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Cholesterol - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cholesterol is primarily synthesized from acetyl CoA through the HMG-CoA reductase pathway in many cells/tissues. Amongst the genes transcribed are the LDL receptor and HMG-CoA reductase. A large part of this mechanism was clarified by Dr Michael S. Brown and Dr Joseph L. Goldstein in the 1970s. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cholesterol   (1712 words)

Feedback and Hormonal Regulation of Hepatic 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase: The Concept of Cholesterol ... responsible for the in vitro degradation of the reductase with Nucleotide sequence of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, a glycoprotein of endoplasmic reticulum. Post-transcriptional regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase by 3ß-hydroxy-lanost-8-en-32al, an intermediate in the conversion of lanosterol to cholesterol. www.ebmonline.org /cgi/content/full/224/1/8   (7533 words)

Inflammation, Immunity, and HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors: Statins as Antiinflammatory Agents? -- Schönbeck and ... with this proinflammatory pathway of adhesion and migration Implications of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase mevalonate pathway in atherosclerosis. Cerivastatin, an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase, inhibits endothelial cell proliferation induced by angiogenic factors in vitro and angiogenesis in in vivo models. circ.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/109/21_suppl_1/II-18   (5077 words)

Purification, Characterization, and Cloning of a Eubacterial 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase, a Key ... The apparent molecular mass of the HMG-CoA reductase was estimated to be 105 kDa by Toyopearl HW 65 and 100 kDa by Superdex 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase from Haloferax volcanii: purification, characterization, and expression in Escherichia coli. Purification of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase from rat liver. jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/181/4/1256   (4478 words)

7-Dehydrocholesterol-dependent proteolysis of HMG-CoA reductase suppresses sterol biosynthesis in a mouse model of ... HMG-CoA reductase, LDL receptor, and sterol response element–binding reductase, HMG-CoA synthase, LDL receptor (LDLR), and squalene Northern blot analysis of (a) hepatic HMG-CoA reductase, HMG-CoA synthase, squalene synthase, LDLR, SREBP-1, and SREBP-2, and (b) RT-PCR–amplified brain HMG-CoA reductase and LDLR mRNA extracted from Dhcr7–/–, Dhcr7+/–, and Dhcr7+/+ newborn mice, demonstrating that expression of all of the genes is the same in the three genotypes. www.jci.org /cgi/content/full/108/6/905   (6696 words)

Plant-Derived Monoterpenes Suppress Hamster Kidney Cell 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Synthesis at ...   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08) Brown, M. & Goldstein, J. (1997) The SREBP pathway: regulation of cholesterol metabolism by proteolysis of a membrane-bound transcription factor. Peffley, D. (1992) Regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase synthesis in Syrian hamster C100 cells by mevinolin, 25-hydroxycholesterol, and mevalonate: the role of posttranscriptional control. Cuthbert, J. & Lipsky, P. (1992) Differential regulation of the expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, synthase, and LDL receptor genes. www.nutrition.org /cgi/content/full/133/1/38   (4699 words)

Coenzyme A   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08) Acetyl-CoA (CoA with acetate highlighted) Coenzyme A ('''CoA''', CoASH, or HSCoA) is adapted from β-mercaptoethylamine, panthothenate and adenosine triphosphate and used in metabolism in areas such as fatty acid oxidization and the citric acid cycle. It is the precursor to HMG CoA, which is a vital component in cholesterol and ketone synthesis. Furthermore, it contributes the acetyl group to acetylcholine; the addition of the acetyl group to choline a reaction that is catalysed by choline acetyltransferase. coenzyme-a.ask.dyndns.dk   (218 words)

HMG-CoA_reductase_pathway   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08) The HMG-CoA reductase pathway, also known as MVA pathway or mevalonate-dependent (MAD) route, is an important cellular metabolic pathway present in virtually all organisms. Regulation of this pathway is also achieved by controlling the rate of translation of the mRNA, degradation of reductase and phosphorylation. Plants have two pathways to create Isoprenoids: this one and the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway (also called MVA independent pathway) in plastids. www.freecaviar.com /search.php?title=HMG-CoA_reductase_pathway   (355 words)

