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Topic: Gut and respiratory tract cell

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	List of distinct cell types in the adult human body - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Surface epithelial cell of stratified squamous epithelium of cornea, tongue, oral cavity, esophagus, anal canal, distal urethra and vagina
		basal cell (stem cell) of epithelia of cornea, tongue, oral cavity, esophagus, anal canal, distal urethra and vagina
		Basal cell of olfactory epithelium (stem cell for olfactory neurons)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Human_cell (527 words)

	Gastrointestinal tract - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The gastrointestinal tract or digestive tract, also referred to as the GI tract or the alimentary canal, (nourishment canal) or the gut, is the system of organs within multicellular animals which takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste.
		The mucosa are highly specialized in each organ of the GI tract, facing a low pH in the stomach, absorbing a multitude of different substances in the small intestine, and also absorbing specific quantities of water in the large intestine.
		Sheep gut was the original source for natural gut string used in racquets, such as for tennis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gut (899 words)

	Appendix A: Early Development [Stem Cell Information]
		Rather, as early cell division proceeds, the amount of cytoplasm of each daughter cell is reduced by half, and the total volume of the early embryo remains unchanged from that of the fertilized egg [30, 35].
		The embryonic "inner" layer, or endoderm, gives rise to the epithelium of the entire digestive tract (excluding the mouth and anal canal); epithelium of the respiratory tract; structures associated with the digestive tract (liver and pancreas); thyroid, parathyroid, and thymus glands; epithelium of the reproductive ducts and glands; epithelium of the urethra and bladder [19].
		Thus, the regulation of PG cell fate in the mammalian embryo is a result of the local environment of the cells, a recurring theme in mammalian embryogenesis, and the expression of genes in the PG cells [37].
	stemcells.nih.gov /info/scireport/appendixA.asp (8731 words)

	UMHS Press Release: Healthy mix of GI tract microbes could help prevent allergies/asthma
		Cells from an area of allergic lung inflammation in mice from the U-M study treated with antibiotics and colonized with C. albicans in the gut.
		The inflammatory cell infiltrate is mainly composed of eosinophils.
		Noverr and Huffnagle suspect that changes in gut microflora caused by widespread use of antibiotics and a modern high-fat, high-sugar, low-fiber diet could be responsible for a major increase, over the last 40 years, in cases of chronic asthma and allergies in Western industrialized countries.
	www.med.umich.edu /opm/newspage/2004/gut.htm (1224 words)

	lecture19
		Interstitial fluid is the fluid that surrounds all your body's cells that are not in the blood or lymph.
		The engulfed cells or material are digested with the aid of peroxisomes and lysosomes in the phagocytes.
		When your cells are infected with a virus or if they begin dividing inappropriately, as occurs in cancer, the MHC proteins are altered such that your immune cells attack.
	www.uwyo.edu /bio1000skh/lecture19.htm (877 words)

	Penn Medicine Cell & Developmental Biology - Training
		Developmental Biology is interdisciplinary and involves the application of techniques and concepts from genetics, molecular biology, cell biology, embryology and biochemistry to attack and understand complex developmental mechanisms in plants and animals, from fertilization to aging.
		The laboratory is focused on the molecular and genetic control of cell survival and cell differentiation in the nervous system.
		This cell type is the first to be determined during embryogenesis and its determination is specified by localized determinants within the egg.
	www.med.upenn.edu /cellbio/training.html (3261 words)

	S
		Shwachman's syndrome - Digestive and respiratory disorder of children in which certain digestive enzymes are missing and white blood cells are few.
		stem cell transplantation - removing stem cells from the patient's or a donor's bone marrow and re-infusing them into the patient to help produce healthy blood cells; a method of replacing stem cells which are destroyed by cancer treatment.
		It is the stem cells that are needed in bone marrow transplantation.
	www.guthrie.org /healthinfo/Topics/content.asp?pageid=P00537 (3652 words)

