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Topic: Guyanese Creole

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	CREOLE â“ FREE CREOLE Information \| Encyclopedia.com: Find CREOLE Research
		CREOLE A term relating to people and LANGUAGES especially in the erstwhile colonial tropics and subtropics, in the Americas, Africa, the Indian Ocean, and Oceania.
		Creoles tend to have no copula and adjectives may function as verbs: for example, Jamaican Creole Di pikni sik The child is sick.
		Since pidgins and creoles are generally spoken in Third World countries, their role and function are intimately connected with a variety of political questions concerned with national, social, and economic development and transition into post-colonial societies.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1O29-CREOLE.html (1945 words)

	Miskito-Indianer in Nicaragua > Creol als Verkehrssprache
		Creoles not based on European languages can be found in parts of Africa (such as Swahili when used as a trade vernacular) and in Papua New Guinea (such as Hiri Motu).
		It has been claimed that many syntactic and semantic similarities among creoles are due to an innate 'bioprogram' for language, and that creoles provide the key to understanding the original evolution of human language.
		Pidgin and creole languages were long neglected by the academic world, because they were not regarded as 'real' or 'fully-fledged' languages, but their study is currently regarded as significant for general linguistics as well as the study of such languages as English.
	www.miskito-nicaragua.de /miskito/creol.htm (1489 words)

	Federalism: A Framework for Dealing with Ethnic Conflict in Guyana
		Most of the Creole women who worked as domestic servants in the French houses began to assimilate some of the French habits and manners which were held up as European and therefore as superior, like the drinking habit and the lavish living which would land them into adapting the pleasure-seeking and spending habit.
		Creole culture to a lesser or greater degree was a European-African "hybrid".
		The model imposed onto the Guyanese population was strictly assimationalist, in that each of the groups brought into Guyana were expected to jettison their "native" culture and accept the superiority of British culture.
	www.caribvoice.org /documents.html (18712 words)

	CARIBBEAN ENGLISH CREOLE â“ FREE CARIBBEAN ENGLISH CREOLE Information \| Encyclopedia.com: Find CARIBBEAN ENGLISH ...
		The technical term for an English-based CREOLE or group of creoles in the Commonwealth Caribbean, the Samaná peninsula of the Dominican Republic, the coastal areas of Nicaragua and Costa Rica, the Bay Islands of Honduras, the Colombian dependencies of San Andres and Providencia, parts of Panama, and Surinam.
		The unevenness of the research permits the continued use of a fragmentary and inconsistent labelling system.History and development Like most other such creoles, Caribbean English Creole is the outcome of contact among Europeans and West Africans in the course of European expansionism, the slave trade, and the colonization of the New World.
		The use of Creole for literature is increasingly common; it is the normal medium for popular drama and the lyrics of songs composed in local styles.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1O29-CARIBBEANENGLISHCREOLE.html (1431 words)

	Guyana - MSN Encarta
		They have not been integrated into Guyanese society and live mainly in the interior as hunters and nomadic farmers.
		Guyanese of Portuguese descent have not preserved their native language.
		The bulk of the people are descendents of plantation workers and have had little contact with their ancestral homelands.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761562228_2/Guyana.html (999 words)

	Guyana - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Guyanese economy has exhibited moderate economic growth since 1999, based on an expansion in the agricultural and mining sectors, a more favorable atmosphere for business initiatives, a more realistic exchange rate, fairly low inflation, and the continued support of international organizations.
		Hinduism, primarily practiced by Indo-Guyanese, is the faith of 35% of the population, and Islam is the faith of 7%.
		Since independence, as many as 10,000 Guyanese have left and settled permanently in the United States alone per year and demand to emigrate remains very high.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Guyana (4576 words)

	Language - MSN Encarta
		Individual pidgin and creole languages pose a particular problem for genetic classification because the vocabulary and grammar of each comes from different sources.
		Pidgin and creole languages are found in many parts of the world, but there are particular concentrations in the Caribbean, West Africa, and the islands of the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific.
		The creoles of the Indian Ocean islands, such as Mauritius, are French-based.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761570647_5/Language.html (1339 words)

