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	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Johann Gutenberg
		Gutenberg was the son of Friele (Friedrich) Gänsfleisch and Else Wyrich.
		In 1450 Gutenberg formed a partnership with the wealthy burgher, Johann Fust of Mainz, for the purpose of completing his contrivance and of printing the so-called "42-line Bible", a task which was finished in the years 1453-1455 at the Hof zum Humbrecht (today Schustergasse, 18, 20).
		Gutenberg next manufactured a new printer's outfit with the assistance he received from Conrad Humery, a distinguished and wealthy doctor of law, leader of the popular party, and chancellor of the council.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07090a.htm (2103 words)

	Beno Gutenberg, June 4, 1889—January 25, 1960 \| By Leon Knopoff \| Biographical Memoirs
		Gutenberg calculated "the travel-times of waves to be reflected and refracted at the surface of the core, outside as well as inside"; the waves refracted at the core-mantle boundary are the P´ or PKP phases, and the reflected waves are the PcP phases.
		Gutenberg confirmed and made precise the observations of Tams, Angenheister, and Macelwane in 1921-22, in which the velocities of propagation of surface waves were faster across the oceanic than across the continental portions of the Earth's surface (1924).
		Gutenberg was especially pleased with his calculation of the distribution of the density, and hence the elastic moduli, as a function of depth in the Earth (1923).
	www.nap.edu /readingroom/books/biomems/bgutenberg.html (8083 words)

	Johann Gutenberg - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Gutenberg was born in the German city of Mainz, as the son of a merchant named Friele Gensfleisch zur Laden, who adopted the surname "zum Gutenberg" after the name of the neighborhood into which the family had moved.
		Gutenberg certainly introduced efficient methods into book production, leading to a boom in the production of texts in Europe, in large part due to the popularity of the Gutenberg Bibles, the first mass-produced work, starting on February 23, 1455.
		Gutenberg's inventions are sometimes considered the turning point from the Mediaeval Era to the Early Modern Period.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /johann_gutenberg.htm (852 words)

	Johann Gutenberg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gutenberg was born in the German city of Mainz, as the son of a merchant named Friele Gensfleisch zur Laden, who adopted the surname "zum Gutenberg" after the name of the neighborhood where the family had moved.
		Gutenberg began experimenting with metal typography after he had moved from his native town of Mainz to Strassburg (then in Germany, now Strasbourg, France) around 1430.
		Gutenberg was also known to spend what little money he had on alcohol, so the Archbishop arranged for him to be paid in food and lodging, instead of coin.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Johann_Gutenberg (1022 words)

	MSN Encarta - Gutenberg
		Gutenberg, Johannes (1400?-1468), German printer and pioneer in the use of movable type, sometimes identified as the first European to print with hand-set type cast in molds (see Printing).
		Detailed records of Gutenberg's life and work are scant; his name does not appear on any of the works attributed to him.
		Gutenberg died on February 3, 1468, in his native city, where a museum re-creating his press and workshop is now maintained.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/refarticle.aspx?refid=761564055 (290 words)

	Johann Gutenberg:Inventor of the Printing Press. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Gutenberg also had to find an ink that would not fade or be to thick and came up with the combination of boiled linseed oil and soot.
		Gutenberg adapted a wine press for printing that was waste high and had a rolling tray so that he could slide the paper in and out.
		Gutenberg printed two-hundred copies of this book which was known as a 36-line Bible for the number of lines that were on each page.
	www.fecha.org /gutenbergbio.html (313 words)

	Beno Gutenberg biography
		Gutenberg visited Pasadena in 1929 to participate in a conference to plan future directions for the Seismological Laboratory, then under the auspices of the Carnegie Institution of Washington.
		Gutenberg and Richter also collaborated on the development of various magnitude scales using seismic waves of different types so that observers could assign magnitudes to earthquakes that have both shallow and deep foci and occur at various epicentral distances.
		Gutenberg retired from Caltech in 1958 but continued to be active in some professional organizations and in research.
	www.agu.org /inside/awards/gutenberg.html (751 words)

	Project Gutenberg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Project Gutenberg (PG) was launched by Michael Hart in 1971 in order to provide a library, on what would later become the Internet, of free electronic versions (sometimes called e-texts) of physically existing books.
		The slogan of the project is "break down the bars of ignorance and illiteracy", chosen because the project hopes to continue the work of spreading public literacy and appreciation for the literary heritage that public libraries began in the early 20th century.
		It was not until the year 2000 that Project Gutenberg was formally organized as an independent legal entity, and it is now a non-profit corporation chartered in Mississippi with an IRS ruling that donations to it are tax-deductible.
	www.secaucus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Gutenberg_Project (1287 words)

