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Topic: H1N1

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	H1N1 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		H1N1 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus).
		H1N1 has mutated into various strains including the Spanish Flu strain (now extinct in the wild), rare and mild human flu strains, endemic pig strains, and various strains found in birds.
		It was caused by the H1N1 type of influenza virus, which is similar to bird flu of today, mainly H5N1 and H5N2.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/H1N1 (465 words)

	The Manila Times Internet Edition \| OPINION > 1918 killer flu yields research for next global flu pandemic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The 1918 H1N1 virus was the deadliest disease of the 20th century, killing between 20 and 40 million people, far more than the estimated 15 million who had died in the just-ended conflict.
		Someone with H1N1 would unwittingly incubate the virus for 1.9 days on average and then be visibly infectious for 4.1 days, spreading the disease through coughing and sneezing.
		In other words, H1N1 is unlikely to have some special secret, such as the power to infect with just a few viral particles, that enabled it to spread more quickly.
	www.manilatimes.net /national/2004/dec/16/yehey/opinion/20041216opi7.html (1205 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The pandemic of 1918-19 was caused by H1N1; this was also based on studies of sera obtained from persons who lived through the 1918-19 pandemic period, using a prototype H1N1 virus isolated from human as antigen.
		Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the H1N1 virus is intermediate between mammals and birds and might have been adapted in humans before the 1918 pandemic.
		H1N1 was replaced by H2N2; the new serotype emerged to cause the Asian flu pandemic of 1957.
	www.pitt.edu /AFShome/S/U/SUPER1/public/html/lecture/lec0652/016.htm (202 words)

	XL3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Considering the extended period of H1N1 and H3N2 co-circulation and the frequency at which H1N2 viruses are found in swine, it is somewhat surprising that few isolations of human H1N2 viruses have been made.
		Classical swine H1N1, which is phylogenetically related to the virus responsible for the 1918 human Spanish Flu pandemic, circulates predominantly in North America and Asia.
		In Europe, H1N1 viruses also circulate, but this lineage is derived from a wholly avian-like virus first detected in the pig population in 1979.
	www.xl3.info /pdf/prod14.htm (3212 words)

	Influenza Viruses epidemiology of pig subtypes H1N1 and H3N2
		Influenza Viruses epidemiology of pig subtypes H1N1 and H3N2
		Serological studies of pigs in the United States have shown that classical swine H1N1 influenza virus was prevalent throughout the pig population, with approximately 25 per cent of fattening pigs having evidence of infection (Hinshaw et al 1978) whilst amongst the longer lived breeding population this figure rises to 45% (Easterday 1980b).
		All of the gene segments of the prototype viruses were of avian origin (Schultz et al 1991) indicating that transmission of a whole avian virus into pigs had occurred, and as a result have been implicated as the possible precursors of the next human pandemic virus (Ludwig et al 1995).
	www.pighealth.com /influenza.htm (2309 words)

	ISD: INFLUENZA ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES: 1981-Present
		Influenza A (H1N1) viruses, antigenically similar to A/Chile/1/83, predominated in the flu season 1983-84 although mortality hardly crossed the epidemic threshold.
		Influenza A (H1N1) viruses predominated; however, the number of influenza type B viruses increased as the season progressed.
		Influenza A (H1N1) and B viruses co-circulated in the United States and worldwide during the 2000--01 influenza season.
	www-flu.lanl.gov /review/annual.html (4687 words)

	Influenza Virus Spead - swine and human zoonotic infections
		Further evidence of the spread of influenza viruses from humans to pigs was the appearance in pigs of H1N1 viruses (or antibodies to H1N1) related to those circulating in the human population since 1977 (Aymard et al 1980; Nerome et al 1982; Goto et al 1992; Brown et al 1995b).
		Genetic analysis of two strains of H1N1 virus isolated from pigs in Japan revealed that the HA and NA genes were most closely related to those of human H1N1 viruses circulating in the human population at that time (Katsuda et al 1995a).
		In Europe, avian H1N1 viruses were transmitted to pigs (see ‘avian-like’ H1N1 viruses), established a stable lineage and have subsequently been reintroduced to turkeys from pigs causing economic losses (Ludwig et al 1994; Wood et al 1997).
	www.pighealth.com /influenzaB.htm (3080 words)