	The New York Times > New York Region > Indian, Twice Removed
		Guyanese curries are less spicy, and a shop that serves the flat roti bread with various stews is a distinctly Caribbean conception.
		Guyanese music, while Indian influenced, is marked by a faster West Indian style that has come to be known as chutney soca.
		Priya Mahabir, a 29-year-old Guyanese senior at Baruch College, said some Indian friends have told her she's "not really Indian, and I would be really offended by that," but she has also formed close friendships with Indians.
	www.nytimes.com /2004/12/17/nyregion/17guyanese.html?pagewanted=2&ei=5090&en=239fb9ce688f54b9&ex=1260939600&partner=rssuserland (985 words)

	People in Guyana \| Visual Geography
		Guyanese cuisine is a culinary hybrid with African, East Indian, Portuguese, and Chinese influences.
		The Guyanese workforce is predominantly employed in agriculture, mining and manufacturing, but also in construction,...
		In addition, Amerindian languages are spoken by a small minority, while Guyanese Creole (an English-based creole with African and Indian syntax) is widely spoken.
	www.visualgeography.com /categories/guyana/people.html (301 words)

	The Indian connection - Deccan Herald (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Most Guyanese, and the smaller number of Trinidadians in Richmond Hill, are descendants of Indians who were brought over to the Caribbean from 1838 onwards, as contract labourers on sugar plantations, after slavery was outlawed in the region’s British colonies.
		Guyanese curries are less spicy, and a shop that serves the flat roti bread with various stews is a distinctly Caribbean conception.
		Guyanese music, while Indian influenced, is marked by a faster West Indian style that has come to be known as ‘chutney soca’.
	www.deccanherald.com /deccanherald/dec182004/top.asp (993 words)

	Stanford Sociolinguistics Web Page
		From the mid 1970s to the present, the study of pidgins, creoles and creole continua has been an important component of the sociolinguistics program at Stanford.
		Roberts, Sarah J. The emergence of Hawai'i Creole English in the early 20th century: The sociohistorical context of creole genesis.
		In Albert Valdman, ed., Pidgin and creole linguistics, 70-98.
	www.stanford.edu /dept/linguistics/socio/pidginscreoles.shtml (748 words)

	On creole languages (Site not responding. Last check: )
		"Élements pour une classification des verbaux en creole haïtien." [Elements for a classification of verbs in Haitian Creole.] Études Créoles 11.41-64.
		Roy, John D. "The Structure of Tense and Aspect in Barbadian English Creole." Manfred Görlach and John Holm (eds.), Focus on the Caribbean.
		"Die Aktionsart Repetitiv in den portugiesisch-basierten Kreols." [The repetitive Aktionsart in the Portuguese-based creoles.] Norbert Boretzky, Werner Enninger, and Thomas Stolz (eds.), Akten des 1.
	www.scar.utoronto.ca /~binnick/TENSE/Creole.html (2423 words)

	UNESCO/JLU - Caribbean Indigenous and Endangered Languages, The University of West Indies at Mona
		Berbice Dutch Creole is a language formerly widely spoken in the former Dutch colony of Berbice, which became in the early 19th century part of the British colony of British Guiana, now Guyana.
		The last known Berbice Dutch Creole speaker is Bertha Bell, who was 103 years old when last interviewed by Ian Robertson and a UWI linguistics research team in March, 2004.
		What is remarkable about this language is that it survived on the upper reaches of the Berbice River, the areas around which the old Dutch colony of Berbice was concentrated prior to a shift to the coast in the late 18th century.
	www.mona.uwi.edu /dllp/jlu/ciel/pages/berbicedutch.htm (245 words)

	The Creole Origins of AAVE: Evidence from copula absence
		A creole, in the classical sense of Hall (1966), is a pidgin that has acquired native speakers, usually, the descendants of pidgin speakers who grow up using the pidgin as their first language.
		Although linguists who address the creole issue typically concentrate on one kind of evidence, or at most two, there are at least seven different kinds of evidence which could be brought to bear on the primary question of whether AAVE was once a creole, each of them involving secondary questions of their own.
		By contrast, in three of the creole data sets (Barbadian, 1980s, Jamaican, and plural NPs vs pronouns in LSE), the ordering is reversed, with a nominal subject favoring copula absence more than a pronoun subject; in the case of the LSE and Barbadian 1980s data sets, the margins are substantial (.38,.65).
	www.stanford.edu /~rickford/papers/CreoleOriginsOfAAVE.html (12684 words)

