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	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Gustav Lindenthal
		Gustav Lindenthal (May 21, 1850 – July 31, 1935) was a civil engineer who designed the Hell Gate Bridge among other bridges.
		Lindenthal began to receive practical training in 1866 when he was employed as a mason and carpenter (Petroski 1995).
		Lindenthal’s idea of not having to carry the full load allowed bridge designers to create bridges that were still stable, but at the same time much lighter and cheaper.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Gustav_Lindenthal (782 words)

	Hell Gate Bridge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Meanwhile, Lindenthal saw the Hell Gate project as his chance to construct his Hudson River Bridge, a suspension bridge with a 2,800-foot-long main span that would have been the longest in the world.
		In 1904, Lindenthal, who oversaw the opening of the Williamsburg Bridge and the construction of the ongoing Manhattan Bridge and Queensboro Bridge projects, was chosen as consulting engineer and bridge architect by the Pennsylvania Railroad, which had just acquired the New York Connecting Railroad.
		Under these auspices, Lindenthal was engaged in a project to connect the tracks of the Pennsylvania Railroad in New Jersey, the Long Island Rail Road in Queens, and the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad in the Bronx.
	www.hellgatebridge.org /construction/construction.shtml (513 words)

	Hudson River Bridge (unbuilt)
		In 1885, Gustav Lindenthal, a bridge engineer who established his reputation on two notable Pittsburgh spans, was approached by officials at the Pennsylvania Railroad regarding the feasibility of a railroad crossing across the Hudson River.
		Lindenthal admitted that "the financiering of the bridge far exceeds in difficulty the engineering problems presented." As the nineteenth century drew to a close, developments in tunneling and in electric-traction locomotives led the Pennsylvania Railroad to pull out of the Hudson River Bridge project, opting instead to construct its own Hudson River tunnels.
		Lindenthal died in 1935 with the dream for his Hudson River Bridge left unrealized.
	www.nycroads.com /crossings/hudson-river-bridge (1918 words)

	hobokeni.com - Weird Hoboken
		The brainchild of Gustav Lindenthal, an Austrian-born bridge builder, the 57th St. Bridge was to be nearly twice the size of the yet to be constructed George Washington Bridge.
		After the war, Lindenthal again revised his plan to suit the modern needs of the automobile, adding a second layer to accommodate the anticipated traffic jams of the 1920's.
		Lindenthal died a wealthy man in 1935 on his 250 acre farm in Metuchen.
	www.hobokeni.com /WNJ_brig_nev_was.asp (716 words)

	Hawaii Dot Wins First Gustav Lindenthal Medal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The new Gustav Lindenthal Medal recognizes a single recent outstanding achievement in bridge engineering - demonstrating, as appropriate, technical and material innovation, aesthetic merit, harmony with the environment or successful community participation.
		The Gustav Lindenthal Medal now becomes the third prestigious award to be given at the annual International Bridge Conference - for an exceptional engineering structure that is aesthetically and environmentally pleasing.
		Lindenthal over a century ago." Bayer Corporation and the Engineer's Society of Western Pennsylvania expressed appreciation for having a fine example of Lindenthal's work in Pittsburgh, presenting a plaque to the Pennsylvania DOT, owners of the Smithfield Street Bridge.
	www.bayerus.com /new/1999/08.31.99.html (602 words)

	Gustav Lindenthal
		Lindenthal was already a successful bridge builder when he came to New York City in 1885.
		In 1902, Lindenthal became Commissioner of Bridges for New York City, and had to focus his effort on the various East River projects.
		Lindenthal died in 1935, the same year a fourth span, the Rip Van Winkle Bridge, was opened across the Hudson River south of Albany.
	www.ulster.net /~cangemi/lindenthal.html (1068 words)

