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	SIKHWORLD.CO.UK
		Gurmukhi has some similarities to older Indian scripts of the times, but it's thirty five characters and vowel modifiers were standardised by Guru Angad.
		Gurmukhi is not only used by Sikhs but by Hindus as well as Muslims living in Punjab to represent their common spoken language, Punjabi.
		Sikhs are expected to make an effort at learning the Gurmukhi script and teaching it to their children in order to read the Guru Granth Sahib in its original written form.
	www.sikhworld.co.uk /page26.html (959 words)

	Panthic Weekly: History of the Gurmukhi Script
		Gurmukhi is the name of the script used in writing primarily Punjabi and, secondarily, in the Sindhi language.
		The Gurmukhi script is semi-syllabic in the sense that 'a' is included in the consonant signs in some situations.
		All Gurmukhi letters have uniform height and can be written between two parallel horizontal lines, with the only exception of e (the first letter of the alphabet) the top curve of which extends beyond the upper line.
	www.panthic.org /news/135/ARTICLE/2701/2006-08-30.html (1683 words)

	Gurmukhi: The Unique Invention of Guru Nanak
		It was the genius of Nanak, that in one stroke, he separated his followers or seekers of truth, or Sikhs, from Arabic, Persian and Sanskrit.
		Guru Angad (Nanak, the Second) established the alphabetical order of the Gurmukhi letters and took active part in teaching the script and popularising it.
		Booklets or Gutkas as we, the Sikhs, call them containing bani written in Gurmukhi script were the centre of reverence in the Dharamsals, as gurdwaras were then called.
	www.sikhreview.org /november2000/philology.htm (947 words)

	Punjabi and gurmukhi, why punjabi is a language and gurmukhi is a script
		The cliche that Guru Angad Dev ji made the Gurmukhi alphabet is patently false(It was propagated by the enemies of Sikhism known as Handalis who wrote the distorted biography of Guru Nanak Dev ji called Janam Sakhi Bhai Bala).
		In their blind chauvinistic aim to show that the Gurmukhi script belongs only to Sikhs and not to rest of the Punjabis these bigots have created hatred against non-sikhs and alienated them from their own language and past and divided the population of Punjab on religious lines.
		Regarding the Gurmukhi script, it is derived from Brahmi used for Asoka's edicts.
	www.hathisoft.com /punjabi/punjhist.htm (1512 words)

	Alphabet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The word alphabet itself is derived from alpha and beta, the first two symbols of the Greek alphabet.
		Among alphabets, one may distinguish the older abjads that only recorded consonants, and the newer alphabet of the Greek type called simply alphabet and the abugida.
		It was inherited by the Canaanites (see early Semitic alphabet) and Phoenicians, and nearly all subsequent alphabets are derived from it or inspired by it, directly or indirectly.
	www.foolswisdom.com /~sbett/alphabet.htm (2776 words)

	PCRC - General Resources - An Introduction to Gurmukhi
		Gurmukhi, a derivative of Landa, is a type of script called an abugida.
		Gurmukhi has been adapted to write other languages (such as Sanskrit) but these adaptations will generally not be covered.
		Gurmukhi follows similar concepts to other Brahmi scripts and as such, all consonants are followed by an inherent âaâ sound (unless at the end of a word when the âaâ is usually dropped).
	guca.sourceforge.net /resources/introductiontogurmukhi (509 words)

	Gurmukhi (Punjabi) script and pronunciation
		The Gurmukhi alphabet was devised during the 16th century by Guru Nanak, the first Sikh guru, and popularised by Guru Angad, the second Sikh guru.
		The name Gurmukhi means "from the mouth of the Guru".
		This is a syllabic alphabet in which all consonants have an inherent vowel.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/gurmuki.htm (264 words)

	Gurmukhī script - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gurmukhi is a system of writing called an abugida, where each consonant has an inherent vowel (a) that can be changed using vowel signs.
		Later in the 20th century, the script was given the authority as the official script of the Eastern Punjabi language.
		Ek Onkar (ੴ) is a Gurmukhi symbol that is often used in Sikh literature.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gurmukhi (1605 words)

