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	AllRefer.com - Gutzon Borglum (American Art, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Borglum is most famous, however, for his monumental works.
		Borglum had nearly finished the 60-ft (18.3-m) heads of the four presidents (Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln, and Theodore Roosevelt) when he died.
		Borglum was a man of tremendous vitality and decided opinions that led him into frequent confrontations.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/B/Borglum.html (384 words)

	Gutzon Borglum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Borglum was highly suited to the competitive environment surrounding the contracts for public buildings and monuments, and his public sculpture is sited all around the United States.
		Borglum was active in the committee that organized the New York Armory Show of 1913, the birthplace of modernism in American art.
		Borglum is buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale in the Memorial Court of Honor.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/gutzon_borglum (787 words)

	American Experience \| Mount Rushmore \| People & Events
		Gutzon's talent was immediately apparent and he found a few commissions (certainly the fact that Solon had already associated the name Borglum with fine sculpture didn't hurt).
		Borglum had met and campaigned for Roosevelt, and by invoking that president's acquisition of the Panama Canal and Jefferson's Louisiana Purchase, the Rushmore monument became a story of the expansion of the United States, the embodiment of Manifest Destiny.
		Borglum's ambition and hubris motivated him to recreate a landscape in his image (a tableau of prominent white men) rather than for the Native Americans who held the Black Hills sacred.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/rushmore/peopleevents/p_gborglum.html (945 words)

	TravelSD.com -- Mount Rushmore--History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Borglum's choice of subjects promised to elevate the memorial from a regional enterprise to a national cause, "in commemoration of the foundation, preservation and continental expansion of the United States." Borglum envisioned four U.S. presidents beside an entablature inscribed with a brief history of the country.
		Gutzon Borglum's vision for Mount Rushmore was no less than "the formal rendering of the philosophy of our government into a granite on a mountain peak." Having won fame for realistic portraiture, Borglum naturally chose to give human form to the abstract.
		Gutzon Borglum, who regarded his masterpiece as far more than a tourist attraction, was no doubt reassured when the phrase "Shrine of Democracy" was coined at the 1930 dedication of the Washington head.
	www.travelsd.com /parks/rushmore/history.asp (944 words)

	Gutzon Borglum -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Borglum was active in the committee that organized the New York (Click link for more info and facts about Armory Show) Armory Show of 1913, the birthplace of (Practices typical of contemporary life or thought) modernism in American art.
		Borglum accepted, but told the committee that a 70-foot carving of Lee at Stone Mountain would look like a (A token that postal fees have been paid) postage stamp on the side of a barn.
		After finishing the detailed model of the carving, Borglum was unable to trace his ideas onto the massive area onto which he was working, until he developed a gigantic (An early form of slide projector) magic lantern to project the image onto the side of the mountain.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/G/Gu/Gutzon_Borglum.htm (718 words)

	SMA \| John Gutzon Borglum
		Gutzon de la Mothe Borglum was born in St. Charles, near Bear Lake, Idaho Territory, on March 25, 1867.
		Borglum's place of study in France was the Academie Julian, where he studied the academic approach to sculpting from 1890Ð1893.
		Borglum's personality was said to be "outspoken" and at times "egotistical." This type of behavior may have been provoked by Borglum's own need to be the best at what he did, which caused him to be critical of anyone who did not share his high ideals in art.
	www.shs.nebo.edu /Museum/borglum.html (608 words)

	Gutzon Borglum... The Dreamer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Gutzon Borglum is a name I had not remembered hearing.
		Gutzon was in charge of the project and was present during those years.
		Due to his untimely death (Borglum died while on a trip to Chicago on March 6, 1941, as a result of a minor operation), lack of funding and World War II, the project was completed to the point it is today by his son Lincoln Borglum.
	www.fly-low.com /mackshangar/borglum.html (689 words)

	GUTZON BORGLUM FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Borglum accepted, but told the committee that a 70-foot carving of Lee at Stone Mountain would look like a postage_stamp on the side of a barn.
		Borglum's ideas eventually evolved into a high-relief frieze of Lee, Jefferson_Davis, and 'Stonewall' Jackson riding around the mountain, followed by a legion of artillery troops.
		After finishing the detailed model of the carving, Borglum was unable to trace his ideas onto the massive area onto which he was working, until he developed a gigantic magic_lantern to project the image onto the side of the mountain.
	www.witwib.com /Gutzon_Borglum (935 words)

	Gutzon & Lincoln Borglum - Mount Rushmore National Memorial
		Borglum was commissioned to carve Stone Mountain in Georgia, but disagreements over design and money caused him to leave the job early and unfinished.
		Borglum kept locals interested in the carving by holding several celebrations and dedication ceremonies.
		Borglum’s son Lincoln was his father’s right hand man. He worked at several positions including the crucial positions of ”pointer” and work superintendent.
	www.nps.gov /moru/park_history/carving_hist/gutzon_lincoln_borglum.htm (468 words)

