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Topic: Gutenberg Discontinuity

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Mohorovicic discontinuity

	Gutenberg discontinuity
		The similar depth of the discontinuity in different tectonic regions found by some studies (Thybo and Perchuc, 1997) is interpreted as an indication for petrological changes.
		They found, in agreement with previous studies, indicated by the constant depth of the discontinuity beneath different tectonic settings, that the G is not a thermally controlled transition, but a compositional boundary.
		The compositional boundary is transported with the plate and the discontinuity is preserved as the plate ages.
	www.es.ucsc.edu /~srost/diss_01/node8.html (754 words)

	Beno Gutenberg, June 4, 1889—January 25, 1960 \| By Leon Knopoff \| Biographical Memoirs
		Gutenberg calculated "the travel-times of waves to be reflected and refracted at the surface of the core, outside as well as inside"; the waves refracted at the core-mantle boundary are the P´ or PKP phases, and the reflected waves are the PcP phases.
		Gutenberg confirmed and made precise the observations of Tams, Angenheister, and Macelwane in 1921-22, in which the velocities of propagation of surface waves were faster across the oceanic than across the continental portions of the Earth's surface (1924).
		Gutenberg was especially pleased with his calculation of the distribution of the density, and hence the elastic moduli, as a function of depth in the Earth (1923).
	www.nap.edu /readingroom/books/biomems/bgutenberg.html (8083 words)

	Volcano Dictionary: G - EnchantedLearning.com
		Gutenberg discovered that the Earth has a low-velocity zone in the upper mantle; this zone is now called the Gutenberg discontinuity.
		Gutenberg published a series of papers with Charles Richter (they were titled "On Seismic Waves" and published between 1931 and 1939) and Seismicity of the Earth (published in 1941).
		The Gutenberg discontinuity separates the outer core and the mantle of the Earth.
	www.zoomdinosaurs.com /subjects/volcano/glossary/indexg.shtml (405 words)

	Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A slogan of the project is "break down the bars of ignorance and illiteracy", because its volunteers aim to continue spreading public literacy and appreciation for the literary heritage just as public libraries began to do in the late 19th century.
		Project Gutenberg requires that all of its e-texts include a version in ASCII plain text where feasible, believing that it is the format most likely to be readable in the extended future.
		Project Gutenberg Australia hosts many texts which are public domain according to Australian copyright law, but still under copyright (or of uncertain status) in the United States, with a focus on Australian writers and books about Australia.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Project_Gutenberg (1876 words)

	Earth's Interior - The crust, The mantle
		Mohorovičič discontinuity: Seismic transition zone that marks the transition from the crust to the uppermost section of the mantle.
		Gutenberg low velocity zone, the lithosphere is carried "piggyback" on top of the weaker, less rigid asthenosphere, which seems to be in continual motion.
		This level is known as the coremantle boundary (CMB) or the Gutenberg discontinuity.
	www.scienceclarified.com /Di-El/Earth-s-Interior.html (996 words)

	Top Literature - Mohorovicic discontinuity (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Mohorovičić (IPA: [mɔhɔ'ɹɔvɪtʃɪtʃ]) discontinuity, usually referred to as the Moho, is the boundary between the Earth's crust and the mantle.
		The Mohorovičić discontinuity was first identified in 1909 by Andrija Mohorovičić, a Croatian seismologist, when he observed the abrupt increase in the velocity of earthquake waves (specifically P-waves) at this point.
		In the Mars trilogy by Kim Stanley Robinson, the colonizers of Mars dig deep "moholes" to allow outgassing from the planet's interior as a means to increase the atmospheric pressure - thus contributing to the terraforming of the planet.
	encyclopedia.topliterature.com /?title=Mohorovicic_discontinuity (482 words)

	discontinuity - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		The mantle is separated from the crust by a sharp boundary known as the Mohoroviić discontinuity, or Moho.
		*Discontinuity is also used in philosophy, mainly to oppose the notion of a continuous progress of science, which would...
		The Mohorovicic Discontinuity, or "Moho", is the boundary...
	encarta.msn.com /discontinuity.html (202 words)

	Mohorovicic discontinuity - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Mohorovičić discontinuity, usually referred to as the Moho, is the boundary between the Earth's crust and the mantle.
		The Mohorovičić discontinuity was first identified in 1909 by Andrija Mohorovičić when he observed the abrupt increase in the velocity of earthquake waves (specifically P-waves)at this point.
		The location of the Mohorovičić discontinuity varies between about 5 km beneath the mid-oceanic ridges to approximately 75 km beneath continents.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Mohorovicic_discontinuity (144 words)

