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Topic: H3N2

	Animal Health - Swine Influenza, H3N2
		Two antigenically distinct reassortant viruses (H3N2) were isolated from infected animals: a double-reassortant virus containing genes similar to those of human and swine viruses, and a triple-reassortant virus containing genes similar to those of human, swine, and avian influenza viruses.
		Because the U.S. pig population was essentially naive in regard to H3N2 viruses, it was important to determine the extent of viral spread.
		H3N2 influenza viruses recovered from Quebec swine in 1990 have previously been shown to be similar to earlier 1975 human strains, suggesting that pigs act as a reservoir for human influenza virus.
	www.fass.org /fasscience/animalhealth.asp (2086 words)

	Influenza A (H3N2) Outbreak, Nepal \| CDC EID
		In July 2004, an outbreak of influenza A (H3N2) was detected at 3 Bhutanese refugee camps in southeastern Nepal.
		H3N2 viruses continue to drift from the vaccine strain and may remain as the dominant strains during the 2005–2006 influenza season.
		The phylogeny of H3N2 HA proteins indicates a drifting of the Nepal isolates from the A/Fujian/411/03 and A/Wyoming/03/03 vaccine strains and shows that these outbreak isolates have a higher genetic homology to A/Wellington/1/04, a prototype strain selected as the 2005–2006 Southern Hemisphere H3 vaccine strain (Figure 2).
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/EID/vol11no08/05-0302.htm (3119 words)

	FluMist Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, Studies, Metabolism - Influenza Virus Vaccine - RxList Monographs
		The predominant circulating strain of influenza virus during the trial period was A/Sydney/05/97 (H3N2), a strain that differed antigenically from the A/Wuhan/359/95 (H3N2) strain contained in FluMist.
		The ability of FluMist to protect adults from influenza illness after challenge with wild-type influenza was assessed in a multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in healthy adults 18-41 years of age who were serosusceptible to at least one strain included in the vaccine [12].
		Wild-type A (H3N2) influenza virus was documented to have circulated in the community and in the study population during the trial, whereas Type A (H1N1) and Type B strains did not.
	www.rxlist.com /cgi/generic3/flumist_cp.htm (2090 words)

	H3N2 influenza virus transmission from swine to turkeys, United States.(Research) - Emerging Infectious Diseases - ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In 1998, H3N2 triple reassortants with genes derived from human (HA, NA, and PB1), swine (M, NS, and NP), and avian viruses (PA and PB2) were first isolated in the United States; they have since become endemic in swine populations (7-9).
		According to the Influenza Sequence Database (23), the greatest sequence similarity was to genes of recent, triple-reassortant swine H3N2 (viruses containing gene segments derived from swine, avian, and human viruses) and swine H1N2 viruses from the United States (Table 2).
		The first is that the H3N2 viruses have been successfully established in pigs and have demonstrated an ability to reassort with human (8), swine (11), and avian viruses (10).
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:126239681&num=17&ctrlInfo=Round9d%3AProd2%3ASR%3AResult&ao= (3133 words)

	JGV Direct - H3N2 influenza viruses from chickens in Italy (L. Campitelli and others)
		In Italy, multiple H3N2 influenza viruses were isolated from chickens with mild respiratory disease and were shown to replicate in the respiratory tracts of experimentally infected chickens; this finding is the first to show that H3N2 influenza viruses can replicate and cause disease in chickens.
		H3N2 influenza viruses in pigs on nearby farms seemed a likely source of the virus; however, antigenic and molecular analyses revealed that the gene segments of the viruses in chickens were mainly of Eurasian avian origin and were distinguishable from those isolated from pigs and wild aquatic birds in Italy.
		Because the farms containing chickens from which H3N2 influenza viruses were isolated were located in an area with many pig farms and because H3N2 swine influenza virus had been detected in those pigs during the autumn of 1994, we questioned whether the pigs were the source of the H3N2 influenza virus that infected the chickens.
	www.sgm.org.uk /JGVDirect/18036/18036ft.htm (4818 words)