	Avian Immune System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		B-lymphocytes, the cells that produce antibodies, are initially produced in the embryonic liver, yolk sac and bone marrow, then move through the blood to the bursa of Fabricius where they mature.
		In the respiratory tract there are fine hair-like projections called cilia that help to sweep invading bacteria back up toward the beak keeping it from entering the lower respiratory system.
		When cells are injured they release inflammatory chemicals such as, histamines and kinins that activate pain receptors, cause blood vessels and capillaries to become dilated and leaky (causing heat, redness and swelling) and attract phagocytes and white blood cells to the area.
	www.holisticbirds.com /hbn04/spring04/immunesystem.htm (1900 words)

	Team discovers 'missing link' in origins of allergy attacks
		Mast cells, a critical part of the immune system, develop from hematopoietic (blood) stem cells that originate in bone marrow and journey through the blood stream to complete their maturation in peripheral tissues such as the skin, gut and respiratory tract.
		Although the progenitor gives rise only to mast cells, it is different enough that it isn't detectable as a mast cell, which may explain a puzzling, but crucial, aspect of how mast cells respond to allergens.
		It may be that wherever mature mast cells reside, their progenitors are also present, but dormant until an allergen or other stimulus is detected, whereupon they finish differentiating and unleash the appropriate mediator from within.
	news-service.stanford.edu /news/2005/august10/med-mastcell-081005.html (781 words)

	Antibiotics alter GI tract microbes and increase lung sensitivity to allergens
		albicans is normally found in the GI tract, and increased growth of C. albicans in the gut is a common side-effect of antibiotics.
		Two days after stopping the antibiotics — at a time when the gut bacteria were growing back - Noverr exposed the mice to a common mold allergen called Aspergillus fumigatus by inoculating spores into the nasal cavities of all the mice in her study.
		Huffnagle maintains that disruptions in the growth of bacteria and fungi in the GI tract somehow interfere with the ability of regulatory T cells to dampen the immune response to respiratory allergens.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-05/uomh-aag052104.php (1137 words)

	Live Blood Cell Analysis and The SanPharma Remedies
		An understanding of the high resolution cell morpholgy is very important in grasping acidity, for it is only with this type of microscope that the causes of acidity are observable.
		Cell wall deficient bacteria (CWDs), mycoplama and fungus in blood are clear markers of chronic acidity.
		Probably the most damage is done in the GI tract where these microbial forms disrupt normal digestion and through acid production support the growth of pathogenic anaerobic bacteria, a condition known as dysbiosis.
	www.medical-library.net /sites/_live_blood_cell_analysis.html (2212 words)

	Respiratory Mucosal Immunization with Reovirus Serotype 1/L Stimulates Virus-Specific Humoral and Cellular Immune ...
		DP cells in the MD node in an acute reovirus infection.
		infected gut, in attenuating infection of the respiratory tract
		Role of T-lymphocyte subsets in the pathogenesis of primary infection and rechallenge with respiratory syncytial virus in mice.
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/full/73/9/7633 (4805 words)

	Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Cellular immunity is controlled by T cells, which help rid the body of intracellular microbes, such as viruses and bacteria, and play major roles in the stimulation of B cells, antibody production, and the revving up of the innate immune system.
		The cytolytic T cell then releases a second protein, granzyme, which passes through the newly made “holes” in the infected cell and delivers a death signal to the infected cell, causing it to undergo apoptosis.
		Naïve B cells are found in lymphoid tissues, such as lymph nodes, the spleen, and specialized areas of mucosa of the gut and respiratory tract.
	www.mmaonline.net /publications/MNMed2004/May/helm.html (3238 words)

	Resting Respiratory Tract Dendritic Cells Preferentially Stimulate T Helper Cell Type 2 (Th2) Responses and Require ...
		Resting Respiratory Tract Dendritic Cells Preferentially Stimulate T Helper Cell Type 2 (Th2) Responses and Require Obligatory Cytokine Signals for Induction of Th1 Immunity
		Inhaled Glucocorticoids, Lymphocytes, and Dendritic Cells in Asthma and Obstructive Lung Diseases
		Enrichment for a CD26hi SIRP- subset in lymph dendritic cells from the upper aero-digestive tract
	www.jem.org /cgi/content/abstract/188/11/2019 (2731 words)