	Presidents on the Rocks: Mt. Rushmore (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Borglum died in March 1941; the final dedication was not held until 50 years later.
		Gutzon Borglum himself might have commented that the time had come to defend the principles Mount Rushmore preserved in stone.
		Borglum sculpted Roosevelt from memory, as he and "Teddy" were close friends and confidants before, during, and after Roosevelt's presidency.
	t3.preservice.org /T0211461/history (2053 words)

	Handbook of Texas Online: BORGLUM, JOHN GUTZON DE LA MOTHE
		Gutzon Borglum, painter and sculptor, was born in Idaho on March 25, 1867, the son of Danish immigrants James and Ida (Michelson) Borglum.
		Borglum exhibited in the Old Salon in 1891 and 1892 as a painter and in 1891 in the New Salon as a sculptor with Death of the Chief, for which he was awarded membership in the Société des Beaux-Artes.
		Borglum lived at the historic Menger Hotel, which in the 1920s was the residence of a number of artists.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/articles/view/BB/fbo31.html (615 words)

	Gutzon Borglum, The Story of Mount Rushmore
		Gutzon Borglum sounds like one of those peculiar diseases that the research doctors keep coming up with, but actually Borglum is the man who sculpted or blasted (or whatever you want to call it) the four presidential faces at Mount Rushmore.
		Borglum subsided in glumness and terminal artistic febrility in 1941.
		Gutzon was for war, all sorts of war, six wars at a time said justice Felix Frankfurter, a jurist with toleration above and beyond the pale, who somehow put up with Borglum, despite his vicious antisemitic railings.
	www.ralphmag.org /borglumP.html (943 words)

	Memorial History - Mount Rushmore National Memorial
		Borglum hired a plane to fly over the State Game Lodge in Custer State Park where Coolidge was staying.
		Mellon was willing to fund the entire project but Borglum said he would need only half the money from the government on a matching basis, the rest, he could raise privately.
		Borglum wanted to create the Hall of Records, a large repository carved into the side of the canyon behind the carving of the presidents, to tell the story of Mount Rushmore and America.
	www.nps.gov /moru/park_history/memorial_hist/memorial_history.htm (993 words)

	Borglum's Vision
		This Indian monument, Borglum believed, would inspire a history different from the typical cowboy and Indian story, for the United States' violation of treaty violation of treaty obligations to the Indians was the basis for western settlement.
		Gutzon Borglum was by no means alone in his frank acknowledgements of the illegal means by which the Black Hills had been taken from the Lakota.
		Borglum was more hopeful than the commissioners that someday something would be done to rectify the wrong-doing.
	www.dickshovel.com /BorgVision.html (783 words)

	Timothy Cancro
		Borglum dismissed the women’s idea as too mundane, and he soon constructed plans to carve an entire army of southern soldiers led by General Lee to be carved on the mountain ("Rushmore’s Shadows").
		In 1924, Borglum was commissioned by U.S. Senator Peter Norbeck and Doane Robinson, superintendent of the South Dakota Historical Society, to carve a memorial in the Black Hills.
		Borglum also had to blast away a large portion of rock where Theodore Roosevelt’s face is now located to find enough solid rock to carve.
	www.people.vcu.edu /~djbromle/portrait04/tim/MtRushmorePart1.htm (1537 words)

	American West Travelogue - Mount Rushmore National Memorial, South Dakota
		Borglum and his supporters fought for years on behalf of the project against local and national opposition and skepticism.
		Borglum had originally intended to complete the sculpture down to the presidents' waists but he died, and no further work was done.
		It is said that Borglum was a strong advocate of "manifest destiny", in the sense of desiring the complete elimination of Indian sovereignty.
	www.amwest-travel.com /awt_mtrushmore.html (1081 words)

	Mount Rushmore HTML (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Gutzon was born in Idaho in 1867, the son of Danish Mormons, he went to study art in Paris.
		Borglum's choice of location promised to elevate the national memorial from a regional enterprise to a national cause, in commemoration, preservation, and continental expansion of the United States.
		Gutzon Borglum, who regarded his masterpiece as far more than a tourist attraction, was undoubtedly reassured when the phrase "Shrine of Democracy" was coined at the 1930 dedication of Washington's head.
	www.acu.edu:9090 /~armstrongl/geography/rush.htm (2504 words)

	History -- The Making of Mount Rushmore (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Gutzon Borglum, student of the great French artist Auguste Rodin, was one of America's most successful artists before he even considered Mount Rushmore.
		Borglum insisted the work demanded a subject national in nature and timeless in its relevance to history.
		Borglum created a model of the four presidents on a 1-to-12-inc hscale, meaning an inch on the model represented a foot on the cliff.
	www.americanparknetwork.com /parkinfo/ru/history/carve.html (2326 words)