	Update: Influenza Activity --- United States and Worldwide, May--September 2001
		Influenza A (H1N1) and B viruses circulated widely; influenza A (H3N2) viruses were reported infrequently and were not associated with widespread outbreaks in any country during October 2000--May 2001.
		During May--September 25, influenza A (H1N1) and B viruses circulated in Asia and Oceania; influenza A (H3N2) viruses were identified less frequently than influenza A (H1N1) and B viruses and were not associated with widespread activity.
		Influenza A (H1N1), A (H3N2), and B viruses circulated during the winter in the Southern Hemisphere (May--mid-September) and summer (May--mid-September) in the Northern Hemisphere.
	www.cdc.gov /mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5038a2.htm (1668 words)

	Newsletter: Swine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Influenza viruses were first isolated from pigs in the U.S. and the British Isles in the 1930s, although SIV had been recognize clinically during the summer of 1918.
		These were H1N1-subtype viruses and their isolation from pigs followed closely upon the 1918 human H1N1 influenza pandemic that claimed more than 20 million lives.
		First, the classical H1N1 SIV are zoonotic and can be transmitted directly from pigs to people, which has been documented at least ten times in the U.S. since 1974, including five cases in which the infection proved fatal for the humans.
	www.cas.psu.edu /docs/CASDEPT/VET/vetex/swine/07991.html (579 words)

	Untitled Document
		In fact, influenza-like disease was recognized clinically among pigs in the United States during the late summer and fall of 1918, and recent evidence clearly indicates that the 1918 human virus and the 1930s swine viruses are closely related.
		H1N1 influenza viruses have continued to infect pigs in the United States ever since the 1930s.
		Furthermore, the a reassortant swine H1N1 virus was isolated from a person in Wisconsin in 1998, and reassortant swine H1N2 and H3N2 viruses have been isolated from turkeys in the U.S. Classical swine influenza viruses can also be directly transmitted to humans as zoonotic infections, sometimes with fatal consequences.
	www.vetmed.wisc.edu /pbs/zoonoses/influenza/swineflu.html (707 words)

	[No title]
		In Europe, serologic examination of finishing pigs has revealed the prevalence of the H1N1 and H3N2 strains to be, respectively, 92% and 57% in Belgium (1996), 73% and 62% in Spain (1992), 55% and 51% in Germany (1993), and 60% and 30% (1990) or 54% and 13% (2001, Loeffen, personal communication), in the Netherlands.
		Swine influenza H1N1 and H3N2 infections were responsible for half of the cases of acute respiratory disease, which was confirmed in a follow-up study conducted between 1996 and 2000 (2001, Loeffen, personal communication).
		When, in 1977, the H1N1 virus reappeared in the human population, the people who had been infected 20 years previously with H1N1 were still resistant to infection or disease [15].
	www.vetscite.org /publish/articles/000041/article.html (6949 words)

	Untitled Document
		Persistence of a 1930 swine influenza A (H1N1) virus in Quebec.
		Antigenic and genetic variation in influenza A (H1N1) virus isolates recovered from a persistently infected immunodeficient child.
		An influenza A (H1N1) virus closely related to swine influenza responsible for a fatal case of human influenza.
	www.vetmed.wisc.edu /pbs/zoonoses/influenza/influenzaref.html (790 words)

	NIMR, London :: World Influenza Centre
		Although A H1N1 and A H1N2 viruses circulated at low level in most parts of the world, they were prevalent in N.America where H1N2 viruses were the principal cause of outbreaks in Canada.
		The HAs of the H1N1 and H1N2 viruses were antigenically closely related to those of the current vaccine strain, A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1), and A/Egypt/96/02 (H1N2) and were indistinguishable in HI tests using post-infection ferret antisera.
		None were A/Bayern/7/95-like.The HA sequences were in general similar to those of viruses isolated during the previous year; most of the H1N1 sequences fell within phylogenetic group 1 (Fig 1, Report 2002).
	www.nimr.mrc.ac.uk /wic (530 words)

	1933 Human Sequences in 2004 H1N1 Swine Isolates
		Two of the swine isolates are H1N1 and they have the same alteration which abolishes the glycosylation site.
		The 1933 virus has significant homology with the 1918 pandemic strain and WSN/33 was actually isolated for the study of neurotropic disease caused by the 1918 pandemic strain.
		It seems that people born after 1933 would have limited immunity to the H1N1 virus isolated from the swine in South Korea in 2004.
	www.recombinomics.com /News/12040402/1933_2004_H1N1.html (241 words)