	Saxakali Magazine 3:1 Guyana's Environment in `96
		Even world-renown, guyanese economist, Clive Thomas, recognizes that guyana's problems are primarily social, and that ethnic relations serve as a continual source of instability and disintegration.
		This occurs while the rights of poor, landless guyanese to obtain land titles to their homes, villages and communities are futher denied.
		Poor guyanese are forced into competing in a global economy for property rights to their own lands, while the ruling regime profits from secretly negotiated sales.
	www.saxakali.com /saxakali-magazine/saxmag31e1.htm (1352 words)

	SCL Frequently Asked Questions
		Creoles have normally occupied informal contexts, but can occupy any context, once they are allowed to, once the need arises, and once proper language planning and development are in place.
		Since creoles have not usually been the language of rulers and conquerors, they and their speakers also face negative attitudes and low social (socio-economic) status, but they are not bound to their history, and things can change and are changing for the good of their speakers.
		Jamaican Creole was taught to Peace Corps volunteers in Jamaica, and is to be taught in Puerto Rico at the Universidad de Puerto Rico.
	www.scl-online.net /faq.html (5724 words)

	E:\tmp\converted2html\socrickf.htm
		John Rickford demonstrates the circularity of assigning class position an independent identity in his studies of Guyanese creole as used in the village of Canewalk.
		This would have limited local meaning to the creole speakers, who also define their social attitudes in terms of differences between fieldworkers on the one hand and artisans and shopworkers on the other.
		The tensions were in part defined by attitudes toward the standard language, with the former group rejecting the acrolect and the latter embracing it in a normative way.
	way.net /creole/socrickf.html (139 words)

	Salikoko Mufwene: Pidgin and Creole Languages
		The term `Creole' was originally coined in Iberian colonies, apparently in the sixteenth century, in reference to nonindigenous people born in the American colonies.
		Thus, Creoles have been defined inaccurately as `nativized pidgins,' i.e., pidgins that have acquired native speakers and have therefore expanded both their structures and functions and have stabilized.
		For instance, Adolfo Coelho (1880±1886) partly anticipated Bickerton's (1984) `language bioprogram hypothesis' in stating that Creoles' owe their origin to the operation of psychological or physiological laws that are the same everywhere, and not to the influence of the former languages of the people among whom these dialects are found.
	humanities.uchicago.edu /faculty/mufwene/pidginCreoleLanguage.html (3599 words)

	GUYANA: Oh brother!
		Guyanese know the difference between English and Creolese, though not many may be able to speak English well, or read or write.
		Guyanese Creolese draws its lexicon from African, English and Indian (Amerindian too) words and its grammatical structure from a particular (or a few) African language(s).
		Many, many 'snobbish' Guyanese [and this happens in Jamaica too, I know, but in Jamaica they say it's Patois] feel that Creolese is 'broken English', that's because they are ignorant linguistically, and don't know about it having a grammar all of its own.
	sapodilla.blogspot.com /2005/06/oh-brother.html (4512 words)

	Background Notes Archive - Western Hemisphere
		On October 5, 1992, a new National Assembly and Regional Councils were elected in the first Guyanese elections since 1964 to be internationally recognized as free and fair.
		President Jagan appointed a prime minister and a cabinet consisting of eight Indo-Guyanese, four Afro-Guyanese, and two Guyanese of Portuguese, one of Chinese, and one of American Indian descent.
		The Guyanese currency generated by the sale of the wheat is used for purposes jointly agreed upon by the U.S. and Guyana Governments.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /ERC/bgnotes/wha/guyana9400.html (3712 words)

	Guyana
		The largest nationality sub-group is that of the descendants of India, also known as East Indians (Indo-Guyanese), comprising 43.5 percent of the population in 2002.
		However, the Guyanese economy has rebounded slightly and exhibited moderate economic growth since 1999, based on an expansion in the agricultural and mining sectors, a more favorable atmosphere for business initiatives, a more realistic exchange rate, fairly low inflation, and the continued support of international organizations.
		Abdul Kadir, a former PNC member of the Guyanese parliament, and Guyanese immigrant Russell Defreitas were arrested on 2 June 2007 for allegedly plotting to blow up fuel lines for New York City airports.
	www.jgames.co.uk /title/Guyana (5599 words)