Cholesterol   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08) The HMG-CoA reductase pathwayCholesterol is primarily synthesized from acetyl CoA through the HMG-CoA reductase pathway in many cells/tissues. Conversely, if LDL particle number is low (mostly large particles) and a large percentage of the HDL particles are large (HDL is actively reverse transporting cholesterol), then atheroma growth rates are usually low, even negative, for any given total cholesterol concentration. Multiple human trials utilizing HMG-coA reductase inhibitors or "statins", have repeatly confirmed that changing lipoprotein transport patterns from unhealthy to healthier patterns significantly lower cardiovascular disease event rates, even for people with cholesterol values currently considered low for adults. cholesterol.ask.dyndns.dk   (1444 words)

Articles - Statin   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08) Statins act by competitively inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme of the HMG-CoA reductase pathway, the body's metabolic pathway for the synthesis of cholesterol. Most physicians have now abandoned routine monitoring of liver enzymes and creatine kinase, although they still consider this prudent in those on high-dose statins or in those on statin/fibrate combinations, and mandatory in the case of muscle cramps or of deterioration in renal function. This team reasoned that certain micro-organisms may produce inhibitors of the enzyme to defend themselves against other organisms, as mevalonate is a precursor of many substances required by organisms for the maintenance of their cell wall (ergosterol) or cytoskeleton (isoprenoids). www.gaple.com /articles/Statin   (826 words)

[No title]   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08) In times of demand the mouse is able to utilise the hydroxymethyl-glutaryl-CoA (HMG CoA) reductase/synthase pathway of endogenous cholesterol synthesis while upregulation of this pathway has been demonstrated to be poor in the rat. In those species which use LDL cholesterol for steroidogenesis, or which can use de novo synthesis of cholesterol from the HMG CoA reductase/synthase pathway, molinate sulphoxide, even if produced, will not inhibit cholesterol availability and the steroidogenic cells are able to undergo steroidogenesis as normal. Indeed in vitro culture conditions per se have been reported to induce inappropriate expression of differential pathways of cholesterol uptake (31) such that rat ovarian granulosa cells can be induced to up-regulate the LDL receptor simply as a product of their length of time in culture. ecb.jrc.it /classlab/5399a48_IND_molinate.doc   (3562 words)

Texas Medicaid Vendor Drug Program, HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors Due to an unknown mechanism, gemfibrozil treatment used concomitantly with an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor substantially increases the risk of myopathy and life-threatening rhabdomyolysis to 3-5%. The ability of nefazodone to induce skeletal muscle damage is presumably dose related; therefore, the risk of combined therapy is probably higher in patients receiving large doses of either lovastatin or simvastatin. Patients requiring concurrent therapy with certain HMG CoA reductase inhibitors and some macrolide antibiotics should be monitored regularly for muscular symptoms such as pain, tenderness, or weakness. www.hhsc.state.tx.us /HCF/vdp/Criteria/hmg-coa.html   (2201 words)

British Journal of Pharmacology - A new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, rosuvastatin, exerts anti-inflammatory effects on ... We used intravital microscopy of the rat mesenteric microvasculature to examine the effects of rosuvastatin, a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, on leukocyte-endothelium interactions induced by thrombin. The subsequent lipid-lowering effect is correlated with a decreased risk of coronary and cerebrovascular events, and results in increased survival rates in patients with coronary artery disease (Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group, 1994; Shepherd et al., 1995; Levine et al., 1995; Treasure et al., 1995). HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors have been shown to decrease the risk of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease and hypercholesterolaemia (Treasure et al., 1995; Delanty and Vaughan, 1997). www.nature.com /bjp/journal/v133/n3/full/0704070a.html   (4334 words)

Lovastatin-mediated G1 arrest is through inhibition of the proteasome, independent of hydroxymethyl glutaryl-CoA ... The HMG-CoA reductase assays in MDA-MB-157 cells were performed as described (27). The activity of HMG-CoA reductase is a measure of the percent conversion of pathway (40) and mevalonate increases the activity of the proteasome www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/96/14/7797   (4997 words)

