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Topic: H2S radar

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	The Crew Who Flew
		They used overlays (sheets of talc superimposed with the radar picture relating to the target) which they produced themselves with painstaking precision, and worked out offsets as well as studying their targets until these were known to them as well as their own home town.
		He could use radar for this as it painted a picture of the ground over which the aircraft was flying.
		By tilting his radar scanner upwards into the 'Fishpool' mode the Nav Rad could scan ahead and to the side of the aircraft and was, therefore, able to 'see' any approaching fighters.
	www.avrovulcan.com /vcrew2.htm (810 words)

	H2S radar - Education - Information - Educational Resources - Encyclopedia - Music
		The H2S radar was used in bombers of RAF Bomber Command, it was designed to identify targets on the ground for night and all weather bombing.
		On January 30 1943 H2S radar is used by RAF bombers for navigation for the first time and so became the first ground mapping radar to be used in combat.
		The new targeting radar was designed to fit in a blister on the belly of a bomber, where the antenna would rotate to scan the terrain and feed the reflections to a PPI display, producing a map of sorts of the land below the bomber.
	www.music.us /education/H/H2S-radar.htm (1631 words)

	APSS - RADAR & RADIO ................................................ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The H2S was the first airborne microwave radar using a cavity magnetron to generate previously unobtainable power levels, this cavity magnetron is the device inside every microwave oven today.
		The radar was designed to improve the accuracy of RAF bombing over Germany - it had been discovered that less than half the bombs dropped at night were falling within five miles of the target.
		The Oldest radar is the AI23, 'Airpass', fitted to the Lightning interceptor and in RAF use for almost 20 years from the mid 1960s.
	www.apss.org.uk /projects/radar/index.htm (648 words)

	[2.0] Early Radar Technology
		The radar had to compensate for the fact that radar echo returns farther away from the center of the display were fainter, distorting the radar "image", and so the receiver sensitivity was adjusted to be greater at greater angles.
		Since a search radar was blocked by the horizon and suffered from surface clutter reflections, the idea was to put a radar in an aircraft that could fly at a high altitude to give it a wide view and greater freedom from ground clutter.
		The radar unit is fixed in the nose of the aircraft and pointed down at an angle, with the altitude and speed indicators scaled to compensate.
	www.vectorsite.net /ttradar_2.html (4947 words)

	World War 2 RADAR
		Detection radars are used to create a RADAR map of all objects in all directions and often as far as possible.
		The greatest advantage of using RADAR is that it denies the enemy of the ability to use the element of surprise, of being hidden by distance, by night or by clouds until it's too late to defend against it or to attack it before it disappears.
		The more advanced RADAR detectors were used to analyze everything possible about enemy radars, their power, radio wave frequency, pulse rate, pulse width, and other technical parameters from which engineers could learn a lot about the capabilities of enemy radars, and design "electronic warfare" counter-measures to use against them.
	www.2worldwar2.com /radar.htm (1112 words)

	uboat.net - Fighting the U-boats - Technical pages
		When radar was developed in Britain in the late 1930s it was clear that any airborne radar had to be vastly different from the gigantic "Chain Home" radar masts that gave early warning to Britains fighter defense.
		Avro Anson K6260, this radar proved that it was capable of tracking the aircraft carrier HMS Courageous, the battleship HMS Rodney, and the cruiser HMS Southampton, in weather conditions that would have made conventional reconnaissance impossible.
		ASV Mk.XI The ASV Mk.XI was a centrimetric radar intended for the TBR (torpedo bomber and reconnaissance) aircraft of the Fleet Air Arm, the component of the Royal Navy that operated carrier aircraft.
	uboat.net /allies/technical/uk_radars.htm (2762 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - The History of Radar
		True, a bat's radar doesn't use electromagnetic rays, but the working principle is the same as that of a modern radar, with a chirped signal, target-tracking by Doppler estimation, PRF agility, terrain avoidance function, and fine angle measurement based on the monopulse principle.
		Radar was kept highly secret throughout WWII, and only in 1946 was it published that an American device had successfully measured the distance to the moon, which is a round trip of some 770,000km.
		Once a radar warning receiver inside the aircraft detected the signal from a ground-based acquisition or missile guidance radar, the seeker-head of the ARM was cued - and after lock-on, the missile would home in on the source of the signal (the radar itself) and destroy it.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/brunel/A591545 (2435 words)

	Telecommunications Research Establishment - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Development of radar had been initiated by Sir Henry Tizard's Aeronautical Research Committee in 1935 at Orfordness near Ipswich.
		Another major wartime development was H2S radar using the newly developed cavity magnetron, for use by RAF bombers to identify ground targets for night and all-weather bombing.
		TRE was combined with the Army Radar Establishment in 1953 to become the Radar Research Establishment - and was renamed the Royal Radar Establishment in 1957.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Telecommunications_Research_Establishment (350 words)