	California Shuts Out Fujian 54-0 in H3N2 Influenza A Battle
		The H3N2 sub-type of influenza A usually causes the most severe disease, and it is the human sub-type that has been changing most rapidly worldwide.
		This season Fujian-like H3N2 was used in the human vaccine (in the US a Fujian like strain from Wyoming, A/Wyoming/3/2003, was used).
		By the end of the first week in 2005 there had been 88 H3N2 isolates in the US that had been sub-typed, and all were Fujian.
	www.recombinomics.com /News/02190505/California_Fujian.html (398 words)

	Scientific (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The most commonly used H3N2 vaccine strain during the 2004 season was A/Wyoming/3/02, an a/Fujian/411/02-like virus, while the B viruses included either the B/Shangdong/7/97 or B/Brisbane/32/02 strains.
		Subsequent data obtained from a number of South African H3N2 strains sent to the WHO Collaborating Centres (WHO CCs) for Influenza Reference and Research in Melbourne and London for further serological characterisation by HI showed that they were antigenically similar to the more recent A/Christchurch/28/03 and the A/Wellington/1/04 reference strains.
		Several H3N2 isolates had the same amino acid changes at 145 (lysine to asparagines) and 226 (valine to isoleucine) that were seen in some of viruses isolated from New Zealand, Australia and Asia isolated later in the 2004 season (WHO data, Melbourne).
	www.flu.co.za /scientif.htm (873 words)

	Evolution of Swine H3N2 Influenza Viruses in the United States -- Webby et al. 74 (18): 8243 -- The Journal of Virology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The severity of disease and the isolation of H3N2 influenza viruses in swine are issues of concern for the ecology and epidemiology
		Seroprevalence of swine influenza in U.S. pig populations.
		Although the increase in H3N2 activity is due to viruses antigenically similar to Sw/TX/98, it is not certain that this increase
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/full/74/18/8243?view=full&pmid=10954521 (4810 words)

	INFLUENZA
		In 1968, a new subtype (H3N2) emerged and was referred to as the "Hong Kong flu" since it was first detected in Hong Kong before it spread globally causing the third pandemic.
		The influenza strains that circulated in the Northern Hemisphere 2001/02 season were both influenza A (H3N2) viruses as well as influenza B strains.
		A few influenza A (H3N2) viruses have also been isolated and these have been shown to be closely related to the H3N2 vaccine strain.
	www.scienceinafrica.co.za /2002/june/flu.htm (1711 words)

	Vidyya Medical News Service - Today in Vidyya
		This report summarizes influenza activity in the United States* (1) and worldwide during May--September 25; influenza A (H1N1), A (H3N2), and B viruses continued to circulate worldwide and were associated with mild to moderate levels of activity.
		Of the 67 influenza A (H3N2) viruses antigenically characterized, 61 (91%) were similar to A/Panama/2007/99, the H3N2 component of the 2001--02 influenza vaccine, and six (9%) showed reduced titers with A/Panama/2007/99 antisera.
		Influenza A (H1N1), A (H3N2), and B viruses circulated during the winter in the Southern Hemisphere (May--mid-September) and summer (May--mid-September) in the Northern Hemisphere.
	www.vidyya.com /today/v3i177_4.htm (1489 words)

	NIMR, London :: World Influenza Centre
		The H1 of H1N2 viruses, which emerged in the UK in the early 1990s, is descended from H1N1 viruses circulating in the human population in the early 1980s, while the H3 and N2 components are descended from H3N2 swine viruses closely related to early human H3N2 viruses.
		In contrast, the H3N2 viruses recently responsible for widespread outbreaks in the USA contain H3 and N2 components closely related to those of human influenza viruses circulating since 1995 and are triple reassortants possessing genes of swine, human and avian origin.
		A characteristic feature of viruses circulating in pigs in Europe since the mid 1980s is their resistance to the anti-influenza drugs, amantadine and rimantadine, due to the presence of asparagine at position 31 of the M2 channel.
	www.nimr.mrc.ac.uk /wic/animalflu (360 words)

