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Topic: Gymnosophists

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	Gymnosophists Totally Explained
		Gymnosophists is the name (meaning "naked philosophers") given by the Greeks to certain ancient Indian philosophers who pursued asceticism to the point of regarding food and clothing as detrimental to purity of thought (sadhus or yogis).
		The term is first used by Plutarch in the 1st century CE, when describing the encounter of Alexander the Great with ten gymnosophists.
		In the 2nd century CE, the Christian theologian Clement of Alexandria distinguishes the Gymnosophists, the philosophers of the Indians, from the Sramanas, "the philosophers of the Bactrians":
	gymnosophist.totallyexplained.com (655 words)

	Gymnosophists
		Gymnosophists ("naked philosophers"): Greek expression for the sages of India (saddhus) and a group of probably imaginary sages of Ethiopia.
		The expression "gymnosophist" is used for the first time in a story about the Macedonian conqueror Alexander the Great, who visited the Punjab and the valley of the Indus in 327-325 BCE.
		It was believed that Greek philosophers like Pythagoras had visited India and had studied with the gymnosophists, which are usually presented as pious men who believed in the transmigration of the soul and abstined from meat and wine.
	www.livius.org /gs-gz/gymnosophists/gymnosophists.html (468 words)

	The Internet Classics Archive \| Lycurgus by Plutarch
		The Egyptians say that he took a voyage into Egypt, and that, being much taken with their way of separating the soldiery from the rest of the nation, he transferred it from them to Sparta, a removal from contact with those employed in low and mechanical occupations giving high refinement and beauty to the state.
		But as for his voyages into Spain, Africa and the Indies, and his conferences there with the Gymnosophists, the whole relation, as far as I can find, rests on the single credit of the Spartan Aristocrates, the son of Hipparchus.
		Nor were the kings themselves averse to see him back, for they looked upon his presence as a bulwark against the insolence of the people.
	classics.mit.edu /Plutarch/lycurgus.html (5826 words)

	The Gymnosophists
		Among the populations of the Greek city states, the Spartans are believed to have been among the first to practise nudity.
		In time the climate warmed a bit to allow naturists to organise but the term gymnosophy remained so the English Gymnosophist Society was formed in 1922 and renamed the New Gymnosophist Society in 1926.
		The New Gymnosophist Society purchased some land at Bricketts Wood, near St. Albans in Hertfordshire which became a nudist colony.
	www.angelfire.com /weird2/obscure2/gym.html (1318 words)

	Theosophy World — Home Page
		He is such an involuntary murderer who has wandered in the desert for seven months and the gymnosophists still withhold their pardon." "I am afraid you speak to me of men who have not much wisdom to boast of," said Apollonius, "if they refuse expiating him.
		Apollonius told him how this man was the thirteenth in descent from the enemy of the gymnosophists and that he ought to have been acquitted at once of his involuntary crime, and even had it been voluntary, they might well have crowned him.
		Timasion went out to the gymnosophists, which he knew well, and returned to Damis with the information that they would be with Apollonius next day, full of their suspicions.
	www.theos-world.com /archives/show.php?NAME=tw200311&PATH=txt&DESC=November (14918 words)

	Theosophy World — Home Page
		Damis was delighted, and so was Nilus, the youngest of the gymnosophists, who leaped with joy and running to Apollonius took his hand and asked him to tell all that had passed in India.
		The formality in the way of the necessity of the consent of the gymnosophists, which Apollonius pointed out, was of small moment, because Nilus had gone to them on the report that they were a colony of the Indian School of Iarchas.
		The gymnosophists gladly enrolled him among themselves, though inveighing against the Indians, so that he had the full intention of going to sea in search of the Hill of the Sages, if he had not met Apollonius.
	www.theos-world.com /archives/show.php?NAME=tw200312&PATH=txt&DESC=December (13765 words)

	1998 APA Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Power relationships and the ultimate direction of cultural change also seem to dictate Plutarch's representation of the gymnosophist Calanus.
		In both texts Calanus requests that Onesicritus strip before joining his gymnosophist disciples.
		In Strabo it is merely a request to conform to local practice.
	www.apaclassics.org /AnnualMeeting/98mtg/abstracts/mayer.html (463 words)

	GYMNOSOPHISTS (gymnoso... - Article en ligne de l'information environ GYMNOSOPHISTS (gymnoso...
		- Article en ligne de l'information environ GYMNOSOPHISTS (gymnoso...
		GYMNOSOPHISTS (gymnosophistae de Lat., des yuµvos de gr., de vo4mrrits, "des philosophes nus")
		End of Article: GYMNOSOPHISTS (gymnosophistae de Lat., des yuµvos de gr., de vo4mrrits, "des philosophes nus")
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /fr/GUI_HAN/GYMNOSOPHISTS_gymnosophistae_de.html (367 words)

	christian
		The most interesting body of literature on these aspects of the secrets of the world is the medieval Alexander-literature.
		Within this genre, Alexander the Great was often portrayed as a philosopher king, who not only had an unquenchable desire for conquest (for which he was criticized by the Indian gymnosophists in the Hellenistic Alexander-romances), but also for knowledge of the mysteries of the world.
		His pursuit of knowledge led him further and further toward the "edges of the world," where he felt its secrets would be revealed to him.
	www.southwestern.edu /ACS/latin/team11/christian.htm (294 words)

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