	Seismic Evidence for Internal Earth Structure
		The 670 km discontinuity results from the change of spinel structure to the perovskite crystalline structure which remains stable to the base of the mantle.
		The 670 km discontinuity is thought to represents a major boundary separating a less dense upper mantle from a more dense lower mantle.
		Gutenberg (1914) explained this as the result of a molten core beginning at a depth of around 2900 km.
	www.columbia.edu /~vjd1/earth_int.htm (1141 words)

	ScienceWeek
		Between 1902 and 1904, the oceanographer Vagn Ekman (1874-1954) discovered similar layering of the ocean, and in 1909, the meteorologist Andrija Mohorovicic (1857-1936) used seismology to establish the existence of a similar discontinuity in the solid Earth, the discontinuity now known as the "Moho".
		In 1926, Beno Gutenberg obtained evidence for a seismic discontinuity at the core-mantle boundary.
		This, the Gutenberg discontinuity, was confirmed during the 1950s when world-wide records of blasts from underground nuclear detonations were scrutinized.
	scienceweek.com /2004/rmps-23.htm (996 words)

	Beno Gutenberg Summary
		In collaboration with Charles Richter, Gutenberg worked to derive more accurate earthquake travel time curves, redetermine major earthquake epicenters, and to quantify interrelationships between magnitude, intensity, energy, and acceleration of vibrations within the earth.
		Beno Gutenberg (June 4, 1889 – January 25, 1960) was a German-born seismologist who made several important contributions to the science.
		Gutenberg was born in Darmstadt, Germany and obtained his Ph.D. from University of Göttingen in 1911.
	www.bookrags.com /Beno_Gutenberg (255 words)

	Detected discontinuities
		The discontinuity structure is varied from a sharp discontinuity (1st-order discontinuity) to a 10 km wide gradient zone.
		This effect produces a sharper discontinuity for hotter mantle material which is easier to detect with short-period data and is unable to explain the lack of 410 reflections from this region in the YKA dataset.
		The discontinuity thickness was varied from 0 km to 18 km (Figure 7.10a) and the impedance contrast from 0.89 % to 9.03 % (Figure 7.10b).
	www.uni-geophys.gwdg.de /~srost/diss_01/node44.html (6742 words)

	Core-mantle boundary: (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The boundary is observed via the discontinuity in seismic wave velocities at that depth.
		This discontinuity is due to the differences between the acoustic impedences of the solid mantle and the molten outer core.
		P-wave velocities are much slower in the outer core than in the deep mantle while s-waves do not exist at all in the liquid portion of the core.
	www.winelib.com /wiki/Core-mantle_boundary (350 words)

	Earth's upper mantle
		The mantle is divided into the upper and the lower mantle by a seismic discontinuity at approximately 660 km.
		The discontinuities are marked by letters and numbers as described in the text.
		The discontinuities are marked by solid lines (positive reflectors) or by dashed lines (negative reflectors).
	srost.asu.edu /diss_01/node5.html (824 words)

	Mohorovičić discontinuity - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A section of ancient mantle rock is exposed on the surface.
		However the operation, named Project Mohole, never received sufficient support and the proposal was canceled by US Congress in 1967.
		Mohorovičić discontinuity, Moho in popular culture, See also, References, External links, Plate tectonics and Structure of the Earth.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Mohorovicic_discontinuity (350 words)

	Geol 456/656 - Velocity Structure of the Earth
		A discontinuity gives you the original direct phase as well as a refraction (an line offset from the origin) and a reflection (a hyperbola).
		Walck estimated the 400 km discontinuity to be a shallow-gradient phase change, while the 670 km discontinuity had the steep-gradient character of a compositional change.
		The dashed circle is the 670 km discontinuity; plate boundaries are yellow on the index map at center.
	www.seismo.unr.edu /ftp/pub/louie/class/plate/velocity.html (1881 words)

	Content #1 (Earth layers)
		To honor Mohorovicic, scientists have named the boundary between the crust and the mantle the Mohorovicic discontinuity or the "MOHO" for short.
		Beno Gutenberg discovered the boundary or discontinuity between the mantle and the outer core.
		This boundary was named after him, the Gutenberg discontinuity.
	volcano.und.edu /vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Ch1CMB/Content1.html (356 words)

