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	Gustav Kirchhoff - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (March 12, 1824 – October 17, 1887), a German physicist who contributed to the fundamental understanding of electrical circuits, spectroscopy, and the emission of fl-body radiation by heated objects.
		Gustav Kirchhoff was born in Königsberg, East Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia), the son of Friedrich Kirchhoff, a lawyer, and Johanna Henriette Wittke.
		Kirchhoff formulated his circuit laws, which are now ubiquitous in electrical engineering, in 1845, while still a student.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gustav_Robert_Georg_Kirchhoff (402 words)

	Kirchhoff (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Kirchhoff was one of the foremost physicists of the 19
		Kirchhoff's circuit rules named after Gustav Robert Kirchhofft are two statements about multi-loop electric circuits that embody the laws of conservation of electric charge and energy and that are used to determine the value of the electric current in each branch of the circuit.
		Kirchhoff was the first to explain the dark lines in the Sun's spectrum as caused by absorption of particular wavelengths as the light passes through a gas.
	chem.ch.huji.ac.il /~eugeniik/history/kirchhoff.htm (1232 words)

	Today in German History
		Death of Robert Gustav Kirchhoff in Berlin, Germany.
		The physicist, Gustav Kirchhoff, with Robert Bunsen, developed the theory of spectrum analysis.
		Kirchhoff ended his career as professor of mathematical physics at the University of Berlin.
	www.germanculture.com.ua /october/oct17.htm (488 words)

	Georg Simon Ohm: The Discovery of Ohm's Law
		Georg Ohm, German mathematician and physicist, began his important publications in 1825.
		In 1845 Gustav Kirchhoff (1824 - 1887), German physicist, announced the discovery of Kirchhoff's laws, which allow calculation of the currents, voltages, and resistances of electrical networks.
		Extending the theory of Georg Ohm, he generalized the equations describing current flow to the case of electrical conductors in three dimensions.
	www.juliantrubin.com /bigten/ohmlawexperiments.html (833 words)

	May in Chemistry
		Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff announced the discovery of cesium (Cs, element 55), 1860.
		George Fownes born 1815: organic and analytical chemistry; author of popular chemistry textbook.
		George Olah born 1927: carbocations and their role in hydrocarbon reactions; Nobel Prize, 1994.
	web.lemoyne.edu /~giunta/May.html (1746 words)

	PBS: Tesla - Master of Lightning: Timeline of Electricity
		Georg von Kleist (c.1700-48) and Pieter van Musschenbroek (1692-1761) invent the Leyden jar, the first condenser (capacitor).
		Georg Simon Ohm (1789-1854) mathematically unites current, voltage, and resistance in the famous "law" bearing his name: V=IR.
		Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824-87) publishes "circuit rules" for calculating electrical quantities in loop and junction configurations--the sum of all potential drops is always zero.
	www.pbs.org /tesla/res/res_electime.html (552 words)

	Electrostatics and Surface Physics Laboratory
		Robert Boyle, while experimenting with gases, shows that if a fixed amount of a gas is kept at a constant temperature, the pressure and the volume of the gas follow a simple mathematical relationship.
		Robert Hooke proposes his law relating the elongation of a spring to the force applied to produce that elongation.
		Georg Ohm shows that current and voltage are related by a very simple relationship, known today as Ohm's law.
	empl.ksc.nasa.gov /Links/timeline/timeline.htm (1385 words)

	ROBERT WILHELM BUNSEN
		Gustav Kirchhoff, a young Prussian physicist, had the brilliant insight to use a prism to separate the light into its constituent rays, instead of looking through colored glass to distinguish between similarly colored flames.
		Within five years of the development of the burner, Bunsen and Kirchhoff were deeply involved with spectroscopy, inventing yet another instrument: the Bunsen-Kirchhoff spectroscope.
		Lockemann, Georg, "The Centenary of the Bunsen Burner", Journal of Chemical Education, 1956, 33, 201.
	www.calstatela.edu /faculty/kaniol/a360/bunsen_bio.htm (2322 words)

	Anecdotage.com - Physics anecdotes. Anecdotes From Yeats to Gates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In 1827, Georg Simon Ohm discovered that the flow of electric current through a...
		Gustav Kirchhoff's work on spectrum analysis made it possible, for the first tim...
		In 1969 Robert Wilson, the first director of Fermilab (a large particle-physics...
	anecdotage.com /browse.php?term=Physics (1316 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: University of Heidelberg
		The latter chose a pro-rector from among the professors, and subsequently it became customary to associate a pro-rector with the rector magnificentissimus.
		The historians Friedrich Christoph Schlosser, Georg Gervinus, and Ludwig Haüsser were the guides of the nation in political history.
		Robert Bunsen and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff share the glory of the discovery of the spectrum analysis.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07196a.htm (2483 words)

	ECE 60A, Related Links on the Net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Gustav Robert Kirchhoff Born: 12 March 1824 in Konigsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia).
		Kirchhoff's laws, announced in 1854, allow calculation of currents, voltages and resistances of electrical circuits extending the work of Ohm.
		Georg Simon Ohm Born: 16 March 1789 in Erlangen, Bavaria (now Germany).
	cwc.ucsd.edu /~cruz/ece.60A/60A.HLinks.html (530 words)

