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Topic: HIV vaccine

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	HIV Vaccine Glossary, NIAID Fact Sheet
		In HIV vaccines, anti-idiotype vaccines are made from antibodies generated against antibodies to the virus.
		The precise correlates of immunity in HIV transmission are unknown.
		HIV replication is regulated by a delicate balance among cytokines.
	www.niaid.nih.gov /factsheets/GLOSSARY.htm (5623 words)

	Science News: HIV Vaccine Update
		Most HIV vaccine candidates that have been developed so far have been designed to generate antibodies to a protein called gp120 that is found on the surface of the AIDS virus.
		The vaccine incorporates genetic material from the A, B and C clades of HIV, which together are associated with some 90 percent of all HIV infections worldwide.
		If an when the multicalde vaccine is shown to be safe and to elicit an effective immune response, the researchers would then add additional HIV protein components in an attempt to increase the immune response even further.
	www.accessexcellence.org /WN/SU/SU102001/hivvax02.html (902 words)

	HIV/AIDS-Vaccine Research at the NIH
		Developing a vaccine or vaccines that are safe and effective in preventing HIV infection in exposed individuals is a major public health priority in the national and international effort to combat this pandemic.
		HIV disease continues to have a major impact on public health worldwide, and its spread is projected to worsen through the year 2000 and beyond.
		Vaccine strategies therefore may need to be tailored for route of HIV exposure and may require combination approaches to optimize protection from frequent and/or multiple routes of exposure, especially in individuals whose immune status might be compromised by other factors.
	www.hivpositive.com /f-Treatment/Vaccines/NIHresearch.htm (3782 words)

	HIV Vaccine Glossary
		Efficacy -- in vaccine research, the ability of a vaccine to produce a desired clinical effect, such as protection against a specific infection, at the optimal dosage and schedule in a given population.
		Prime-boost -- in HIV vaccine research, administration of one type of vaccine, such as a live-vector vaccine, followed by or together with a second type of vaccine, such as a recombinant subunit vaccine.
		Vector -- in vaccine research, a bacterium or virus that does not cause disease in humans and is used in genetically engineered vaccines to transport genes coding for antigens into the body to induce an immune response.
	www.webmd.com /hiv-aids/HIV-vaccine-glossary (5758 words)

	HIV vaccine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An HIV vaccine is a hypothetical vaccine against HIV, the etiological agent of AIDS.
		However, the classical vaccination approaches that have been successful in the control of various viral diseases by priming the adaptive immunity to recognise the viral envelope proteins have failed in the case of HIV-1, as the epitopes of the viral envelope are too variable.
		In February 2003, Vaxgen announced that their AIDSVAX vaccine was a failure in North America as there was not a statistically significant reduction of HIV infection within the study population (Francis et al., 2003).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/HIV_vaccine (2893 words)

	HIV vaccine Summary
		However, the classical vaccination approaches that have been successful in the control of various viral diseases by priming the adaptive immunity to recognise the viral envelope proteins have failed in the case of HIV-1, as the epitopes of the viral envelope are too variable.
		Vaccines against other diseases where correlates were not known and where there were no ideal animal model have been developed.
		Although the vaccination process involved many repeated "booster" injections, it was very difficult to induce and maintain the high anti-gp120 antibody titers necessary to have any hope of neutralizing an HIV exposure.
	www.bookrags.com /HIV_vaccine (5565 words)

	FRONTLINE: the age of aids: the virus: finding a cure: is an aids vaccine out of reach? \| PBS
		A live attenuated vaccine: The measles vaccine is an example of this type of vaccine, which is developed by weakening a live pathogen in order to reduce its ability to cause disease, but just enough to still allow it to raise immune responses inside the vaccine recipient.
		Most of the 30 vaccine candidates that are currently in trials are therapeutic vaccines, which try to stop the virus from progressing to AIDS in already-infected individuals and maybe even prevent an infected person from passing on the virus to an uninfected person.
		The Web site for the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative includes an overview of the state of global research; a series of primers on issues surrounding vaccine research and development; a database of all the vaccines currently in clinical trials; and the archives of the IAVI Report, its bimonthly newsletter.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/aids/virus/vaccines.html (1639 words)

	The Seattle Times: Local News: HIV vaccine results are promising
		An experimental HIV vaccine, which scientists say is the most promising in 20 years, has had such good results recently that researchers are doubling the number of volunteers involved in the trials.
		For now, the Seattle-based vaccine network is increasing the number of research subjects from 1,500 to 3,000 internationally, including boosting the number in Seattle from 50 to 100.
		The single-gene vaccine triggered a weak response in volunteers who had previously been exposed to the particular cold virus used as the vehicle — one of dozens of adenoviruses that cause colds.
	seattletimes.nwsource.com /html/localnews/2002576494_hivvaccine22m.html (1024 words)