	1933 Sequences in 2004 Korean H1N1 Swine Isolates Raise Concern (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Since two of the isolates are H1N1 (the other 4 are H9N2), they should have no problem infecting humans, and since there is no evidence for these viruses circulating in the wild, it would seem that most people would have limited immunity.
		Moreover, WSN was isolated in 1940 to study the neurotropic effects caused by the 1918 pandemic strain and I believe that WSN/33 is closely related to one of the parental strains that generated the 1918 pandemic strain (via recombination).
		Thus, the two H1N1 swine isolates are very closely related to each other and WSN/33 (which was actually isolated in 1940, although it came from the 1933 mixture used to infect mouse brains in 1940).
	discuss.agonist.org /smf?board=6;action=display;threadid=20606 (2165 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Establishment of a Pig Model for the 1930 H1n1 Swine Influenza Virus and Application of ...
		Technical Abstract: The aims of this study were to establish a pig model for the 1930 H1N1 swine influenza virus and its rescue by reverse genetics.
		Influenza A/swine/IA/15/30 H1N1 (ATCC VR333) is the first influenza virus isolated from swine and genetically related to the 1918 Spanish Flu virus.
		In summary, we have established a pig model for studies on the pathogenicity of the 1930 H1N1 SIV and we are now constructing an infectious clone using reverse genetics.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=177424 (414 words)

	Antigenic and genetic diversity among swine influenza A H1N1 and H1N2 viruses in Europe -- Marozin et al. 83 (4): 735 ...
		Antigenic and genetic diversity among swine influenza A H1N1 and H1N2 viruses in Europe -- Marozin et al.
		Antigenic and genetic diversity among swine influenza A H1N1 and H1N2 viruses in Europe
		A/Nagasaki/76/98 (A/Nag/76/98, H3N2), A/duck/Hong Kong/412/78 (Dk/HK/412/78, H4N2), A/duck/Hong Kong/Y280/97 (Dk/HK/Y280/97, H9N2), A/duck/Hokkaido/8/80 (Dk/Hok/8/80, H3N8), A/swine/Tennessee/24/77 (Sw/Tn/24/77, H1N1), A/swine/Tennessee/26/77 (Sw/Tn/26/77, H1N1), A/turkey/Minnesota/833/80 (Ty/Mn/833/80, H4N2).
	vir.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/83/4/735 (4377 words)

	Avian influenza, Prevention and treatment, H5N1, H1N1, Bird Flu, What is avian influenza? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		H1N1 was the first identified strain of Type A influenza.
		The gene sequence indicates that the 1918 epidemic was caused by H1N1, normally considered a strain of swine flu (which itself falls under avian influenza) that in this case passed directly from birds to humans.
		The reconstructed virus is very different from normal human viruses in that it infects lung cells which would normally be impervious to the virus [3].
	www.kusgribinedir.com /bird_flu_avian.htm (1579 words)

	Risk Of Avian Flu Pandemic
		The 1918 Type A H1N1 virus that killed between 20 to 40 million people worldwide is antigenically related to a "A/Swine/Iowa/30 (Sw/Iowa/30)" orthomyxovirus[2].
		The present "avian flu" virus, A/H5N1, of concern because of its potential likelihood of causing a global influenza pandemic has neuraminidase (N1) that is genetically related to the N1 of the 1918 A H1N1 "Spanish flu" virus[3].
		However, the classic swine strain, sw/Iowa/15/30, and the contemporary human viruses are not direct descendants of the 1918 human pandemic strain, but did diverge from a common ancestral virus around 1905.
	www.rense.com /general62/pandddd.htm (698 words)

	Characterization of Avian H3N3 and H1N1 Influenza A Viruses Isolated from Pigs in Canada -- Karasin et al. 42 (9): 4349 ...
		Characterization of Avian H3N3 and H1N1 Influenza A Viruses Isolated from Pigs in Canada -- Karasin et al.
		Characterization of Avian H3N3 and H1N1 Influenza A Viruses Isolated from Pigs in Canada
		Detection of two antigenic subpopulations of A (H1N1) influenza viruses from pigs: antigenic drift or interspecies transmission.
	jcm.asm.org /cgi/content/full/42/9/4349 (3581 words)

	ISD: Northern and Southern Hemisphere Vaccine Selections
		Influenza A (H1N1) viruses were associated with outbreaks in many countries in the northern hemisphere.
		Influenza type B viruses were isolated sporadically in the United States and worldwide and were antigenically similar to the 1999--2000 vaccine strain B/Beijing/184/93 and to the widely used equivalent vaccine strain B/Yamanashi/166/98.
		A/Beijing/262/95-like (H1N1) viruses were identified in Asia and South America and A/Bayern/7/95-like (H1N1) viruses were identified in Europe and the United States during the preceding year.
	www.flu.lanl.gov /vaccine/previous_selections.html (2897 words)

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