	What are the Moho discontinuity and the Gutenberg discontinuity?
		What are the Moho discontinuity and the Gutenberg discontinuity?
		The Moho is the boundary between the crust and the mantle.
		I have never heard of the Gutenberg discontinuity.
	volcano.und.nodak.edu /vwdocs/frequent_questions/grp13/question3592.html (37 words)

	mantle - Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The continental and ocean crusts, along with part of the solid upper mantle, make up the lithosphere to a depth of about 62 mi (100 km).
		Within the lithosphere is the Mohorovičić discontinuity, or Moho, considered to be the mantle's upper surface, at depths ranging from 4 to 43 mi (7 to 70 km).
		The mantle continues to the Gutenberg discontinuity at the liquid outer core, with the base of the mantle located about 1,800 mi (2,900 km) below the earth's surface.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/m/mantle.asp (1288 words)

	Global anisotropy and the thickness of continents
		The 'Lehmann discontinuity', observed mostly under continents at about 200-250 km, and the 'Gutenberg discontinuity', observed under oceans at depths of about 60-80 km, may both be associated with the bottom of the lithosphere, marking a transition to flow-induced asthenospheric anisotropy.
		Sketch illustrating our interpretation of the observed anisotropy in relation to lithospheric thickness, and its relationship to the Lehmann (L) and Gutenberg (G) discontinuities.
		The Hales discontinuity (H), which is also shown, is generally observed as a positive impedance embedded within the continental lithosphere in the depth range 60¨C80 km.
	seismo.berkeley.edu /~gung/,ANISO/Anature.html (336 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The existence of two seperated discontinuities at this depth is not clearly visible, but a polarity study of the precursor wavelets using the 4th-root vespagram technique and particle motion investigation reveal the different nature of the discontinuities:
		The Lehmann discontinuity at depth around 200 km was detected for the first time in oceanic regions with the sliding window analysis using PP underside reflections.
		The reflections from this discontinuity form two seperated groups, one at the tip of the Hawaiian chain, the other northwest of the bend of the Hawaiian chain.
	www.uni-geophys.gwdg.de /~srost/DISS_HTML/Text/results.html (355 words)

	Chapter 6, page 174-177
		The outer one is called the MOHO discontinuity and separates the crust (very thin outer layer) from the mantle (a rocky layer beneath the crust).
		The MOHO discontinuity is located at average depth of 35 km.
		Separating the mantle from the Core is the GUTENBERG Discontinuity at about 2900 km.
	www.yorku.ca /apanahi/1750/lecture_1.htm (708 words)

	mantle. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The continental and ocean crusts, along with part of the solid upper mantle, make up the lithosphere to a depth of about 62 mi (100 km).
		discontinuity, or Moho, considered to be the mantle’s upper surface, at depths ranging from 4 to 43 mi (7 to 70 km).
		The mantle continues to the Gutenberg discontinuity at the liquid outer core, with the base of the mantle located about 1,800 mi (2,900 km) below the earth’s surface.
	www.bartleby.net /65/ma/mantle.html (292 words)

	Earth, Interior Structure: World of Earth Science
		The Mohorovičic discontinuity, commonly referred to as "the Moho" or the "M-discontinuity," is the transition or boundary zone between the bottom of the earth's crust and the underlying unit, which is the uppermost section of the mantle called the lithospheric mantle.
		This rigid uppermost section of the mantle (the lithospheric mantle), combined with the overlying solid crust, is called the lithosphere, which is derived from the Greek word lithos, meaning rock.
		This transition zone between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere is named after Beno Gutenberg, a mid-twentieth century geologist who made several important contributions to the study and understanding of the earth's interior.
	science.enotes.com /earth-science/earth-interior-structure (1839 words)

	The Need For a New Model of the Earth The Living and Dynamic Earth
		A discontinuity is an area where the chemical composition of main divisions, or layers within a division, changes composition (and bears the name of the scientist who convincingly presented evidence of its existence).
		A discontinuity is referred to as such because chemical composition, density, and the speed of earthquake waves do not continue to be the same; that is, they are discontinuous.
		These subdivisions (discontinuities) are important in comprehending the interior, the magnetic field, and the process by which the hydrogen-rich core is maintained.
	www.livingcosmos.com /earth.htm (12423 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A. Mohorovičić Discontinuity or "Moho": the boundary between the crust and the mantle.
		This shadow zone is produced by the bending of the P waves which enter the core.
		2. the Gutenberg discontinuity is the boundary between the mantle and the core
	www.gpc.edu /%7Ecgelbaum/PhysGeoCh17.htm (1028 words)

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