	Spectrometer
		Spectrometer is a term that is applied to instruments that operate over a very wide range of wavelengths, from gamma rays and X-rays into the far infrared.
		The spectroscope (also known as the spectroscope) was invented by Gustav Robert Georg Kirchhoff and Robert Wilhelm Bunsen.
		Robert Wilhelm Bunsen was also responsible for the invention of the Bunsen burner.
	www.abdn.ac.uk /~u03ak4/px2013/app.html (487 words)

	Faces (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Gaspard Gustave de Coriolis studied forces that exist in rotating reference frames.
		Robert Millikan measured the charge of an electron.
		George Uhlenbeck proposed the existence of electron spin.
	faculty.rmwc.edu /tmichalik/faces.htm (338 words)

	History of Modern Astronomy
		In 1859, Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824-87) and Robert Bunsen (1811-99) discovered that each chemical element (and compound) shows a characteristic spectrum of lines, which are at the same wavelengths in emission and absorption spectra.
		Another fraction of astronomers, including astrophotographer Isaac Roberts who interpreted his photo of the Andromeda "nebula" M31, thought these nebulae were solar systems in formation (with the companions M32 and NGC 205 [M110] supposed as forming Jovian planets).
		In 1930, Robert Julius Trumpler (1886-1956) of Lick observatory found from investigations of open clusters that the interstellar absorption had been signficantly underestimated, and the Milky Way Galaxy was correspondingly smaller.
	www.seds.org /~spider/spider/ScholarX/hist_mod.html (4340 words)

	Sci-Philately - a History of Science on Stamps
		Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824-1887) was a German physicist who worked with Bunsen on the development of the spectroscope and the measurement of spectra of the elements.
		He discovered that sodium emits the bright yellow lines appearing in absorption in the solar spectrum as observed by Fraunhofer; this suggested the possibility of investigating the composition of stars by spectrographic methods.
		The Scottish physicist Robert Alexander Watson-Watt (1892-1973) is credited with the development of the first workable radar system in the 1930's, although there was concurrent research in other countries.
	ublib.buffalo.edu /libraries/asl/exhibits/stamps/em.html (1845 words)

	Selected Classic Papers from the History of Chemistry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen (1860): bright-line flame spectra (applied to alkali metals and alkaline earths).
		Rey says that the air is the cause, foreshadowing the conclusion established by solid experimentation nearly a century and a half later.
		Georg Ernst Stahl: three short passages from the father of the phlogiston theory: an early (1697) mention of phlogiston and its association with sulfur; a later (1718) association of the term phlogiston with the principle sulfur; and still later (1723) a formal definition of chemistry and outline of the structure of matter.
	web.lemoyne.edu /~giunta/papers.html (1788 words)

	May.T05 [Calendar]
		1922 George Claude Pimentel, researcher in the development of chemical lasers, matrix isolation techniques and rapid scan infrared spectroscopy.
		1912 Herbert C. Brown, researcher in organoboron and carbocation chemistry; Nobel Prize (1979) with Georg Wittig for their development of the use of boron and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis.
		Olah, researcher in carbocations and their role in chemical reactions of hydrocarbons; Nobel Prize (1994) for his contribution to carbocation chemistry.
	arts-sciences.cua.edu /chem/may/month/Maychem.htm (1434 words)

	Physics.org - Physics Evolution Text Version, Page 4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		With the German chemist Robert Bunsen, Kirchhoff developed the modern spectroscope for chemical analysis.
		Kirchhoff showed that alternating currents (or signals) in wires are carried at the speed of light.
		Kirchhoff used Ohm's equations to develop his laws of circuits.
	www.physics.org /evolution/physics_evolution_text4.asp (2362 words)

	Untitled Document
		His name is asssociated with the unit of charge.
		Georg Simon Ohm a German physicist born in Erlangen, Bavaria, on March 16, 1787.
		Gustav Robert Kirchhoff was born in Königsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia) on March 12, 1824.
	www.site.uottawa.ca /mathasatool/01unit/physicists.htm (393 words)

	History Channel Search Results
		The German physicist Georg Simon Ohm first discovered the existence of a simple proportionality constant between the current flowing and the electromotive force supplied by a battery, known as the resistance of the circuit.
		Ohm's law, which states that the resistance is equal to the electromotive force, or voltage, divided by the current, is not a fundamental and universally applicable law of physics, but rather describes the behavior of a limited class of solid materials.
		In 1823 the British astronomer and chemist Sir John Frederick William Herschel suggested that a chemical substance might be identified by examining its spectrum, that is, the discrete wavelength pattern in which light from a gaseous substance is emitted.
	www.historychannel.com /thcsearch/thc_resourcedetail.do?encyc_id=219213 (12732 words)