	Gurbani (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Gurmukhi to English translation of all of Siri Guru Granth Sahib text in a sentence by sentence format.
		The Gurmukhi text is in the first column, the phonetic transliteration text in the 2nd column and the English translation in the 3rd column.
		The Shabads are arranged in an alphabetical manner according to the Gurmukhi alphabet and are optimized for printing handouts.
	www.sikh.net /SIKHISM/Gurbani/Gurbani.htm (2014 words)

	List of directories/documents on the Gurbani-CD with brief explanation of files
		Gurmukhi text to English translation of all of Siri Guru Granth Sahib text in a sentence by sentence format including phonetic transliteration in common English characters.
		The Shabads are in Gurmukhi and are arranged in an alphabetical manner according to the Gurmukhi alphabet and are optimized for printing handouts.
		The Shabads are in Devnagri and are arranged in an alphabetical manner according to the Gurmukhi alphabet and are optimized for printing handouts.
	www.gurbanifiles.org /gurbani_cd.htm (3456 words)

	Chritropakhyan - The Voice of Sikh Youth
		In this Bani composed by Guru Nanak Sahib all the 35 letters of the "Gurmukhi Alphabet" are written along with their pronunciation but not in the alphabetical order in which they are written in the Panjabi Primers.
		"Gurmukhi" name should have been given to the language of Guru Granth Sahib which is not Panjabi but mixture of large number of languages and dialects which Guru Nanak Sahib came across during his travels and the same language was adopted by the successor Nanaks.
		The name "Gurmukhi" denoted that this was the religious script of the Sikhs and hence the cause of aversion of non-Sikhs to learn and use it.
	www.sikhsangat.com /index.php?showtopic=11425 (8909 words)

	The Gurmukhi Script
		The word gurmukhi seems to have gained currency from the use of these letters to record the sayings coming from the much (lit.
		The letters no doubt existed before the time of Guru Angad (even of Guru Nanak) as they had their origin in the Brahmi, but the origin of the script is attributed to Guru Angad.
		ll Gurmukhi letters have uniform height and can be written between two parallel horizontal lines, with the only exception of e (the first letter of the alphabet) the top curve of which extends beyond the upper line.
	www.sikh-history.com /sikhhist/events/gurmukhi.html (1381 words)

	Devanagri
		This document has all the words from Siri Guru Granth Sahib in Gurmukhi and these words are arranged in an alphabetical order according to the Gurmukhi alphabet.
		The words are arranged in an alphabetical order according to the Gurmukhi alphabet.
		However, in this file the lines of text are alphabetized according to the Gurmukhi alphabet with the aid of a computer.
	www.sikhpoint.com /religion/downloads/gurmukhifiles.htm (535 words)

	Online Punjabi Teaching
		The most striking characteristic of the Gurmukhi script, in comparison with Roman, is that, with the exception of five, all letters are joined by a line across the top.
		The Gurmukhi script, unlike the Greek and Roman alphabets, is arranged in a logical fashion: vowels first, then consonants (Gutturals, Palatals, Cerebrals, Dentals, Labials) and semi-vowels.
		When the Gurmukhi letters appear in the beginning of a syllable, vowels are written as independent letters.
	www.advancedcentrepunjabi.org /intro1.html (1465 words)

	Gurmukhi Alphabet - SikhiWiki, free Sikh encyclopedia.
		The sha sound of Sanskrit and Persian are represented by putting a dot under khakkha, gagga, jajja and phappha respectively.
		Compound letters are avoided in Gurmukhi, with the exception of haha and rara, which are joined with consonants at their foot with the signs.
		Gurmukhi script is an evolute from the old Brahmi script like Devanagari and other scripts of the area like Sharda, Takri, Mahajani etc. Gurmukhi characters are even older than Devanagari.
	www.sikhiwiki.org /index.php?title=Gurmukhi_Alphabet (390 words)