	H2S Radar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		H2S was the English radar equipment on board of aircrafts of the Bomber and Coastalcommand airforces.
		The mainpart was a magnetron valve housed in a cavity resonator.
		The opening on the left upper of the front is were the cable to the parabolic earial is put in.
	home.hetnet.nl /~nuilre/HS2radar.html (222 words)

	Find Us Weather Radar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		APQ-181 B-2 Radar - The AN/APQ-181 is an all-weather, low probability of intercept (LPI) radar system designed by Hughes Aircraft (now Raytheon) for the U.S. H2S radar - The H2S radar was used in bombers of RAF Bomber Command.
		Weather Radar - Weather Radar Weather Flying Weather Flying is regarded in the industry as the bible of weather flying.
		Robert Buck, a general aviation weather radar and commercial pilot with tens of thousands of hours of flight time, explains weather in a nontechnical way, giving pilots useful understanding of weather weather radar and practical knowledge of how to judge it weather radar and fly it.
	do49.mantapdm.com /usweatherradar.html (929 words)

	British Radar and H2S Systems
		It consisted of 21 long range radar stations followed by a spate of short-range radar stations which were almost guaranteed to pick up incoming signals.
		Oboe use two radar stations and triangulation to guide bombers to their targets - leading to the direct hit of a building in one of Oboe's first combat tests.
		H2S penetrated radar waves through cloud cover, and returning radar waves were displayed on a set in the plane - light colored areas reflected lots of waves, indicating buildings, while flat hills and trees showed up dark.
	www.stanford.edu /~e2wu/histday/radar.htm (343 words)

	Introduction of OBOE and H2S
		Radar has the potential to measure distances very accurately and this accuracy is not reduced with range.
		OBOE system was unusual amongst radar devices in that it was initially not welcomed when it was first made, by official sources outside the research station; this criticism persisted even after trials had showed it had promise.
		Whenever a new radar device was considered to be promising, consideration had to be given to the effects of it falling into German hands through crashed aircraft and the possibility of German jamming it before its full value could be realised.
	www.qsl.net /pe1ngz/stories/story-oboe-h2s.html (4615 words)

	H2S radar - Definition, explanation
		The Americans adapted the X-Band version of H2S (H2S Mk VI) as H2X radar which they regarded as a significant improvement and which was tested by the RAF Bomber Command in 1945.
		H2S performed its first experimental flight on 23 April, with the radar mounted in a Handley Page Halifax bomber.
		H2S was noteworthy for introducing the Plan Position Indicator, or PPI the rotating-map display that is now familiar to radar operators the world over.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/h/h2/h2s_radar.php (1671 words)

	NLS - H2S
		H2S was a development from the British ASV (Air to Surface Vessel) radar, mounted in an aircraft.
		This had a steerable radar beam, and was used over water to search for surface objects such as submarines.
		H2S and its alternate were worked on by the same group of "boffins".
	www.lancastermuseum.ca /s,h2s.html (1052 words)

	U-Boat Radar Warning Receivers - Metox, Wanze, photos
		When allied radar frequencies were detected, it simply gave an audible warning on the boat’s loudspeakers.
		A further advanced radar warning device, the Tunis covered the 3cm band which was used by US radar.
		Athos was the final radar warning receiver set developed during the war.
	www.uboataces.com /radar-warning.shtml (1472 words)

	Milestones - Wilhelmshaven - 11/12th February 1943
		Bad weather was forecast and the Pathfinders used the recently adopted H2S radar to identify the target and a new sky marking technique using parachute flares.
		The radar produced an image of the ground below on a cathode ray tube screen and was very effective in areas of coastline, rivers and lakes where the water features showed up well.
		The Germans also developed a ground based H2S detection system called Korfu which could give them a constant plot of the bomber stream and was so sensitive that it could even detect the H2S test transmissions from bomber aircraft parked at their dispersals in the UK.
	elshamwolds.50g.com /milestones-wilhe.html (769 words)

	index
		At first these he was involved with airborne interception radar, but became closely involved in the H2S project to develop an aircraft radar system that could project a map of the ground onto a screen as the aircraft flew.
		H2S was not ready when Blumlein and two other top EMI scientists were killed in the crash, so news of his death was kept to a bare minimum to prevent the Axis powers realising that Britain's radar programme had received a major setback.
		He was part of a team testing the H2S system, which could locate and detect targets from the air regardless of weather conditions.
	www.evolutionofsound.org /content/biog/alanblumlein.html (747 words)

	RAF UPWOOD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Airborne device which warned that the aircraft carrying it was being monitored by Würzburg gun laying radar or Lichtenstien radars.
		Radar navigational aid which could provide the navigator with a fix from pulses transmitted by three ground stations.
		A blind bombing aid which produced a radar 'picture' of the terrain over which the aircraft was passing.
	www.rafupwood.co.uk /radarandradio.html (807 words)

