, the territory of Azerbaijan was divided into two parts.
		The first Russian-Persian war finished with the Gulistan peace treaty (1813), under which Russia gained as well the Sheki, Shirvan, Guba khanates, as well as Western Georgia (Imeretia and Abkhazia) and Dagestan.
	www.azerbaijan.00page.com (1801 words)

	History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The treaty prescribed the authority and operating conditions of the Group of Russian Troops in the Caucasus (GRTC), which was characterized as on Georgian territory for a "transitional period." In the summer of 1994, high-level bilateral talks covered Georgian-Russian military cooperation and further integration of CIS forces.
		In September 1920, Azerbaijan signed a treaty with Russia unifying its military forces, economy, and foreign trade with those of Russia, although the fiction of Azerbaijani political independence was maintained.
		Nakhichevan's close ties to Azerbaijan were confirmed by the Russo-Turkish Treaty of Moscow and the Treaty of Kars among the three Transcaucasian states and Turkey, both signed in 1921.
	www.jdunman.com /u/xx/aj/Hist/Hist.htm (16497 words)

	The Perso-Russian Wars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		It however lasted until 1823 when it was concluded by the treaty of Erzurum.
		The ulema class however continued to employ effectively the tactics of obstructionism in the Iranian politics, and emphatically agitated for another holy war against Russia.
		As the result of the Treaty of Turkomanchay, Erivan and Nakhchivan and a large indemnity were ceded by Iran.
	www.ismaili.net /histoire/history07/history755.html (680 words)

	Contested Borders in the Caucasus : Chapter VI
		The Gulistan Treaty, signed on 12 October 1813, after another Iranian defeat, had grave consequences for Iran.
		This treaty bound the Emperor of All Russias to aid the Shahinshah of Iran to perpetuate his dynasty - implying that he had a right to intervene in Iran's political affairs.
		In 1828, another treaty confirmed the limitation of Iranian sovereignty in favour of the Russian Empire.
	poli.vub.ac.be /publi/ContBorders/eng/ch0601.htm (4428 words)

	The History of the Russian Navy. Maritime Expeditions.
		The successes of the tsar's army resulted in the Friedrichsham Treaty (1809), which ceded both Finland and the Aland Islands to Russia.
		According to the Gulistan Treaty of 12 October 1813, Russia was granted the western Caspian coast as far as Astara and became the only nation with the right to maintain a fleet in the Caspian Sea.
		The second victorious war against Persia ended on 10 February 1828, with a treaty signed in Turkman-tchay that reaffirmed the conditions of the Gulistan Treaty and ceded the Erivan and Nakhichevan Khanates to Russia.
	www.navy.ru /history/hrn7-e.htm (3370 words)

	History of Azerbaijan - Azerb.com
		The Russians attacked Persia in 1813, with Persia in decline under Shah Fath Ali, the Azeri khanate was ceded to the Russian Tzar Alexander I, bringing the northern part of Azerbaijan to the European sphere of influence.
		In the treaty of Gulistan Persia and Russia agreed that Azerbaijan would be divided along the Araz River, with Russian Azerbaijan north of the river, and Iranian Azerbaijan to the South.
		In September 1920, Azerbaijan signed a treaty with Russia unifying its military forces, economy, and foreign trade with those of Russia, although the fiction of Azeri political independence was maintained.
	www.azerb.com /az-hist.html (4649 words)

	Derbent - Freepedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		By the 1735 Ganja treaty Derbent fell within the Persian state.
		In 1747 Derbent became the capital of the khanate of the same name.
		As a consequence of the Gulistan Treaty of 1813 — between Russian and Persia — Derbent became part of the Russian empire.
	en.freepedia.org /Derbent.html (871 words)

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