	Punjabi
		Eastern Punjabi is spoken by 27,125,000 people in the Indian state of Punjab, where it is the official language.
		Sikhs and others in the Indian state of Punjab tend to use the Gurmukhi script which was standardized in the 16th century.
		Gurmukhi is a type of alphabet in which each consonant has an inherent vowel [a], that can be changed using vowel diacritics.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/february/punjabi.html (450 words)

	CTAN: directory: /tex-archive/language/gurmukhi/singh
		Gurmukhi for TeX User Manual Version 1.0 October 1995 Amarjit Singh ________________________________________________________________________ This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 1, or (at your option) any later version.
		Gurmukhi is a script for the Punjabi language mostly used in North India.
		These can be used to understand the features of a Gurmukhi text, and can also be used as input text to see if the installation is complete.
	www.ctan.org /tex-archive/language/gurmukhi/singh (733 words)

	Panjabi teaching materials available (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		At the beginning of the volume is a unit which gives extensive practice in how to read and write the Gurmukhi script, including a chart with stroke orders for the individual characters.
		The text of the lessons are presented both in Gurmukhi and in romanized form.
		The material in the ten grammar units is presented both in Gurmukhi and in romanized form, to give learners a choice in whether they wish to learn to read and write Gurmukhi.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /salrc/afghanistan/materials/Panjabi.htm (1009 words)

	Gurmukhi: The Unique Invention of Guru Nanak
		He encouraged the large number of scholars with him to write in "Gurmukhi" script and easily understood local language all the mythological stories.
		Soon this literature became voluminous and a major portion of this was lost in the last battle of Anandpur but the objective of Guru ji was achieved.
		D.S. Gupta wrote an article in Panjabi Tribune on 11-5-1997 on the topic of "Hand written Manuscripts in Gurmukhi Script" According to the author many 300-year-old manuscripts in Gurmukhi script are present in the DAV College Chandigarh Library.
	www.sikhmarg.com /english/gurmukhi.html (7273 words)

	Panjabi Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Another distinct feature of Panjabi is that it is written in two different scripts, Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi.
		Gurmukhi script was developed in the 16th century C.E. from an older Panjabi
		Gurmukhi is a modified and updated version of the Landa script
	www.mahapunjab.org /panjabi (952 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In India, Panjabi is written in the Gurmukhi script.
		Evolution of Gurmukhi script can be traced back to a couple of thousand years.
		The name Gurmukhi was used by Guru Angad Dev, the second master of sikh faith.The sikh holy scriptures 'Granth Sahib' is written in Gurmukhi.
	www.sonanet.com /demo_01H.HTM (92 words)

	Holy Book (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Siri Guru Granth Sahib Ji is written in Gurmukhi (Punjabi) script and the hymns draw upon many languages.
		Sikhs must learn the Gurmukhi script in order to be able to read and understand the Siri Guru Granth Sahib ji.
		The Gurmukhi alphabet is considered to have been developed and its usage made widespread by the Sikh Gurus.
	www.newman.ac.uk /Students_Websites/~j.chohan/holdbook.htm (302 words)

	Punjab Online: Punjabi Lessons
		Many write Punjabi in the Gurmukhi script which was introduced by Guru Angad Dev in the 16th century.
		Gurmukhi is a simplified script that contains ten vowels and forty consonants.
		The script is written just as you would speak the language, thus making learning to read and write much easier.
	www.punjabonline.com /servlet/library.language?Action=Main (76 words)

	Welcome to The Institute of Sikh Studies-->Publications
		Guru Ji wrote and recorded the bani in the Gurmukhi script — a script evolved by him by modifying the crude letters of Landa or Mahajani script and completing the same by adding matras to denote vowel sounds.
		The Sikhs learning the new script and writing the bani for their own use were called Gurmukhs and, thus, the script came to be called Gurmukhi.
		Guru Angad immediately began by teaching the Gurmukhi alphabet to the Sikhs.
	www.sikhstudies.org /Periodicals.asp?TtlCod=695 (4984 words)