Inhibition of HMG-CoA Reductase by Atorvastatin Decreases Both VLDL and LDL Apolipoprotein B Production in Miniature ... Atorvastatin is a synthetic inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase with Hasler-Rapacz J, Kempen HJ, Princen HMG, Kudchodkar BJ, Lacko A, Rapacz J. Effects of simvastatin on plasma lipids and apolipoproteins in familial hypercholesterolemic swine. Antiatherosclerotic activity of inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in cholesterol-fed rabbits: a biochemical and morphological evaluation. atvb.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/17/11/2589   (7342 words)

Regulation of HMG-CoA Reductase Degradation Requires the P-Type ATPase Cod1p/Spf1p -- Cronin et al. 148 (5): 915 -- The ...   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08) Susceptibility of cod1-1 to the mevalonate pathway inhibitors Hampton, R.Y., Rine, J. Regulated degradation of HMG-CoA reductase, an integral membrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum, in yeast. Meigs, T.E., Roseman, D.S., Simoni, R.D. Regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase degradation by the nonsterol mevalonate metabolite farnesol in vivo. www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/148/5/915   (5726 words)

British Journal of Pharmacology - HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and P-glycoprotein modulation In conclusion, monitoring of R123 transport in living cells by confocal microscopy in addition to fluorimetric assay is a sensitive tool to study P-gp affinity in drug screening that is especially useful for early phases of drug development. The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) represent an established class of drugs for the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia, with potentially fatal adverse events (such as rhabdomyolysis). Identification of a liver-specific human organic anion transporting polypeptide and identification of rat and human hydroxymethylglutaryl- CoA reductase inhibitor transporters.. www.nature.com /bjp/journal/v132/n6/full/0703920a.html   (5832 words)

A second gene for peroxisomal HMG-CoA reductase? A genomic reassessment -- Breitling and Krisans 43 (12): 2031 -- ... Immunological evidence for eight spans in the membrane domain of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase: implications for enzyme degradation in the endoplasmic reticulum. Characterization of peroxisomal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in UT2 cells: sterol biosynthesis, phosphorylation, degradation, and statin inhibition. Characterization of three distinct size classes of human 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase mRNA: expression of the transcripts in hepatic and nonhepatic cells. www.jlr.org /cgi/content/full/43/12/2031   (3141 words)

Inhibition of the 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A Reductase Pathway Induces p53-independent Transcriptional ... Inhibition of the 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A Reductase Pathway Induces p53-independent Transcriptional Regulation of p21WAF1/CIP1 in Human Prostate Carcinoma Cells -- Lee et al. Inhibition of the 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A Reductase Pathway Induces p53-independent Transcriptional Regulation of p21 pathway appears to be between HMG-CoA reductase and squalene synthase. www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/273/17/10618   (4689 words)

Modulatory effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in diabetic microangiopathy -- DANESH and KANWAR 18 (7): 805 -- The ...   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08) Evans, M., Rees, A. (2002) Effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on skeletal muscle: are all statins the same?. Blanco-Colio, L. M., Villa, A., Ortego, M., et al (2002) 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, atorvastatin and simvastatin, induce apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells by downregulation of Bcl-2 expression and Rho A prenylation. Vincent, L., Soria, C., Mirshahi, F., et al (2002) Cerivastatin, an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase, inhibits endothelial cell proliferation induced by angiogenic factors in vitro and angiogenesis in in vivo models. www.fasebj.org /cgi/content/full/18/7/805   (6148 words)

S-Alk(en)yl Cysteines of Garlic Inhibit Cholesterol Synthesis by Deactivating HMG-CoA Reductase in Cultured Rat ...   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08) Chambers, C. & Ness, G. (1998) Dietary cholesterol regulates hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase gene expression in rats primarily at the level of translation. Dotan, I. & Shechter, I. (1983) Properties of latent and thiol-activated rat hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and regulation of enzyme activity. Beg, Z. H., Stonik, J. & Brewer, H. B., Jr (1987) Phosphorylation and modulation of the enzymic activity of native and protease-cleaved purified hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase by a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. www.nutrition.org /cgi/content/full/132/6/1129   (4227 words)