	Weather Radar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Although "Radar & Satellite Weather Interpretation for Pilots includes an in-depth review of satellite and weather radar fundamentals as applied to flight, it is far more than a collection of facts - it is a working tool that teaches pilots solid decision-making and risk assessment skills.
		The Standard Reference on Radar Technology--Completely Revised and Updated RADAR HANDBOOK Second Edition Thoroughly revised to reflect advances made in radar technology over the past two decades, this second edition of the Radar Handbook will be welcomed by radar engineers, designers, and technicians the world over.
		A sampling of the many new radar advances includes: Systems such as HF over-the-horizon radar for long-range detection, space-based radar for global coverage, doppler weather radar for improved weather forecasting, radar guidance of missiles, and 3D air surveillance radar.
	po16.regaldata.com /weatherradar.html (1015 words)

	Television, Radar and J.L. Baird
		Awareness of radar and its crucial role in World War II only reached the general public in 1945, as victory was achieved.
		This theme was not taken up by others and Appleton's name is just a footnote in the official radar histories, although his purely scientific work on the ionosphere was recognised when he received the Nobel prize in physics in 1947.
		The name of Robert Watson Watt is firmly linked with radar in the public mind, not only as the leader of the operational team after 1935, but also as the inventor of radar.
	www.bairdtelevision.com /radar.html (2598 words)

	NBS
		The radar could rotate through a full 360 degrees, but could also be selected by the Nav Radar to sweep a small arc once a target had been identified.
		However, while the radar was good there could often be circumstances where the nature of the target was such that the radar return would either be negligible, infrequent or possibly too large.
		Using a film the Radar would study the approach to the target, frame by frame, looking for small but persistent radar returns that he feels would be suitable for use as an offset aiming point.
	www.john-dillon.co.uk /V-Force/nbs.html (3710 words)

	British Radar in World War 2 - an online exhibition - The IET (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Radar (Radio Detection and Ranging) was first developed in Britain in the 1930s after the British Government realised that there was a real threat from the German air force.
		Development work was begun at Orfordness on the South Coast and by 1939 a chain of 18 radar stations covering the east and south coast of England had been erected.
		Other radar systems developed throughout the war includedÂ IFFÂ (Identification Friend or Foe, where friendly aircraft identified themselves using radar signals), H2S (a centimetric Air Interception system which presented a 'map' of the ground on a cathode ray oscilloscope housed in the aircraft) and Oboe (a navigation system for bombers).
	www.iee.org /TheIEE/Research/Archives/Exhibitons/Radar/index.cfm (251 words)

	Untitled Document
		In mid-June 1935, they had succeeded in detecting radar echoes from a flying boat at a range of 17 miles, and by September the range for the detection of aircraft had increased to 40 miles.
		It was while working on H2S that Blumlein and several of his colleagues were killed during a demonstration flight in a Halifax bomber.
		H2S went on to become one of the most important radar developments of the Second World War, allowing accurate bombing of enemy targets with a precision never before achievable.
	doramusic.com /Radar.htm (2152 words)

	radar
		The magnetron became the heart of the H2S radar which also used a PPI CRT installed in British bombers.
		Unlike the disclosure of the German radar secrets, the British worked in the strictest of confidence and secrecy during WWII and developed the H2S airborne radar which used a magnetron and a PPI.
		In February 1943, a Stirling bomber with the H2S radar was shot down near Rotterdam and the radar was found by the Germans.
	www.radarworld.org /england.html (986 words)

	Sir Robert Watson-Watt
		There were night-fighters equipped with AI radar, but in the night raids of 1940 they proved to be of little use.
		The importance of developing a ground radar specifically for controlling the night-fighters had not been foreseen and the necessary work was not started until the end of 1939; the first such radar - called GCI (Ground Controlled Interception) - was delivered to the RAF in October 1940.
		After the first of these GCI radars was put into service it took only a few months for the night-fighters to develop the procedure and skills needed to make a controlled interception in the dark.
	www.radarpages.co.uk /people/watson-watt/watson-watt10.htm (779 words)

	381st BGMA Stories: Mickey Operators
		It was also referred to as the MK II radar and, quite naturally, MK II operators became known as "Mickey" operators.
		H2X was a U.S. improvement of the British H2S radar.
		The Mickey Operator, using the H2X radar, measured the range or distance to the target and relayed this information to the bombardier on a continuing basis.
	www.381st.org /stories_howland-mickey.html (2488 words)

	uboat.net - Technical pages
		In the spring of 1943, the U-boats suffered badly because of the introduction by the British of a 10cm ASV radar.
		Actually, clear evidence had been presented to the Germans when a Stirling bomber carrying a 10cm H2S radar crashed near Rotterdam, in the Netherlands, on 2 February; but apparently this information was slow to reach the Kriegsmarine.
		The Naxos radar warning receiver was built by Telefunken, using components of the FuG 25 Zwilling IFF equipment.
	www.uboat.net /technical/detectors.htm (789 words)

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