	Devanagri
		Gurmukhi to English translation & transliteration of SGGS, sentence by sentence
		Gurmukhi to English translation of all of Siri Guru Granth Sahib text in a sentence by sentence format including phonetic transliteration in common English characters.
		Gurmukhi and Devanagari to English translation and phonetic transliteration of all of Siri Guru Granth Sahib text in a sentence by sentence format.
	www.sikhpoint.com /Religion/downloads/gurbanitranslationfiles.htm (915 words)

	Punjabi.net discussions chat forums
		You stated that the Gurmukhi alphabet was incomplete in its current form.
		But the agreement is that Gurmukhi is still the closest to the real Punjabi language, and if it the one that require least amount of modification.
		Gurmukhi is, after all, much more suitable for the written representation of Punjabi than any romanization will ever be.
	www.punjabi.net /talk/messages/1/42753.html?980459503 (10017 words)

	Punjabi Network
		Two alphabets are used: Lahnda, indigenous to the region and related to Devanagari; and Gurmukhi, devised by the Sikh Guru Angad (1539-52) in order to correct certain inadequacies in the Landa script so that sacred literature might be accurately recorded.
		Landa, Gurmukhi, and two other scripts used in northwestern India, Sharada and Takri, make up a related group that is probably descended from a common ancestor.
		There was a movement for the promotion of the Punjabi language in the 1980s and '90s, and some Punjabi literature is being published using the Urdu script; among the works published are Punjabi classics that have hitherto been available in Gurmukhi script or preserved in oral tradition.
	punjabi.net /punjab/literature.htm (2485 words)

	Welcome to Offical Web site of Punjab, India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Even as the mother tongue of Dr Akhtar Hussain Akhtar, Editor of Punjabi monthly, Lehran, published in ‘Shahmukhi’ (Persian script to write Punjabi in Pakistan’s Punjab) and ‘Gurmukhi’ (script to write Punjabi in Indian Punjab), is Pushto, yet he preferred to do M.A in Punjabi from Panjab University, Lahore.
		Dr Akhtar, has endeavoured to teach Gurmukhi alphabet to the readers through his magazine so that the gap between Punjabi writers and readers of both the Punjabs could be bridged.
		Though Dr Akhtar has been publishing Lehran Punjabi in Persian script since 1965, yet the publication of its transliteration in ‘Gurmukhi’ is a recent development.
	punjabgovt.nic.in /tenders/News2005/news197.htm (443 words)

	DiscoverSikhi.Com > Is It Important To Learn Gurmukhi And Punjabi?
		I have telling someone that we must learn Gurmukhi and also learn the meaning and therefore the need to learn Punjabi too.
		We also must learn to pronounce Gurbani correctly hence the need to learn Gurmukhi alphabet.
		Not only should be "try", we should learn it just as we learn to change our lifestyle by wearing kakaars and by keeping other rehits.
	www.waheguroo.com /forums/lofiversion/index.php/t16630.html (669 words)

	CULTURE
		He said that, as an experiment, he taught Gurmukhi script to one class for a few months and was amazed how the children picked it up in no time.
		Realisation is bound to come soon that only the Gurmukhi script is the most scientific script for Punjabi.
		As in other states of India, the Punjabi Hindu should accept Gurmukhi as the natural medium of expression and literary activity being native to their mother tongue so that we can advance in every field of human endeavour.
	www.sikhreview.org /august1996/culture.htm (1728 words)

	Gurmukhi - The Sikh Alphabet
		Gurmukhi has some similarities to older Indian scripts of the times, but it's thirty five characters and vowel modifiers were standardized by Guru Angad.
		Gurmukhi is not only used by Sikhs but by Hindus as well as Muslims living in Punjab to represet their common spoken language, Punjabi.
		Sound Effect: produces partial HAHA sound following the letter.
	www.punjabilok.com /punjabi_language/gurmukhi.htm (246 words)

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