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor mevastatin enhances the growth inhibitory effect of butyrate in the colorectal carcinoma ... HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor mevastatin enhances the growth inhibitory effect of butyrate in the colorectal carcinoma cell line Caco-2 -- Wächtershäuser et al. Narisawa,T., Morotomi,M., Fukaura,Y., Hasebe,M., Ito,M. and Aizawa,R. (1996) Chemoprevention by pravastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced colon carcinogenesis in F344 rats. Lee,S.J., Ha,M.J., Lee,J., Nguyen,P., Choi,Y.H., Pirnia,F., Kang,W.K., Wang,X.F., Kim,S.J. and Trepel,J.B. (1998) Inhibition of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase pathway induces p53-independent transcriptional regulation of p21(WAF1/CIP1) in human prostate carcinoma cells. carcin.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/22/7/1061   (4309 words)

REGULATION OF TOMATO FRUIT DEVELOPMENT AND DIFFERENTIATION BY HMG COA REDUCTASE   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08) INVESTIGATOR: Gruissem, W. To determine the function of the different tomato genes for theenzyme HMG CoA reductase (HMGR) in isoprenoid endproduct accumulation and regulation of fruit growth. The differential expression is correlated with the accumulation of different end-products, synthesized via the isoprenoid pathway, that are specifically needed during different stages of development. The expression of HMG genes was also investigated in ripening tomato fruits in which the carotenoid lycopene accumulates as the major end product. www.nal.usda.gov /pgdic/pggrantinfo/1992/9157089.html   (449 words)

Acute activation and phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors -- Harris et ... Acute activation and phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors -- Harris et al. Atorvastatin, administered at the onset of reperfusion, and independent of lipid lowering, protects the myocardium by up-regulating a pro-survival pathway. Pleiotropic effects of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitors. ajpheart.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/287/2/H560   (4431 words)

HMG-CoA reductase regulation: use of structurally diverse first half-reaction squalene synthetase inhibitors to ... Roitelman, J., Shechter, I. Allosteric activation of rat liver microsomal HMG-CoA reductase by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides. Keller, R. K., Zhao, Z., Chambers, C., Ness, G. Farnesol is not the nonsterol regulator mediating degradation of HMG-CoA reductase in rat liver. Hampton, R. Y., Rine, J. Regulated degradation of HMG-CoA reductase, an integral membrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum in yeast. www.jlr.org /cgi/content/full/40/1/24   (8194 words)

HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors Increase BMD in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients -- Chung et al. 85 (3): 1137 -- Journal ... Proportion of total subjects (A), male subjects (B), and female subjects (C) with a loss of more than 2%, a change of 2% or less, or a gain of more than 2% in BMD of the lumbar spine and total hip. HMG, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor; LS, lumbar spine; FN, femoral neck; FW, femoral ward; FTR, femoral trochanter; TH, total hip. Thus, the importance of the mevalonate pathway in jcem.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/85/3/1137   (2954 words)

HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors Prevent Migration of Human Coronary Smooth Muscle Cells Through Suppression of Increase in ...   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08) Soma MR, Donetti E, Parolini C, Mazzini G, Ferrari C, Fumagalli R, Paoletti R. HMG CoA reductase inhibitors: in vivo effects on carotid intimal thickening in normocholesterolemic rabbits. Suppression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity and inhibition of growth of human fibroblasts by 7-ketocholesterol. Hamelin BA, Turgeon J. Hydrophilicity/lipophilicity: relevance for the pharmacology and clinical effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. atvb.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/21/6/937   (2957 words)

Bacterial Origin for the Isoprenoid Biosynthesis Enzyme HMG-CoA Reductase of the Archaeal Orders Thermoplasmatales and ... Bacterial Origin for the Isoprenoid Biosynthesis Enzyme HMG-CoA Reductase of the Archaeal Orders Thermoplasmatales and Archaeoglobales -- Boucher et al. mevalonate pathway (reductive deacylation of HMG-CoA to mevalonate). Boucher Y., W. Doolittle, 2000 The role of lateral gene transfer in the evolution of isoprenoid biosynthesis pathways Mol. mbe.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/18/7/1378   (5631 words)

Terpenoid   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08) The cannabinoids found in the Cannabis plant are also terpenoids. independent pathway is located in the plastids of plants. DMAPP is a common metabolite in both pathways and and exchange of www.infothis.com /find/Terpenoid   (218 words)

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