	The Body: Large HIV Vaccine Trial Begins
		Nevertheless, there was a clear difference in these studies between vaccinated and unvaccinated chimpanzees: While all the unvaccinated animals got infected when challenged with HIV, all the vaccinated chimps, two in one study and three in the other, were protected.
		The general opinion among community vaccine advocates, including David Gold and Sam Avrett from the AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition (AVAC), is that on the whole the trial is a step forward, and may give a clear answer to the question of whether or not AIDSVAX is efficacious.
		One of the dilemmas associated with the study of preventive HIV vaccines is the ethical requirement to provide participants, most of whom are individuals who engage in high-risk behavior, with effective counseling on the need and the ways to reduce the risk of getting infected.
	www.thebody.com /gmhc/issues/oct98/vaccine.html (3117 words)

	Bio160- HIV Vaccine Strategies
		Major impediments to developing a successful vaccine include constant variability of the virus (within the individual) through mutation and recombination, multiple virus subtypes, the inability of most known specificities of anti-HIV antibodies to consistently neutralize primary HIV isolates and the lack of full understanding of the correlates of immunity.
		The vaccine being tested in Thailand has the same structure as AIDSVAX B/B, except that its gp120 envelope has antigens from clade B and clade E. Clade E is an HIV subtype which is especially prevalent in Thailand and the rest of the pacific rim (VaxGen, 1999).
		The vaccine, referred to as ALVAC vCP205, is manufactured by Pasteur Merieux Connaught and consists of a weakened canary pox virus carrying 3 HIV genes derived from clade B virus.
	www.brown.edu /Courses/Bio_160/Projects1999/hiv/vacstrat.html (2543 words)

	Vanderbilt HIV Vaccine Program
		HIV is the virus that is known to cause AIDS.
		HIV is an enveloped (lipid-coated) virus in the Retrovirus family.
		Most HIV vaccines are designed to generate immune responses to either the core (Gag) proteins or the envelope glycoproteins (gp120) or to both.
	www.hivvaccineresearch.com /science.html (489 words)

	Promising Multi-strain HIV Vaccine Candidate Emerges (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The candidate vaccine - still in the early developmental stages at the Institute of Human Virology (IHV) -- is described in a report to appear during the week of Aug. 19-23 in U.S. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), authored by Drs.
		The surface of HIV is coated with a protein called gp120 that has chemical features that vary from strain to strain.
		It has been difficult to find a single vaccine component that is able to generate antibodies that recognize the many forms of gp120 that exist in nature.
	www.ihv.org /news/multi_strain_vaccine.htm (885 words)

	SFCC :: STD Basics : HIV Vaccine Research
		For this particular vaccine, this isn't the problem because it only is training the immune system to recognize inner HIV proteins, not the proteins that cope with the outer envelope.
		While this vaccine is based on the subtype of HIV most common throughout North and South America and Western Europe, people who receive this vaccine do seem to also generate some immune responses against other types of HIV common in Africa and Asia.
		While some people are studying vaccines based on killed HIV or weakened HIV, those studies are only being done on animals and are unlikely to be ever done on people.
	www.dph.sf.ca.us /sfcityclinic/stdbasics/hivvaccine.asp (1759 words)

	AIDSinfo - HIV Vaccine Awareness Day
		HIV Vaccines Explained: A brochure published by the NIAID, explaining HIV vaccines—what an HIV vaccine is, why an HIV vaccine is important, preventive versus therapeutic vaccines, vaccine availability, and vaccine testing.
		Partnerships for AIDS Vaccine Evaluation PAVE is a voluntary consortium of U.S. government agencies and key U.S. government-funded organizations involved in the development and evaluation of HIV/AIDS preventive vaccines and the conduct of HIV vaccine clinical trials.
		Development of Preventive HIV Vaccines for Use in Pediatric Populations: FDA guidance providing recommendations to sponsors regarding data to support the (1) initiation of pediatric studies of a preventive HIV vaccine under a United States (U.S.) investigational new drug application (IND); and (2) licensure of a preventive HIV vaccine for pediatric use.
	aidsinfo.nih.gov /other/hivVaccineAwarenessDay.aspx (758 words)

	HIV Vaccines - Advocates for Youth
		Ideally the vaccine would be given to uninfected (HIV-negative) people to keep them from becoming infected, if exposed to HIV, by helping their immune system to respond faster to the HIV virus before it takes over the immune system's defenses.
		While no vaccine exists yet, scientists believe they are getting closer to finding an effective preventive HIV vaccine and are working to speed up the research process.
		Given the high rates of HIV infection among young people ages 13 to 24 and the disproportionate rates of HIV infections among youth of color, it is important that African American and Latino youth ages 18 to 24 volunteer and support HIV vaccine research.
	www.advocatesforyouth.org /hivvaccine.htm (591 words)

	HIV VACCINE ETHICS COMMITTEE REPORT
		The HIV Network for Prevention Trials (HIVNET) was established in 1993 by the Division of AIDS (DAIDS) of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID).
		The vaccine to be studied is based on this HIV subtype so that countries in the Caribbean and Brazil are particularly appropriate for studies with this vaccine.
		Vaccine volunteers, as stated in the proposal, "will be healthy HIV-1 uninfected adults who fully comprehend the purpose and details of the study and are carefully screened to be at lower risk of acquiring HIV infection."
	www.healthsectorreform.gov.tt /whitepapers/hivethics.htm (5075 words)