	Johannes Gutenberg: The Invention of Movable Type
		Gutenberg’s name does not appear on any of his work, but he is generally accredited with the world’s first book printed by movable type.
		Presenting his findings in a mock trial of Gutenberg at the recent Festival of Science in Genoa, Bruno Fabbiani, an expert in printing who teaches at Turin Polytechnic, said the 15th-century German printer used stamps rather than the movable type he is said to have invented between 1452 and 1455.
		To sum up: It is safe to assume that Gutenberg is the one who perfected the printing invention to such a degree that it evolved from a non practical process to an extremely practical one.
	www.juliantrubin.com /bigten/gutenbergmovable.html (903 words)

	Discovery Channel :: News :: Gutenberg Printing Method Questioned
		Gutenberg (c.1397-1468), whose real name was Johannes Gensfleisch, is credited with inventing a mold for small metal blocks with raised letters on them.
		With this method, Gutenberg is said to have printed an edition of about 180 copies — of which only 48 exist today — of the 42-line bible, so called for the number of lines in each printed column.
		Eva Hanebutt-Benz, director of the Gutenberg Museum in the German town of Mainz, where Gutenberg was born, told reporters that there are "many open questions" on how Gutenberg produced the Bible as no documents exist from the printer's workshop.
	dsc.discovery.com /news/briefs/20041108/bible.html (459 words)

	Johann Gutenberg : inventor of the printing press
		Johannes Gutenberg, despite being a man who died bankrupt in relative anonymity, can perhaps be considered the father of the information age.
		Gutenberg absorbed himself in the enterprise for over a decade, surfacing in 1450 to borrow the considerable amount of 800 guilders from wealthy businessman Johann Fust.
		In 1452, Fust lent Gutenberg a further 800 guilders in return for a share in the enterprise, a move which he later regretted as Gutenberg vaccilated and sweated over his new enterprise for a further three years.
	njnj.essortment.com /printingpressg_runq.htm (512 words)

	Johann Gutenberg
		Gutenberg created a machine that allowed him to move small blocks of letters in such a way that written material could be printed and mass-produced.
		Gutenberg used an oil-based printing ink that would last longer than other inks used in his time.
		Gutenberg then built the molds to hold the signatures in place, and borrowed money to purchase a press.
	www.mrdowling.com /704-gutenberg.html (345 words)

	Gutenberg, Johann. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Europeans who have been thought by some to have preceded Gutenberg in the practice of his art include Laurens Janszoon Koster, of Holland, and Pamfilo Castaldi, of Italy.
		Evidence indicates that Gutenberg was born in Mainz, trained as a goldsmith, and entered a partnership in which he taught his friends his secret profession of printing in the 1430s.
		Gutenberg’s goal was to mechanically reproduce medieval liturgical manuscripts without losing their color or beauty of design.
	www.bartleby.com /65/gu/Gutenber.html (489 words)

	March 22: Gutenberg's Bible published
		Gutenberg was the first person in history to actually print books from movable type.
		As a goldsmith, Gutenberg had the technical training to accomplish the project, and was able to fund his own early experiments.
		Gutenberg's Bible was in Latin, the language of the church.
	chi.gospelcom.net /DAILYF/2002/03/daily-03-22-2002.shtml (661 words)

	Inventor Johannes Gutenberg
		Gutenberg, Johannes (c1400-1468), German printer and pioneer in the use of movable type, sometimes identified as the first European to print with hand-set type cast in molds.
		Fisher's biography of Johann Gutenberg, the creator of movable type and the printer of the Gutenberg Bible, is marked by careful research, clear writing, and striking illustrations.
		It was there in 1440 that Johannes Gutenberg (c.1397-1468) began using the printing press in conjunction with a series of blocks each bearing a single letter on its face.
	www.ideafinder.com /history/inventors/gutenberg.htm (729 words)

	Media History Timeline: Johannes Gutenberg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		ohannes Gensfleisch Gutenberg was born in Mainz, Germany in 1397, and began his life as an inventor by studying metallurgy in Strasbourg.
		Gutenberg's major contribution to printing came while he was working as a goldsmith, back in Mainz.
		The result was an exactly repeatable, error-free piece of "writing." Gutenberg may have printed thousands of indulgences (whose abuse by the Catholic Church annoyed a certain Martin Luther).
	www.mediahistory.umn.edu /time/gallery/gutenb.html (309 words)

	Johann Gutenberg: The Gutenberg Bible at the Ransom Center
		Even the most familiar engraved portraits of Gutenberg were made long after his death and are based on speculations about his appearance.
		Gutenberg lost this suit and presumably had to turn over some of his printing equipment to Fust, who later formed an important printing partnership with Peter Schöffer, Gutenberg's assistant.
		Little is known about Gutenberg's later years, although he was given a pension by the Archbishop of Mainz and presumably lived comfortably until his death in 1468.
	www.hrc.utexas.edu /exhibitions/permanent/gutenberg/html/3.html (292 words)

