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Topic: Gustavus Trolle

	Stockholm Bloodbath - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The anti-unionist party was headed by Sten Sture the younger, and the pro-unionist party by archbishop Gustavus Trolle.
		On November 1 the representatives of the nation swore fealty to Christian as hereditary king of Sweden, though the law of the land actually provided that the Swedish crown should be elective.
		On November 4, he was anointed by Gustavus Trolle in the Storkyrkan Church in Stockholm, and took the usual oath to rule the kingdom through native-born Swedes only.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Stockholm_Bloodbath (782 words)

	Sweden
		As early as 1524 Gustavus Vasa broke off the official connexion of the country with the Roman Curia and permitted Olavus to preach the heretical principles of his former teacher openly in the chief church of Stockholm.
		Gustavus III (1771-92), son of the last-named sovereign, restored the former splendour of the monarchy, but was assassinated when barely forty-six years old.
		His son and successor Gustavus IV Adolphus (1792-1809), of honourable but obstinate character, was naturally not the one to direct state affairs skilfully in an era of universal upheaval.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/s/sweden.html (10126 words)

	Revolution And Reformation - Gustavus Vasa
		Gustavus Vasa was born May 12, 1496, at Lindholmen in Upland, at the mansion of his parents, Eric Johansson Vasa, state councillor, and Cecilia of Eka, a sister of Christine Gyllenstierna.
		Gustavus let himself down to the ground by means of towels fastened to the window-sill, assisted by Lady Barbro, who had a horse and sleigh in readiness for him, in charge of a faithful servant.
		Gustavus was near being taken by surprise, but gathering troops he fought the archbishop, whose force met with a crushing defeat, and he escaped with difficulty to Stockholm.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles35/history-of-sweden-8.shtml (8439 words)

	Reformation in Northern Europe
		Gustavus now threw off the mask of hypocrisy, and came forward boldly as the champion of the new religion.
		Gustavus took the side of the so-called reformers, and proposed the measures which he maintained were required both in the interests of religion and of the public weal.
		Gustavus warned them that they must not carry themselves like lords, and if they would attempt to wield the sword he would know how to deal with them in a summary manner.
	www.worldspirituality.org /northern-europe.html (4670 words)

	The History Of Sweden
		In 1523 Gustavus Vasa, the chosen leader of the insurgents, was elected king of an independent Sweden, and the Union of Kalmar was finally brought to an end.
		Early in his reign, Gustavus carried through many important reforms: the quality of the judiciary and the civil service was improved, the currency was stabilized, and the defenses of the realm were strengthened.
		Gustavus was mortally wounded at a masked ball in 1792, an event immortalized by Verdi in his opera Un Ballo in Maschera.
	members.tripod.com /~worldsite/sweden/history.html (4326 words)

	Gustavian Period - Gustavus III And Gustavus IV
		GUSTAVUS III., with his brilliant endowment, one of the most illustrious, and, in spite of his glaring faults, one of the most beloved, of Swedish monarchs, was the first king since Charles XII.
		Gustavus was decidedly French in education, taste and superficiality, but had by his first teacher Dalin been inspired with a deep love of his country, its history, language and traditions.
		Gustavus appeared at first to be deeply in love with the gentle and unpretentious princess, but she soon found herself as neglected by her consort as she was detested by his mother.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles35/history-of-sweden-15.shtml (5893 words)

	Gustavus, I Biography / Biography of Gustavus, I Biography
		Gustavus Vasa was born at his mother's estate at Lindholm on Ascension Day, 1496.
		In 1516 Gustavus was sent to Denmark as a hostage and was imprisoned in the island fortress of Kalö.
		Gustavus was hunting near Lake Mälaren when he heard of this event, which overnight made him leader of the Nationalists.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-gustavus-i (845 words)

	Gustav I of Sweden - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		After seizing power, the previous Archbishop Gustav Trolle, who at the time held a post of some kind of chancellor, was exiled from the country.
		The Pope sent back his decision demanding the unlawful expulsion of Archbishop Gustav Trolle to be reverted, and that the archbishop was to be reinstated.
		As the Pope refused to budge on the issue of Gustav Trolle, the king, influenced by Lutheran scholar Olaus Petri, in 1531 took it upon himself to appoint a new archbishop, namely the brother of Olaus, Laurentius Petri.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gustavus_Vasa (1957 words)

	Christian II - LoveToKnow 1911
		On the 1st of November the representatives of the nation swore fealty to Christian as hereditary king of Sweden, though the law of the land distinctly provided that the Swedish crown should be elective.
		On the 4th of November he was anointed by Gustavus Trolle in Stockholm cathedral, and took the usual oath to rule the realm through native-born Swedes alone, according to prescription.
		By io o'clock the same evening the remainder of the king's guests were safely under lock and key.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Christian_II (1451 words)

	Gustavus VI - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Gustavus VI
		King of Sweden from 1950, when he succeeded his father Gustavus V. He was an archaeologist and expert on Chinese art.
		He was succeeded by his grandson Carl XVI Gustavus.
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Gustavus+VI (120 words)