	New York Architecture Images-Manhattan Bridge
		Built of steel, this two-level suspension bridge is often mistakenly attributed to Gustav Lindenthal, who submitted a plan for the bridge in 1903 that was rejected by city leaders for its structural innovations.
		In 1901, Gustav Lindenthal, the commissioner of the newly created New York City Department of Bridges, presented plans for the proposed Manhattan Bridge (originally called "Suspension Bridge Number 3"), which was to connect the Bowery and Canal Street in Chinatown with Flatbush Avenue in downtown Brooklyn.
		Lindenthal's first proposal called for a hybrid design that featured design elements from the Brooklyn and Williamsburg bridges.
	www.nyc-architecture.com /BRI/BRI002-ManhattanBridge.htm (1507 words)

	South Street Seaport Museum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Although Lindenthal continued to appeal to the rail lines to support his bridge, he made little progress, and by the fall of 1922, his financial situation was very rocky and his company could only afford to pay his staff part of their monthly wages.
		Moreover, Lindenthal had been New York City's bridge commissioner in the first years of the twentieth century, and there he had had a taste of engineering work in a government agency; he was strongly averse to relying on that political and conflict-filled route.
		But to Lindenthal, a massive bridge at Fifty-seventh Street was the only satisfactory way to solve the intertwined problems of freight and passengers–at one stroke joining New York City's vast economic strength with the economies of New Jersey and the rest of the continent.
	www.southstseaport.org /magazine/articles/2000-01.shtm (4781 words)

	AmericanHeritage.com / THE FATHER OF MODERN BRIDGES
		Lindenthal had designed a crescent arch similar to Eiffel’s Garabit Valley viaduct, in which the two chords—the top and bottom edges of the arch structures—join at the ends, at the abutments; but he had also designed a spandrel arch, in which the chords are closest at the peak and diverge toward the ends.
		Lindenthal had drawn up plans independently as early as 1887; his latest design was for a huge twenty-lane rail and automobile bridge at Fifty-seventh Street.
		Lindenthal insisted that he was planning “for a thousand years” and would not accept Ammann’s suggestion to scale the project back and move the crossing northward.
	www.americanheritage.com /articles/magazine/it/1992/1/1992_1_8.shtml (5535 words)

	Greater Astoria Historical Society - Star Journal August 1935
		On August 1, the Star reported that Gustav Lindenthal, the designer of the Hell Gate Bridge, had died at the age of eighty-five the previous evening, at his home, the Lindens, in Metuchen, New Jersey.
		Lindenthal was born in Austria and came to the United States in 1874.
		Lindenthal, therefore made it a braced steel arch with a span of 1,017 feet between the towers.
	www.astorialic.org /starjournal/1930s/1935august_p.php (1001 words)

	Structurae [en]: Gustav Lindenthal (1850-1935)
		Lindenthal, Gustav A Discussion of Long Span Bridges (I), in "Engineering Record", 3 March 1888.
		Lindenthal, Gustav A Discussion of Long Span Bridges (II), in "Engineering Record", 10 March 1888.
		Lindenthal, Gustav Rebuilding of the Monongahela Bridge, at Pittspurgh, Pa., in "Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers", 1883, n.
	en.structurae.de /persons/data/index.cfm?id=d000044 (183 words)

	Hell Gate Bridge
		Lindenthal also appointed Othmar Ammann, who would later achieve fame in building twentieth-century suspension bridges such as the George Washington and Verrazano-Narrows bridges, as assistant chief engineer.
		Lindenthal conceived the bridge as a monumental portal for the steamers that enter New York Harbor from Long Island Sound.
		Lindenthal also played a role in the design of the tower piers, the caissons for which had to be sunk to a depth of 90 feet to reach solid rock.
	www.nycroads.com /crossings/hell-gate (1905 words)

	Othmar Ammann
		He received his engineering education at the Polytechnikum in Zurich, Switzerland, but spent his career working mostly in New York City.
		He started out working for Gustav Lindenthal[?] but by 1925 had been appointed bridge engineer to the New York Port Authority and his design for a bridge over the Hudson River had been accepted in preference to one developed by Lindenthal.
		Under Ammann's direction, it was completed six months ahead of schedule for less than the original $60 million budget.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ot/Othmar_Ammann.html (123 words)