	Safety Net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		These cross-protection studies are significant because, of the three major swine flu strains circulating in the United States, H3N2 is found in 20% of the herds, according to diagnosticians at the University of Minnesota.
		But don’t expect to see H3N2 working on its own, she cautions.“It is very possible for one herd to carry multiple SIV strains, including H3N2, classical H1N1 (cH1N1), reassortant H1N1 (rH1N1) and H1N2,” Gramer says.
		For instance, Texas-98 — the dominant H3N2 in 1998 — belonged to Cluster I. Today, according to research conducted at the University of Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, the dominant strains for H3N2 resemble Illinois-99, a Cluster III virus.
	www.xl3.info /newsroom/safety_net.htm (1045 words)

	ISD: Northern and Southern Hemisphere Vaccine Selections
		Although A/Sydney/05/97-like (H3N2) viruses have predominated in the United States for the last three influenza seasons, an increasing proportion of antigenically characterized A (H3N2) isolates worldwide were more similar to the A/Moscow/10/99 and A/Panama/2007/99 reference strains, two antigenically equivalent viruses.
		Vaccination with the 1999--2000 A/Sydney/05/97-like (H3N2) strain stimulated HI antibodies that were lower in titer and frequency to some recent A (H3N2) isolates (2).
		At present therefore, it is not possible for manufacturers to include the recommended H3N2 component in vaccines to be available at the beginning of the southern hemisphere winter.
	www.flu.lanl.gov /vaccine/previous_selections.html (2897 words)

	flu fujian h3n2 strain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		to the vaccine strain A/Panama/2007/99 (H3N2), and 46 (84%) were similar to the drift variant, A/Fujian/411/2002 (H3N2), that predominated in...
		Note that this deadly Flu strain in December 2003 is type H3N2 Fujian, which originated in the Fujian province of China, the Red Dragon; so this Flu...
		A (H1N1), A (H1N2), A (H3N2), and influenza B viruses have...
	www.symptoms-information.com /flu-symptoms/flu-fujian-h3n2-strain.html (1064 words)

	Re: How exactly does influenza evolve into new strains so often?
		If two different subtypes of influenza A virus infect the same cell, their genetic segments are able to reassort and produce a new influenza virus with segments from both infecting viruses.
		In 1968, another new virus appeared — a H3N2 virus, known as the “Hong Kong Flu.” This virus was not as severe as the H2N2 virus, since it only varied in the HA antigen.
		This phenomenon is known as “antigenic drift.” The H3N2 virus has been able to successfully drift from its initial appearance in 1968 and still produce infections in 1999.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/jan2000/947803959.Vi.r.html (1134 words)

	ISD: Northern and Southern Hemisphere Vaccine Selections
		Therefore, a recommendation on the H3N2 component has been deferred and the final recommendation will be published on 14 March 2003.
		Updated H3N2 vaccine component: Additional data has confirmed that, in hemagglutinin-inhibition tests, an increasing proportion of recent isolates are distinguishable from A/Panama/2007/99 and are similar to A/Fujian/411/2002.
		However, since no A/Fujian/411/2002-like virus suitable as a vaccine candidate has been isolated in eggs, and since many recent isolates are antigenically closely related to A/Panama/2007/99, it is recommended that the A(H3N2) component of the vaccine for the 2003-2004 season be an A/Moscow/10/99-like virus.
	www.flu.lanl.gov /vaccine (1736 words)

	Vetweb.cz - veterinářství
		H3N2 kmeny virů „ptačí linie“, izolované v asijských chovech prasat od 70.
		Zahrnují klasické prasečí H1N1 viry, H1N1 viry „ptačí linie“, H3N2 viry „lidské“ i „ptačí linie“ i H1N2 pocházející z různých zdrojů.
		Swine influenza H3N2 viruses circulating in pig population in China in 2001 closely related to avian influenza viruses.
	www.vetweb.cz /projekt/clanek.asp?pid=2&cid=2786 (3676 words)