	National Alliance of Gang Investigators' Associations
		Languages: English, Guyanese Creole, Amerindian languages (primarily Carib and Arawak).
		The basically conservative and cooperative nature of Guyanese society has usually contributed to a cooling of racial tensions.
		The Guyanese currency generated by the sale of the flour made from the wheat is used for purposes agreed upon by the U.S. and Guyana Governments.
	www.nagia.org /international/Guyana.htm (3996 words)

	International Englishes
		Creole Languages of the Caribbean Area: A Comparison of the Grammar of Jamaican Creole with Those of the Creole Languages of Haiti, the Antilles, the Guianas, the Virgin Islands, and the Dutch West Indies.
		Islands and Exiles: The Creole Identities of Post/colonial Literature.
		Rickford, J.R. Dimensions of a Creole Continuum: History, Texts, and Linguistic Analysis of Guyanese Creole.
	www.wright.edu /~martin.kich/IntEng/Caribbean.htm (486 words)

	Ethnologue report for Guyana
		It may be intelligible with other English-based creoles of the Caribbean.
		Closest to creoles of Saint Vincent and Tobago.
		Speakers of Rupununi, Berbice Creole Dutch, and Skepi Creole Dutch claim they are not inherently intelligible with each other.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_country.asp?name=GY (341 words)

	LINGUIST List 10.1812: Written Creole: Genuine or Hoax?
		(In linguistics, creole is a generic term for the melding of a dominant language with elements of a subordinate language.
		While a few French-based creoles such as Haitian have standardized spelling and are taught in the schools, English-based creoles don't and aren't.
		This is a pattern that has occurred repeatedly in the Caribbean and the US at least since the 1950s, and it has the effect of preserving and protecting the status quo, and stymieing efforts to enfranchise and include the masses in policy-making, communication, education and the arts.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/10/10-1812.html (1719 words)

	Ethnologue: Guyana
		Speakers are bilingual in Guyanese, which has influenced Berbice considerably.
		About 1/3 of the basic lexicon and, most of the productive morphology is from Eastern Ijo in Nigeria; most of the rest of the lexicon is from Dutch, 10% loans from Arawak and Guyanese Creole English.
		Closest to creoles of Windward and Leeward Islands and Trinidad-Tobago.
	www.christusrex.org /www1/pater/ethno/Guya.html (734 words)

	Sebba, Mark (1997): Contact Languages: Pidgins and Creoles
		Bottomley, K 1996 An evaluation of language policies relating to the use of Creole in the classroom.
		Gibson, K. Tense and aspect in Guyanese Creole: a syntatic, semantic and pragmatic analysis.
		Dimensions of a Creole Continuum: history, texts and linguistic analysis of Guyanese Creole.
	www.ling.lancs.ac.uk /staff/mark/resource/bibliog.htm (520 words)

	Guyana Caribbean Politics: Book Shelf
		Reading V.S. Naipaul's Biswas, a Guyanese must strain sometimes for communal resonance or self-recognition; his Indians are not our Indians; then again Port of Spain, Shorthills, Arwacas in no way resemble the Courentyne with its backdams and rivers and giant blue skies.
		In Monar's Indian world, creoles are a non-interfering but unsettling presence; creole behavior serves to reinforce the values and norms of wary Indian generations.
		Janjhat has been praised elsewhere for its preferred use of Guyanese Creole, for its apparent validation of a community whose canal and canefield lives are considered underrepresented in Guyanese fiction; for its depiction of Indians whose dignity and right to exists have been violated at painful periods in our history.
	www.guyanacaribbeanpolitics.com /books/janjhat.html (1111 words)

	SULAIR: Reference Guide for Pidgin
		Gibson, K. Tense and Aspect In Guyanese Creole With Reference to Jamaican and Carriacouan.
		Kihm, A. Pidgin and Creole Linguistics - Muhlhausler,p.
		Todd, L. Pidgin and Creole Languages - Essays In Memory of Reinecke,john,e., - Gilbert,gg.
	www-sul.stanford.edu /depts/ssrg/pidgins/appb.html (1154 words)

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