	How Breastmilk Protects Newborns (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Because the mother makes antibodies only to pathogens in her environment, the baby receives the protection it most needs-against the infectious agents it is most likely to encounter in the first weeks of life.
		Most of the cells are neutrophils, a type of phagocyte that normally circulates in the bloodstream.
		About 20 percent of these cells are B lymphocytes, which give rise to antibodies; the rest are T lymphocytes, which kill infected cells directly or send out chemical messages that mobilize still other components of the immune system.
	www.breastfeedingonline.com /29.html (1857 words)

	Faculty -
		Xenobiotic suppression of viral-induced mucosal immune responses: Reoviruses induce a robust self-limiting immune response in both the gut and respiratory tract that involve humoral and cell-mediated arms of the immune system.
		We are using reovirus as a model to study mechanisms by which trichothecene mycotoxins and other xenobiotics disrupt mucosal immune function and thereby suppress viral clearance and exacerbate viral shedding.
		Upper respiratory tract targets of fl mold trichothecenes: The fl mold Stachybotrys chartarum frequently occurs in water-damaged buildings and has been associated with illnesses associated with respiratory tract inflammation, immune dysfunction, and neurocognitive problems.
	www.msu.edu /~mic/faculty/pestka.htm (382 words)

	Glossary - Digestive Disorders
		biliary stricture - narrowing of the biliary tract from scar tissue.
		Carbohydrates are the sugars and starches found in breads, cereals, fruits, and vegetables, which, during digestion, carbohydrates are changed into a simple sugar called glucose.
		digestive tract - the organs that are involved in digestion, including the mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and large intestine.
	www.guthrie.org /healthinfo/topics/content.asp?pageid=P00372 (7026 words)

	GI TRACT
		The common cancers of the GI tract are carcinomas.
		* Dysplasia precedes the lesion (Gut 54: 187, 2005).
		Since any portion of the gut can be involved, these patients are prone to aphthae in the mouth, fibrosis ("sclerosing cholangitis") of the bile ducts, perianal abscesses, and fissures and fistulas the anus.
	www.pathguy.com /lectures/guts.htm (9748 words)

	AppendixC
		Urinary epithelium cell (lining bladder and urinary ducts)
		Epithelial Absorptive Cells (Gut, Exocrine Glands and Urogenital Tract)
		Neuron cell (large variety of types, still poorly classified)
	www.nanomedicine.com /NMI/AppendixC.htm (460 words)

	Characterisation of mucosal lymphoid aggregates in ulcerative colitis: immune cell phenotype and TcR-gamma delta ...
		Characterisation of mucosal lymphoid aggregates in ulcerative colitis: immune cell phenotype and TcR-gamma delta expression -- Yeung et al.
		T cells and B cells were the dominant cell types in the aggregates.
		B cell attracting chemokine 1 (CXCL13) and its receptor CXCR5 are expressed in normal and aberrant gut associated lymphoid tissue
	gut.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/abstract/47/2/215 (684 words)

	GutSense.com: Diverticular Disease
		Strong protective properties against respiratory diseases, such as colds and the flu, are attributed to it.
		Vitamin C is essential for the prevention of anemia, because it is required for red blood cell formation, and is known to enhance the absorption of dietary iron.
		It is comprised from hard-to-break (ferment) plant cells which absorb and retain water up to five times their weight.
	www.gutsense.com (10184 words)

	WHO \| Acute Respiratory Infections
		The latter mostly occur as a consequence of primitive fulminant influenza virus pneumonia or of secondary respiratory bacterial infections and are facilitated by underlying pulmonary or cardiopulmonary pathologies.
		Aquatic birds, in which the virus multiplies in the gut, usually have an asymptomatic infection and excrete the virus in their faeces.
		HA is present at the surface of the flu virion in the form of a HA0 precursor which must undergo proteolytic cleavage to generate functional subunits HA1, which bears the receptor-binding site and neutralization epitopes, and HA2, which is responsible for the fusion of the viral envelope with the host-cell membrane.
	www.who.int /vaccine_research/diseases/ari/en (2053 words)