	CNN.com - Unsung 'heroes' help create AIDS vaccine - September 6, 2001
		An advertisement in the paper was the impetus for Al Cotton to participate in an HIV vaccine trial.
		As AIDS vaccines move through the research pipeline, it will take thousands of volunteers like Cotton and Epstein before researchers can be sure they have an effective vaccine.
		Nevertheless, when researchers design a vaccine trial, they rely on the fact that some volunteers are going to be exposed to the disease.
	archives.cnn.com /2001/HEALTH/conditions/09/06/vaccine.volunteers (810 words)

	Human Test: Novel Vaccine Stops HIV
		The vaccine is made from a patient's own dendritic cells and HIV isolated from the patient's own blood.
		After getting three under-the-skin injections of the tailor-made vaccine, the amount of HIV in the patients' blood (called the viral load) dropped by 80%.
		It's still not clear which patients do best with the vaccine, although there's evidence that vaccination should be given as soon after HIV infection as possible.
	www.webmd.com /content/Article/97/104268.htm (368 words)

	Vaccines HIV/AIDS-Related Research at NIH
		Even though these vaccines have not been totally effective in preventing virus infection, the concept that control of viral load may be an equally important vaccine outcome has been recognized because of data that suggest that partners of HIV-infected subjects become infected far less frequently when there is a reduced level of HIV transmission.
		Continued followup of the rare individuals who had received attenuated forms of HIV and of nonhuman primates that have received attenuated virus with nef gene alterations reveals that many have progressed to disease years after infection, leading to increasing concern as to whether an attenuated vaccine for HIV will be possible.
		The first trial of an HIV vaccine in Africa is examining whether cross-type CTL are generated by Ugandan individuals in response to a vaccine that is derived from an HIV type that is common in the United States and Europe but less common in other parts of the world.
	www.oar.nih.gov /about/research/vaccines/oarvacc.htm (2502 words)

	ScienceDaily: First Human Tests Under Way Of HIV Vaccine Pioneered At UNC
		An adult male, at low risk for HIV infection, was the first of 48 volunteers in the United States to be vaccinated.
		Joining Johnston and Davis in designing this "first-generation" HIV vaccine were Dr. Ronald Swanstrom, professor of biochemistry and biophysics and director of the UNC Center for AIDS Research; Dr. Jeffrey Frelinger, professor and chair of microbiology and immunology at UNC; and Drs.
		The trial is being conducted by the HIV Vaccine Trials Network, which is funded and supported by NIAID, a component of the National Institutes of Health.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2003/08/030806075632.htm (937 words)

	PROGRESS IN HIV VACCINE RESEARCH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Only a single case of natural clearance of infection has been reported; and this, together with the absence of any documented cases of recovery from the disease, raises the question of whether any vaccine against HIV could possibly be effective in preventing infection with the virus.
		It is likely that a successful vaccine will have to induce a three-pronged immune response consisting of: i) neutralising antibodies targeted to conserved epitopes of the viral envelope; ii) CTL targeted to a variety of viral antigens; and iii) local mucosal immunity consisting of sIgA and CTL.
		It is unlikely that a single vaccine will achieve all this, and a combination of vaccines will probably be necessary.
	www.hivdent.org /kabst/kabstrpll3.htm (351 words)

	ScienceDaily: 'EuroVacc 02' HIV Vaccine Trial Begins
		These vaccines are based on HIV subtype C, which is prevalent in China, India and sub-Saharan Africa, and constitutes more than 50 percent of the new HIV infections worldwide.
		The trial will carefully evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the combination of the vaccines, in particular their ability to generate HIV-specific cell-mediated immune response to HIV, which is considered to be a key determinant of protection against infection.
		The DNA-HIV-C vaccine was developed by Professors Hans Wolf and Ralf Wagner at the University of Regensburg based on a representative Chinese subtype C isolate CN54 jointly developed with Professor Yiming Shao from the CDC Beijing.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2005/02/050223124947.htm (798 words)

	HIVinfosource (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		MERCK 027: Phase IIa HIV Vaccine Study: This is a Phase IIa dose refinement study.
		MERCK 023: HIV Vaccine Study: This is a Phase II proof of concept study of an experimental vaccine that may one day prevent HIV infection or keep people who do become HIV-infected healthier.
		The vaccine is made of an adenovirus (a common virus that causes colds and sore throats) that has been changed to contain man-made copies of genes from HIV.
	www.hivinfosource.org /vaccine2005 (626 words)

	Survey Uncovers Surprising Attitudes about HIV Vaccine Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The primary objective of the survey was to assess attitudes, knowledge and awareness of HIV vaccine research in the United States.
		High percentages of each group felt it was important to personally support HIV vaccine research: 89 percent of both Hispanics and of men who have sex with men, 86 percent of African Americans and 73 percent of the general population.
		Murguía, have helped identify which populations researchers need to target for better understanding of HIV vaccine research, as well as which messages need to be tailored to specific populations.
	www.hivandhepatitis.com /recent/ad/081005_a.html (930 words)

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