	No. 753: Johann Gutenberg
		Gutenberg was the name of his wealthy father's house.
		Gutenberg and Dritzehn's first venture had been to produce items for sale to pilgrims on the way to Aix-la-Chapelle.
		Still, it is the wild, unstable inventor Gutenberg that we thank for the gift of type today.
	www.uh.edu /admin/engines/epi753.htm (430 words)

	Johann Gutenberg Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Gutenberg Bible, Library of Congress, Washington D.C. The Gutenberg Bibles surviving today are sometimes called the oldest surviving books printed with movable type, although the oldest surviving book as such was published in Korea in 1377.
		The Bible was not Gutenberg's first printed work, for he produced approximately two dozen editions of Ars Minor, a portion of Aelius Donatus's schoolbook on Latin grammar, the first edition of which is believed to have been printed between 1451 and 1452.
		Although Gutenberg was financially unsuccessful in his lifetime, his invention spread quickly, and news and books began to travel across Europe far faster than before.
	encyclopedia.localcolorart.com /encyclopedia/Johann_Gutenberg (1150 words)

	Johannes Gutenberg
		Gutenberg then used ideas first developed by the Chinese to come up with a new way of printing using movable type.
		The first major text printed by Gutenberg was a 1,200-page Bible that became known as the Gutenberg Bible.
		Gutenberg lost the lawsuit and had to give up his printing equipment to pay back what he owed to Fust.
	www.harcourtschool.com /activity/biographies/gutenberg (396 words)

	NPR : Digitizing the Gutenberg Bible
		Gutenberg is credited with inventing a system of moveable type that ultimately allowed for the quick and efficient printing of books -- making them inexpensive enough for the common man to purchase and read in the comfort of his own home.
		Ironically, copies of the Gutenberg Bible that have survived the ages are now too precious for all but the most privileged and select to handle.
		Needham says letters that were long thought to have been made from pieces of type punched from the same mold lacked a degree of consistency you would expect -- and may in fact have been created using a more complex and less efficient method.
	www.npr.org /programs/atc/features/2002/feb/gutenberg/020219.gutenberg.html (660 words)

	Johannes Gutenberg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Gutenberg was born in 1398 to a well-off family in the city of Mainz, Germany.
		Gutenberg's role in the invention of the printing press might have been lost to history if it weren't for a court case in 1439.
		This time, Gutenberg finished his first printing press, which, as it happened, was adapted from a wine press for squishing grapes.
	d.whyville.net /smmk/whytimes/article?id=63 (847 words)

	BBC Renaissance Secrets 2 What Did Gutenberg Invent? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Gutenberg was a goldsmith from Mainz who never signed his work.
		To their surprise, they discovered every letter was different, casting doubts on his methods.
		They concluded that Gutenberg did invent movable type, but his method of creating or casting each letter was different to the way we've always thought.
	www.open2.net /renaissance2/doing/gutenberg.html (149 words)

	Gutenberg Society: Summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Gutenberg Society is a non-profit organisation, funded through its members' annual fees and supported by the city of Mainz, the Ministry of Sciences, Research and Culture of Rhineland-Palatinate, and private donations.
		The “Gutenberg Jahrbuch”, published since 1926 by the Gutenberg Society and founded by the late Aloys Ruppel, has become the leading scientific yearbook worldwide in the fields of Gutenberg research and research into the history of the art of printing and of the book in general.
		Together with the City of Mainz, the Gutenberg Society presents the Gutenberg Award, established in 1968 and bestowed for an outstanding artistic, technical or scientific attainment in the domain of the art of printing.
	www.gutenberg-gesellschaft.uni-mainz.de /eghome.htm (532 words)

	The History of Printing
		It is the aggregation in one place, of technologies known for centuries before Gutenberg.
		One thing to remember is that Gutenberg gets credit for an invention that is thought to have been developed simultaneously in Holland and in Prague.
		Gutenberg's contribution to printing was the development of a a punch and mold system which allowed the mass production of the movable type used to reproduce a page of text.
	communication.ucsd.edu /bjones/Books/printech.html (949 words)

	Gutenberg to Gates: The Birth of Printing
		Johannes Gutenberg, born in Mainz in 1398, succeeded in developing all the basic essentials of printing through his experiments in the 1440s and 1450s, and in 1455 or 1456, printed the famous Bible that now bears his name.
		In fact, it was considered so important to imitate the illuminated manuscript that Gutenberg had the initials, which could have been printed, produced by hand.
		Gutenberg appears to have solved the problem of the proper ink to use for printing, since the letter forms are as crisp and clear as they were more than 500 years ago.
	www.springfieldlibrary.org /gutenberg/print.html (2223 words)

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