	UNSW Embryology
		The Genome, Stem cells and Cloning so a page of recent topics in development and embryology can be seen at Embryology in the News(see also stem cells and cloning)
		Starting points include: embryo cross-sections (labeled/unlabeled/tutorial) for students to explore and compare, notes on early and system development, abnormalities and statistical data, development in other animals, links to external resources and research papers and even embryology in the news.
		As well as this current long-term project, I have been recently developing a new educational tool for Science and Medicine students in UNSW Cell Biology.
	embryology.med.unsw.edu.au (898 words)

	How Breastmilk Protects Newborns \| Dr. Jack Newman's Articles \| Information Centre \| Mama Dearest
		Yet even infants who receive sterilized formula suffer from more meningitis and infection of the gut, ear, respiratory tract and urinary tract than do breastfed youngsters.
		As is true of defensive molecules, immune cells are abundant in human milk.
		Aside from being phagocytic, the macrophages in breastmilk manufacture lysozyme, increasing its amount in the infant's gastrointestinal tract.
	www.mamadearest.ca /en/info/newman/protects.htm (1973 words)

	Veterinary Topics: Respiratory Tract, Feline Asthma
		A transtracheal wash is a test where cells are obtained from the airways by injecting, then withdrawing a small amount of sterile salt solution via the windpipe (trachea).
		This fluid can then be analyzed for cell type and can also be cultured to look for bacterial growth.
		For a patient in respiratory distress, oxygen and injectable medications that help dilate the airways (bronchodilators) are administered immediately, sometimes even before all diagnostic tests are completed.
	www.cathealth.com /asthma.htm (1042 words)

	CD8+ T-Cell-Mediated Cross-Clade Protection in the Genital Tract following Intranasal Immunization with Inactivated ...
		mucosal immune responses, especially in the genital tract.
		increased in the genital tracts of mice immunized with HIV-1
		Kong, W.-p., Xu, L., Stadler, K., Ulmer, J. B., Abrignani, S., Rappuoli, R., Nabel, G. Modulation of the Immune Response to the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Spike Glycoprotein by Gene-Based and Inactivated Virus Immunization.
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/abstract/79/1/393 (391 words)

	Protective Immunity to Bordetella pertussis Requires Both B Cells and CD4+ T Cells for Key Functions Other than ...
		Protective Immunity to Bordetella pertussis Requires Both B Cells and CD4+ T Cells for Key Functions Other than Specific Antibody Production -- Leef et al.
		T cells after immunization but before aerosol challenge,
		Suppression of Serum Antibody Responses by Pertussis Toxin after Respiratory Tract Colonization by Bordetella pertussis and Identification of an Immunodominant Lipoprotein
	www.jem.org /cgi/content/abstract/191/11/1841 (731 words)

	Mucin gene expression in human embryonic and fetal intestine -- Buisine et al. 43 (4): 519 -- Gut
		To assess whether the expression of mucin genes in the intestinal tract is linked to the stage of cellular differentiation
		Mucin gene expression in intestinal epithelial cells in Crohn's disease
		Aberrant Expression of Human Mucin Gene MUC5B in Gastric Carcinoma and Cancer Cells.
	gut.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/abstract/43/4/519 (809 words)

	From the Cover: Influenza virus inhibits amiloride-sensitive Na+ channels in respiratory epithelia -- Kunzelmann et al. ...
		From the Cover: Influenza virus inhibits amiloride-sensitive Na+ channels in respiratory epithelia -- Kunzelmann et al.
		with disturbances of fluid balance in the respiratory tract, although
		C and protein kinase C. Given the importance of epithelial Na channels in controlling the amount of fluid in the respiratory
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/abstract/97/18/10282 (705 words)

	Specialty Laboratories ::: we help doctors help patients
		Skin, gut and respiratory tract signs and symptoms are the most common, although other organs can be involved.
		A syndrome termed "exercise-induced anaphylaxis" characterized by erythema, urticaria upper respiratory tract obstruction, and/or collapse in association with exercise is described; foods implicated include celery, shellfish, wheat, grapes, nuts, peach, egg, orange, apple, hazelnut, cheese and cabbage.
		Levy FS, Bircher AJ, Gebbers J-O. Adult onset of cow's milk protein allergy with small-intestinal mucosal IgE mast cells.
	www.specialtylabs.com /books/display.asp?id=131 (621 words)

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