	Gutzon Borglum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Gutzon Borglum was the first sculptor to attempt to carve a Confederate memorial on Stone Mountain.
		She wished for Borglum to design and carve a 70-foot statue of General Robert E. Lee on the mountain's steep side.
		After developing a projector to thrust the image onto the side of the mountain, Borglum and his crew of engineers and laborers were able to set to work on the actual carving.
	xroads.virginia.edu /~UG97/stone/gutzon.html (377 words)

	Out of Rushmore's Shadow: The Artistic Development of Gutzon Borglum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Borglum, the man behind the artist, comes to life, not only in his works but in the narrative of the exhibition and the essays in the catalogue.
		It was agreed by the Borglum family, who appreciated the tremendous research and effort to restore these pieces, that the collection should remain at the Stamford Museum and Nature Center to serve as an important resource center on the artist's work.
		In 1907 Borglum had made a colossal head of Lincoln which, at Teddy Roosevelt's urging, was shown at the White House and eventually donated to the United States Capitol Building by Eugene Meyer.
	www.tfaoi.com /newsm1/n1m582.htm (2780 words)

	Theosophical Society in America (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Abraham Lincoln was a favorite subject of Gutzon’s, being treated by a marble head of Lincoln in the Capitol Rotunda in Washington and a bronze statue of the Seated Lincoln, for the 1911 dedication of which Teddy Roosevelt came to Newark, New Jersey.
		Just before World War I, Borglum was invited to create a monument to Confederate heroes on the side of Stone Mountain, near Atlanta, Georgia, but the start of the project—which was to depict General Robert E. Lee and his troops in procession—was delayed until after the war.
		Borglum moved to Texas in 1925 and turned his attention to what was to become his major work: the four presidents on the side of Mount Rushmore, in South Dakota.
	www.theosophical.org /theosophy/questmagazine/mayjune2000/mountrushmore (1374 words)

	Caller.com: Local News
		Borglum set out to design a seawall that would protect the city from the tropical storms that regularly threatened it, and turn its natural location into its biggest asset.
		Borglum became frustrated with the city government, at one point declaring, "I don’t think I have ever seen a town where the crooks and the ‘respectable people’ are so like scrambled eggs."
		Borglum went on to design Mount Rushmore, which took him away from Corpus Christi, but the city’s debate continued without him.
	www.caller.com /ccct/local_news/article/0,1641,CCCT_811_2367109,00.html (1155 words)

	Mt. Rushmore National Park, Thumbnail Photos Page
		In 1915 Gutzon Borglum was commissioned to sculpt a Confederate memorial on Stone Mountain in Georgia.
		Borglum had always dreamed of creating giant sculptures, like the ones produced by the ancient Egyptians.
		In 1924 Borglum completed the first portion of the project, a giant head sculpture of Robert E. Lee, on the face of the mountain.
	www.mw-scenicphotos.com /MtRushmore/MtRushmore.htm (429 words)

	Mt. Rushmore National Memorial
		Borglum devised a system known as "pointing" to remove very exact amounts of rock; thus 90 percent of the mountain was carved by dynamite.
		Borglum wanted also to establish a Hall of Records to capture the important documents describing the history of the memorial, its purpose and the philosophy of our government as contained in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, but Congress approved funds solely for the carving of the presidential figures.
		It was only in 1998 that Borglum's dream was fulfilled, on a much less grand scale, with the placing of 16 explanatory panels in the vault in the unfinished Hall.
	www.loc.gov /bicentennial/propage/SD/sd-0_h_thune1.html (451 words)

	James Rogers McConnell: Creation and Installation of "The Aviator," 1919
		Borglum informs Alderman that he is sending a photograph of the work in progress.
		Borglum informs President Alderman that the stone for the pedestal has been ordered and will be shipped five days before the ceremony.
		Gallagher, an associate of Gutzon Borglum, that he is returning the blueprints of the inscription which were sent to the University.
	www.lib.virginia.edu /small/exhibits/mcconnell/aviat2.html (605 words)

	Daily Celebrations ~ Gutzon Borglum, Soul Centers ~ June 7 ~ Ideas to motivate, educate, and inspire
		As the passionate creator of some of the world's largest sculptures, American artist Gutzon Borglum (1867—1941) studied in San Francisco and Paris where he was inspired by the great Auguste Rodin.
		Borglum accepted his first commission in 1901, that of the statue of Abraham Lincoln in the rotunda of the Capitol Building in Washington D.C. About life's grandeur, the sensitive Borglum once said: "The heavy pipes in an organ will, rightly played...
		With a crew of 400, Borglum worked for 14 years (1927-1941) on the "Shrine of Democracy"-- blasting, drilling, and carving the 60-foot faces (from forehead to chin) into the top of the 6,000-foot mountain.
	www.dailycelebrations.com /060702.htm (303 words)

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