	Bridges
		Said to have been inspired by the works of the eminent French architect Alexandre Gustave Eiffel, the landmark Williamsburg Bridge is the largest of the three suspension bridges that span the heavily-navigated East River.
		When noted bridge designer Gustav Lindenthal took over as chief engineer of the Williamsburg Bridge in 1902, he had serious reservations about the design and appearance of the bridge.
		Upon the completion of the Williamsburg Bridge, Lindenthal avoided references to its design, emphasizing instead that it was twice as strong as the Brooklyn Bridge.
	www.tqnyc.org /NYC030280/williamsburg.htm (555 words)

	Coulda, Woulda, Shoulda: Grand Schemes - Wired New York Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It was here, in the 1920's, that the structural engineer Gustav Lindenthal came close to building the greatest bridge in the world.
		Lindenthal's bridge would have crossed the Hudson River from West 57th Street to Weehawken, N.J., a 7,460-foot double-decked structure with a center span of 3,240 feet, far longer than any span raised at the time.
		Lindenthal's bridge, not to mention a little thing like a football stadium, appear modest by comparison.
	www.wirednewyork.com /forum/showthread.php?p=45077 (3258 words)

	TIME.com: 40 Years -- May 13, 1929 -- Page 1
		So Engineer Lindenthal thought of two high towers with long chains sweeping down from their tops, and of the bridge itself, hung from these chains by a myriad of suspension wires that made a harplike structure with strings of steel for the wind to play.
		Rea, Builder Lindenthal came even closer to the realization of his ambition when he bridged Hell Gate, to the north, with a thousand-foot arch of steel.
		Lindenthal, must be the sight of the Fort Lee towers, of his dream transplanted and its fulfilment in other hands.
	205.188.238.109 /time/magazine/article/0,9171,732399,00.html (752 words)

	GUSTAV LINDENTHAL MEDAL RECOGNIZES GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE AS 20TH CENTURY MASTERPIECE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		PITTSBURGH, June 19, 2000 - On June 12, the Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District received the 2nd annual Gustav Lindenthal Medal for the world famous Golden Gate Bridge located in San Francisco, Calif. The award, sponsored by Bayer Corporation, was presented at the International Bridge Conference at the Pittsburgh Hilton and Towers.
		As one of three prestigious awards given at the annual International Bridge Conference, the Gustav Lindenthal Medal was first presented in 1999.
		Gustav Lindenthal was one of America's most famous bridge engineers that provided such vision and foresight during the infrastructure boom of the late 1800s and early 1900s.
	www.bayerus.com /new/2000/06.21.00.html (684 words)

	Great Projects: The Building of America . Bridging New York Tour, 2 \| PBS
		Gustav Lindenthal, a bridge engineer of great skill and superb aesthetic sensibilities, was the dean of American bridge engineers.
		Lindenthal imagined a bridge spanning the Hudson River in midtown that would be nothing less than a capstone of the entire transcontinental railroad, with an enormous new Manhattan station at its eastern terminus.
		But Lindenthal's proposal, outrageously expensive and ambitious, died one painful death after another from the mid-1880s to the early 1900s.
	www.pbs.org /greatprojects/tour/bridgingny_2.html (172 words)

	BRAZILIAN ARCHITECT RECEIVES GUSTAV LINDENTHAL MEDAL FOR MONUMENTAL PRESIDENT JK BRIDGE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		One of five prestigious awards given yearly at the International Bridge Conference, the Gustav Lindenthal Medal was created in 1999 to honor an outstanding achievement that best demonstrates innovation coupled with aesthetic merit and harmony with the environment.
		Gustav Lindenthal was one of America's most celebrated bridge engineers, and is widely admired for his vision and foresight during the technology boom of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
		The main customers for Its innovative developments in coatings, adhesives, insulating materials and sealants, polycarbonates and polyurethanes are the automotive and construction industries, the electrical/electronics segment and manufacturers of sports and leisure goods, packaging, and medical devices.
	www.newmaterials.com /news/2355.asp (584 words)