	Christian II of Denmark - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The patricians naturally resented their supersession and nearly every unpopular measure was attributed to the influence of "the foul-mouthed Dutch sorceress who hath bewitched the king." However Mogens Gøye the leading man of the Council as long as possible supported the king.
		Christian, who had already taken measures to isolate Sweden politically, hastened to the relief of the archbishop, who was beleaguered in his fortress of Stäket, but was defeated by Sture and his peasant levies at Vedila and forced to return to Denmark.
		On November 4, he was anointed by Gustavus Trolle in Stockholm Cathedral, and took the usual oath to rule the Realm through native-born Swedes alone, according to prescription.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Christian_II_of_Norway (2486 words)

	Swedish History - Gustavus Vasa's Earlier Years (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Gustavus Vasa was born in 1496 at his father's manor, Rydboholm.
		Gustavus Vasa became courtier for the new chancellor, Sten Sture the Younger.
		In November, Gustavus Trolle was removed from the office as archbishop after complaints from Sten Sture among others.
	www.utb.boras.se /uk/se/projekt/history/articles/vasa/vasa1.htm (998 words)

	brief history of Sweden (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Gustavus adopted Lutheranism as the state religion--Sweden became the first entire national entity to do so--possibly influenced by the fact that church estates, promptly confiscated, were larger than those of the crown itself.
		Gustavus then turned against the Hansa (1537), whose influence over the Swedish economy was curtailed.
		The crown passed to Charles IX (1599-1611), the resolutely Lutheran youngest son of Gustavus (hence uncle of Sigismund), and Poland could not prevent the succession, although hostilities between the two countries continued.
	www.worldhistoryplus.com /s/sweden.html (633 words)

	TABLE OF CONTENTS
		Meanwhile, Gustavus had invaded Skaane and Jylland, where his mere presence was enough to restore heart to the nobles, who had only given in their allegiance to Count Christopher through necessity.
		To eke out the scarcity of money, Gustavus, like most of the kings of his day and to an even greater extent, had adopted the plan of debasing the coinage ; but the effect was to inspire distrust, and before long he was compelled to circulate his Clipping's at a greatly depreciated rate.
		The nine years of Gustavus' son and successor Erik XIV (1560-9), for some time the suitor of Elizabeth of England, were years of disaster for the Swedish State, and not less so for the Church.
	www.uni-mannheim.de /mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh217.html (15858 words)

	A Brief History of Sweden
		Trolle tried them for ‘heresy?on the grounds that they had ignored the authority of the church.
		Trolle was forced to flee and Gustavus became king of Sweden in 1523.
		King Gustavus coveted the wealth of the church.
	www.localhistories.org /sweden.html (2567 words)

	The Reformation and the New State (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Gustavus had promised the pope to "prove himself a faithful son of the Church" and he assumed that the Vatican would respond to his wishes But the pope, badly advised by his counsellors, believed that Gustavus' reign would not last long, and with unyielding insistence demanded the reinstatement of Gustavus Trolle.
		Gustavus Vasa knew very well that for weal or woe his-dynasty was inextricably entwined with Protestantism.
		That Gustavus Vasa was converted to Protestantism from inner conviction is Just as much a fairy tale as the assertion that his later successor, Gustavus Adolphus, only with a heavy heart and against his will, invaded Germany to aid his hard-pressed fellow religionists.
	flag.blackened.net /rocker/reform.htm (5370 words)

	Sture - The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition - HighBeam Research
		He vigorously asserted the principle of the superiority of the state over the church, notably by securing (1517) from the Riksdag the deposition of Archbishop Gustaf Trolle, a member of a rival family.
		Christian sent a force to relieve the archbishop, who was besieged in his castle, but Sture defeated the Danish army and imprisoned Trolle.
		As regents, the Stures paved the way for Swedish independence, attained under Gustavus I.
	highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1E1:Sture&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (232 words)

	GUSTAVUS I - Online Information article about GUSTAVUS I
		Gustavus, naturally suspicious, was much perturbed by the innovation, and warned all his border officials to be watchful and prepare for the worst.
		But Gustavus was not satisfied, and this was the beginning of " the three crowns " dispute which did so much damage to both kingdoms.
		hierarchy was forcibly established in Sweden, matters were much complicated by the absolutist tendencies of Gustavus.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /GUI_HAN/GUSTAVUS_I.html (2236 words)

	WHKMLA : Reformation in Sweden
		In 1524, Gustavus I. Vasa appointed Lutheran OLAUS PETRI preacher at Stockholm Cathedral.
		Archbishop Johannes Magnus ordered by the pope to eradicate Protestantism (as a heresy) in Sweden, was dispatched on a diplomatic mission to Poland by King Gustavus; learning of the reformation of his country while abroad, he chose not to return.
		Church and state remained closely related; in 1531 Gustavus I. Vasa made Olaus Petri chancellor; in 1533 he dismissed him; in 1540 he even was accused of treason (they had protested against excessive confiscation of church property) and sentenced to death; the sentence was never executed; later he was granted amnesty.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/period/reformation/sweref.html (937 words)