	History of Electrical Engineering (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Voltage or potential difference can be attributed to Allessandro Volta, in 1800, when he announced the voltaic pile, or battery as we now know it.
		Current was known when Georg Simon Ohm, in 1827, observed the relationship between voltage and current for certain conducting materials.
		Two important principles of electric circuits was stated by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in 1847.
	www46.homepage.villanova.edu /charles.mckeough/ece_6020_fall_2003/history_of_elec_engr.htm (188 words)

	KIRCHHOFF, GUSTAV ROBE... - Online Information article about KIRCHHOFF, GUSTAV ROBE...
		Search over 40,000 articles from the original, classic Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition.
		Heidelberg, and in 1875 he was transferred to Berlin, where he died on the 17th of See also:
		Kirchhoff's contributions to mathematical physics were numerous and important, his strength lying in his See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /KHA_KRI/KIRCHHOFF_GUSTAV_ROBERT_1824_18.html (612 words)

	Visible Proofs: Forensic Views of the Body: Galleries: Technologies: Spectral detection
		In the 1850s, Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff devised the first working spectroscopes.
		Two decades later, Georg Dragendorff and other scientists began using spectroscopy for medical research and criminal investigations.
		The fields of toxicology and serology—the study of blood and other body fluids—were the first to benefit.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /exhibition/visibleproofs/galleries/technologies/spectral_image_2.html (217 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		His reputation helped the particle theory of light to dominate physics during the 18th century.
		In the 1660s, Robert Hooke published a wave theory of light.
		Christian Huygens worked out his own wave theory of light in 1678, and published it in his Treatise on light in 1690.
	spectrometer.en.wikivx.com (9565 words)

	化学信息门户ChIN - 显示全部资源记录
		With Leopold Gmelin, whose name is familiar to every chemist from his namesake reference books that have been continued to this day, chemistry became an independent subject here in 1817.
		Even better known is his successor, Robert Wilhelm Bunsen, who established the fame of the University of Heidelberg in the 19th century with respect to natural sciences by spectacular inventions (Bunsen burner, water aspirator) and discoveries (spectral analysis), together with physicists like Gustav Kirchhoff and Hermann Helmholtz.
		A distinguishied series of researchers (Victor Meyer, Theodor Curtius, Karl Freudenberg) leads to the more recent era of Georg WITTIG, awarded the chemistry Nobel Prize in 1979 for his work on organometallic chemistry and the discoverer of the chemical reaction named after him, and to Hermann Schildknecht, a pioneer in the area of chemical ecology.
	chin.csdl.ac.cn /SPT--FullRecord.php?ResourceId=10630 (670 words)

	Spectrometers
		The spectrometer, also known as a spectroscope, was first invented by two scientists, namely Gustav Robert Georg Kirchhoff and Robert Wilhelm Bunsen - the latter being most known for his invention of the Bunsen burner, so called for obvious reasons.
		The picture below shows the exact apparatus that Kirchhoff and Bunsen used in their first observation of spectra, back in 1860.
		The letters on this diagram correspond to how the spectrometer functioned.
	www.abdn.ac.uk /~u02alm4/px2013/app.htm (604 words)

	Peircepublishing :: Josiah Willard Gibbs (1839-1903) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		At the University of Berlin for the academic year 1867-68, he studied physics with August Adolph Eduard Eberhardt Kundt (1834–1894), Heinrich Gustav Magnus (1802–1870), and Georg Hermann Quincke (1834–1924), and mathematics with Foerster, function theorists Leopold Kronecker (1823–1891), Ernst Eduard Kummer (1810–1893), Karl Theodor Wilhelm Weierstrass (1815–1897).
		At Heidelberg during the next academic year, he had the opportunity to study with Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (1821–1894), Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824–1887), Paul David Gustav Du Bois-Reymond (1831–1889), and Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Cantor (1845–19), the latter carrying out his work on trigonometric series that would soon lead him to develop transfinite set theory.
		When an apparent counterexample to the Phrase Rule was discovered, Gibbs formulated the notion of chemical potential, inherited from physics and first formulated for mathematical physics by George Green (1793–1841).
	peircepublishing.eponym.com /blog/_archives/2006/7/31/2183494.html (2405 words)

	Nobel Laureates and Twentieth-Century Physics - Cambridge University Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Gamow, George, 132, 170, 176, 238, 303, 326, 353
		Millikan, Robert Andrews, 103, 114, 126, 136, 163, 183, 193, 195–197, 470
		Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 132, 152, 171, 176–177, 203, 215, 252, 265, 296–299, 310–311
	www.cup.cam.ac.uk /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521832470&ss=ind (2475 words)

	Lymphocyte Antigens
		Although naturally one cannot fully evaluate works solely by reading abstracts of them, the utility of the vast resources of the aforementioned two-volume bibliography cannot be over-emphasized, and I highly recommended it to anyone investigating these kinds of questions.
		Ackerman, Robert E. The Neolithic-Bronze Age Cultures of Asia and the Norton Phase of Alaskan Culture.
		Lowie, Robert H. Religious Ideas and Practices of the Eurasiatic and North American Areas.
	www.neara.org /Guthrie/lymphocyteantigens03.htm (2852 words)

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