	The Williamsburg Bridge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The towers are 310 feet tall and support 4 cables, each measuring 18 ¾ inches in diameter and weighing 4,344 tons.
		In 1902, Gustav Lindenthal took over as chief engineer.
		Lindenthal had reservations about the design and appearance of the bridge, but he still emphasized that it was twice as strong as the Brooklyn Bridge.
	www.ce.udel.edu /~casey/database/article11.html (369 words)

	Bridgemeister - Gustav Lindenthal's Hudson River Bridge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This postcard would have you think Gustav Lindenthal actually built his Hudson River Bridge from Manhattan's West 57th Street across to New Jersey.
		It never was, but the desire to bridge the Hudson between Manhattan and New Jersey was eventually realized by one of Lindenthal's proteges (Othmar Ammann) as the George Washington Bridge.
		Many of Gustav Lindenthal's suspension bridge proposals are easy to spot because he often chose the "stiffened eyebar" (sometimes called "braced chain") method for the bridges' main cables.
	www.bridgemeister.com /imgpage/hudsonriver.htm (276 words)

	New York Connecting Railroad Company 1945 - Hell Gate Bridge Vignette
		The Hell Gate Bridge over the East River in New York City is considered to be one of the world's most beautiful bridges.
		The crowning achievement of late 19th century bridge designer Gustav Lindenthal, the span also was the world's heaviest and longest steel arch bridge when completed in 1917.
		Hell Gate Bridge was the main element in a project that linked the Pennsylvania Railroad and the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad, allowing a direct route to New England.
	www.antiqnet.com /detail,york-connecting-railroad,341389.html (978 words)

	Hell Gate Steel Arch Bridge
		With a span length of 977 ft., 298 meters, the bridge crossed the East River at Hell Gate, in New York.
		Othmar Ammann joined Gustav Lindenthal as an assistant in charge of field and office operations on the Hell Gate Bridge.
		Ammann was not able to see the completion of the project due to his service in the US Army in 1914.
	bridgepros.com /projects/HellGate/HellGate.htm (242 words)

	Rebuilding - High Bridge History - WorldTimZone
		With increasing and heavier railroad traffic, it became evident that the bridge would need to be reinforced or rebuilt.
		During 1910 and 1911, the bridge was rebuilt using a design by Gustav Lindenthal.
		The rebuilt bridge used the same footings as the original bridge and was built around the original.
	www.worldtimzone.com /railtrail/highbridge/rebuilding.php (185 words)

	Great Projects: The Building of America . About the Series - Bridging New York \| PBS
		Othmar Ammann came to America as a graduate of Swiss engineering schools and learned bridge building from the reigning bridge engineer, Gustav Lindenthal.
		Lindenthal had plans for an enormous rail bridge across the Hudson River, but they were rejected as too expensive.
		In a painful parting, he left Lindenthal and built the landmark George Washington Bridge, a span twice as long as any suspension bridge in the world.
	www.pbs.org /greatprojects/about/bridgingny.html (257 words)

	Amazon.com: "Gustav Ammann": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Internationalen Kongress fr Gartenkunst in Zrich formuliert, wo der bedeutende Zrcher Landschaftsarchitekt Gustav Ammann ein Referat ber Gestaltungsprobleme in Garten und Landschaft" hielt.
		In addition to his training as an architect, in 1919 Neutra apprenticed to the landscape architect, Gustav Ammann, in Otto Froebel's nursery in Zurich.
		There, through the summer of 1919, he worked under the tutelage of the noted Gustav Ammann and developed an interest and facility in botany, landscaping, and site planning that would serve him well the rest of...
	www.amazon.com /phrase/Gustav-Ammann (636 words)

	Bridges
		Engineered by Leon Moisseiff the Manhattan Bridge is one of the most aesthetically pleasing of New York City’s transportation structures.
		This bridge, completed in 1909, is often mistakenly attributed to Gustav Lindenthal, who submitted a plan for the bridge in 1903 that was rejected by city leaders for its structural innovations.
		The Manhattan Bridge is engineered by Leon Moisseiff (1872-1943) and fitted with a splendid set of approaches designed by the renowned architectural team of Carrere and Hastings.
	www.tqnyc.org /NYC030280/manhattan.htm (231 words)

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