	Unionism Versus Patriotism - Uncrowned Kings Of The Sture Families
		In Sweden, Archbishop Jacob Ulfsson retired and was succeeded by Gustavus Trolle, a son of Lord Eric.
		Trolle was forced to resign his seat and was imprisoned in a convent at Westeros, while his castle was torn down.
		Christine Gyllenstierna, and the mother and sister of Gustavus Vasa, were with several other ladies carried to Copenhagen and thrown into a miser-able dungeon.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles35/history-of-sweden-7.shtml (4175 words)

	Christian II of Denmark
		Meanwhile Christian was preparing for the inevitable war with Sweden, where the patriotic party, headed by the freely elected governor Sten Sture the younger, stood face to face with the pro-Danish party under Archbishop Gustavus Trolle.
		Christian, who had already taken measures to isolate Sweden politically, hastened to the relief of the archbishop, who was beleaguered in his fortress of Stake, but was defeated by Sture and his peasant levies at Vedila and forced to return to Denmark.
		By 10 o'clock the same evening the remainder of the king’s guests were safely under lock and key.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ch/Christian_II_of_Denmark.html (1605 words)

	[No title]
		The Project Gutenberg EBook of Gustavus Vasa, by W. Walker This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever.
		This appeared the safer method; since it is impossible that "the flimsy productions of a youth of seventeen," as Kirke White expresses it, should be free from considerable errors; and we are apt to think our most irregular flights, our most vigorous ones.
		On these pieces, however, he places little stress; his principal reliance is on "Gustavus Vasa." The Latin Poems have been honoured by the approbation of different Masters at Eton.
	www.gutenberg.org /files/17754/17754-8.txt (15357 words)

	Swedish History - The Rebellion against the Danes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Gustavus Trolle and several other men became responsible for King Christian's duties.
		Gustavus had problems, he lacked weapons and needed mercenaries.
		During the following summer, Gustavus Vasa, his men and help from Lübeck conquered the castles which still had been in the hands of the Danes.On Saturday the 6th of June 1523, Gustavus Vasa was elected King of Sweden.
	www.utb.boras.se /UK/SE/projekt/HISTORY/articles/vasa/vasa4.htm (275 words)

	Belona
		Sweden had declined steadily since her military heyday under Gustavus Adolphus, and her navy in particular had suffered in the endemic wars with Denmark-Norway and the Russian Empire through the eighteenth century.
		The gunboat flotilla had been transferred to army control back in 1756, and in 1780, the blue-water navy suffered perhaps the ultimate indignity when Henrik af Trolle, the able commander of the flotilla, was placed in overall command of naval operations.
		In 1782, it was resolved to rebuild the navy, but with an impoverished exchequer and an overpowering enemy in Czarist Russia, it would be a remarkable man who could do so successfully.
	www.ageofsails.de /nations/sweden/bellona.htm (870 words)

	Basic Swedish History - Encyclopedia FunTrivia
		The people who got decapiteted actually got a trial, but the prosecutor was the same person as the judge, Erik Trolle.
		Gustav III and Karl XIII are sons of Adolphus Fredricus, Gustav became king after Adolphus Fridericus.
		Gustavus III was murdered on 16 March 1792 when attending a masked ball.
	www.funtrivia.com /en/subtopics/Basic-Swedish-History-222501.html (850 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Sweden, 1448-1523
		Meanwhile there was a pro-unionist party in Sweden, lead by Archbishop GUSTAV TROLLE of Uppsala; in 1517 he was imprisoned.
		One of the Sture party, Gustavus Vasa, fled to Norway, then made up his mind, returned, raised a rebel force in Dalarna, acquired money when he raided Stora Kopparberget, and then proceeded to liberate Stockholm (1523) and all of Sweden - Sweden's independence was established.
		The Swedish Riksrad (council of the realm), for the larger part of the period concerned, accepted the view that Sweden was a part of the Kalmar Union; however it saw no need to hurry the election of a king and rather delayed such an election by the way of negotiation.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/scandinavia/swe14481523.html (1157 words)

	June 24: Vasa Opens Swedish Reformation at Veseras
		With the help of Archbishop Trolle, the king lured eighty nationalistic nobles and two Catholic bishops into his grasp and butchered them.
		The event is known as the Bloodbath of Stockholm.
		Skarsten, Trygve R. "The Scandinavian Reformation; Ramifications for Lutheran confessional identity," in Let Christ be Christ : theology, ethics and world religions in the two kingdoms : essays in honor of the sixty-fifth birthday of Charles L. Manske; edited by Daniel N. Harmelink (Huntington Beach, Calif. : Tentatio Press, 1999).
	chi.gospelcom.net /DAILYF/2002/06/daily-06-24-2002.shtml (731 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - Swedish leaders
		He, if anyone, was the equivalent of Banér to Gustavus Adolphus.
		I suggested some deletions of non-incompetents (like af Trolle) and changing of a lot of values.
		Yes, the suggestions are in this case mostly the change of the movement, fire, shock and siege stats.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/showthread.php?t=231727 (3853 words)

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