	Influenza Viruses epidemiology of pig subtypes H1N1 and H3N2
		Influenza Viruses epidemiology of pig subtypes H1N1 and H3N2
		H3N2 influenza A viruses related to a human strain from 1973, continued to circulate in European pig populations long after their disappearance from the human population.
		This apparently high level of H3N2 infections in Europe is in sharp contrast to the low prevalence in pigs in North America which suggests that the virus is not established in the American swine populations, but occurs only by infrequent introduction from infected humans (Easterday 1980a).
	www.pighealth.com /influenza.htm (2309 words)

	[No title]
		Среди людей пока установлена циркуляция вирусов с гемагглютининами 1-5 и нейраминидазами 1-2 (H1N1, H2N2, H3N2).
		Эпидемии, вызванные вирусами H1N1, H3N2, вирусом B и их комбинациями, ежегодно распространяются из Южного полушария (май-октябрь) в Северное (ноябрь-апрель) и обратно.
		Активность вируса H3N2 была выражена больше в азиатских странах, однако в феврале отмечено возрастание активности вируса в ряде европейских стран, в т.ч.
	www.medi.ru /doc/15b0005.htm (244 words)

	Monitoring Anitbodies for Swine Influenza H3N2 and H1N1 Viruses
		Swine influenza (SI) is an acute, infectious and highly contagious febrile respiratory disease of swine caused by type A influenza viruses.
		The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test is a customary method for the detection of antibodies against H3N2 and H1N1 viruses.
		The HerdChek Swine Influenza H3N2 Antibody Test Kit and HerdChek Swine Influenza H1N1 Antibody Test Kit provide rapid screening for the presence of antibodies to swine influenza, indicating a herd's vaccine-immune response or exposure to the H3N2 and H1N1 types of SI viruses.
	www.idexx.com /production/swine/swine_influh3n2.cfm (425 words)

	Question & Answer with Dr. Garry Gordon
		Among the 4,992 samples identified to contain influenza viruses, 99.6% of the viruses were Influenza A (and 0.4% were influenza B viruses).
		When subtyping was performed on 157 of the 1016 viral samples, 45 (29%) were found to be antigenically similar to vaccine strain A/Panama, and 112 (71%) were found to be similar to the drift variant, A/Fujian.
		Even though the A/Fujian strain has been found in 71% (112) of this sample, what is being downplayed is that nearly 30% of the viruses have been identified as "antigenically similar" to viruses found in FluZone and FluMist: 45 samples (29%) had A/Panama strain viruses and 1 sample had the A/New Caladonia virus.
	www.gordonresearch.com /answers/flumist_back_in_the_news.html (1153 words)

	Arkansas Hospital Association Dr. Snow 03-10-05
		The hemagglutinin proteins of the influenza A (H1) viruses were similar antigenically to the hemagglutinin of the vaccine strain A/New Caledonia/20/99.
		One hundred thirty-four (47%) of the 284 influenza A(H3N2) isolates were characterized as antigenically similar to A/Wyoming/3/2003, which is the A/Fujian/411/2002-like (H3N2) component of the 2004-05 influenza vaccine.
		Sixty-six of the influenza B viruses isolated this season belong to the B/Yamagata lineage and were characterized as B/Shanghai/361/2002-like, which is the influenza B component recommended for the 2004-05 influenza vaccine, and 5 showed somewhat reduced titers to ferret antisera produced against B/Shanghai/361/2002.
	www.arkhospitals.org /snow%2003-10-05.html (427 words)

	Vergangene Influenzawelle war besonders heftig
		Der Grund für diese ungewöhnliche Konstellation: Die drei an der Grippewelle beteiligten Virustypen A (H3N2 und H1N1) und B erreichten ihr Maximum jeweils knapp zeitversetzt.
		Bei der vergangenen Grippewelle dominierte der Subtyp Influenza A (H3N2).
		Sie hätte aber besser sein können, wenn der Impfstoff den H3N2- Stamm A/California enthalten hätte.
	www.aerztezeitung.de /docs/2005/09/28/173a0501.asp?cat=/medizin/impfen (356 words)

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