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	Richard Corfield
		In December 1872, HMS Challenger steamed out of Portsmouth, England, on an epic four-year circumnavigation of the globe, armed with a mandate to reveal the mysteries of the silent landscape beneath her fragile keel.
		Challenger also assembled data still useful in the study of today's hot topic, global warming, though the evidence is hardly as conclusive as adherents of the warming theory would like.
		HMS Challenger left Portsmouth, England, in December 1872 with an itinerary that had been drawn up, not by commercial explorers or adventure-seekers, but by the academicians of the British Royal Society.
	www.richardcorfield.com /pages/books/silent_landscape/reviews/silent_landscape_reviews.htm (3538 words)

	HMS Challenger information - Search.com
		Under the command of Charles Fremantle, it was responsible for the annexation of the colony of Western Australia in 1829.
		The fifth Challenger was a screw corvette launched in 1858, converted to a survey ship in 1872 in preparation for her famous voyage, hulked in 1880, and sold in 1921.
		The sixth Challenger was a "2nd class cruiser" (a protected cruiser) of the Challenger class in service from 1902 to 1920.
	www.search.com /reference/HMS_Challenger (330 words)

	CalendarHome.com - Space Shuttle Challenger - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Challenger was named after the HMS Challenger, a British corvette which carried out a pioneering global marine research expedition in the 1870s.
		Challenger was also the first orbiter to have a heads-up display system similar to those found in military and newer civilian aircraft.
		Challenger, along with Discovery, was modified at Kennedy Space Center to be able to carry the Centaur-G upper-stage in its payload bay.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=Space_Shuttle_Challenger (1060 words)

	Challenger Expedition
		The voyage of HMS Challenger, a 69 m corvette specially modified for research in OCEANOGRAPHY, was intended to investigate the distribution of animals in the deep sea (particularly representatives of ancient groups) and to solve the problem of how the OCEANS circulate.
		The scientific work of Challenger was directed by Thomson aided by a small staff, notably John MURRAY, a Scot born in Cobourg, Ontario, who later completed the 50-volume report of the expedition.
		The Challenger expedition's effect on Canadian SCIENCE was short-lived, but the voyage stimulated worldwide explorations by many western European nations later in the century.
	www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com /index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&ArticleId=A0001495 (381 words)

	Dive and Discover : History of Oceanography
		HMS Challenger in St. Thomas Harbor in 1876 near the end of its four year long expedition to explore the world’s oceans.
		The Challenger was the first true oceanographic research vessel specifically designed to investigate the biology, geology and chemistry of the oceans and seafloor.
		Challenger also had different winches-mechanical engines used to lower and hoist sounding lines to measure how deep the ocean was.
	www.divediscover.whoi.edu /history-ocean/challenger.html (517 words)

	Oceans For Youth: Educational Website for Kids of All Ages
		The following summer, Thomson was aboard the HMS Porcupine, dredging the ocean to 2,435 fathoms (14,610 feet) off the shore of Ireland and testing thermometers modified to withstand the intense pressures of the deep.
		Challenger spent the spring and summer in the Caribbean, off the coast of Nova Scotia exploring the Gulf Stream, and crisscrossing the Atlantic.
		Unwittingly, they had found the "Challenger Deep," a section of the Marianas Trench, the deepest portion of the Pacific to be discovered at the time, and very close to where the present-day record depth of about seven miles was recorded.
	www.oceansforyouth.com /whats-that/ftr0603.html (3477 words)

	HMS Challenger:
		Under the command of Charles Fremantle, it was responsible for the annexation of the colony of Western Australia in 1829.
		The fifth Challenger was a screw corvette launched in 1858, converted to a survey ship in 1872 in preparation for her famous voyage, hulked in 1880, and sold in 1921.
		The sixth Challenger was a "2nd class cruiser" (a protected cruiser) of the Challenger class in service from 1902 to 1920.
	www.winelib.com /wiki/HMS_Challenger (320 words)

	Science Fair Projects - HMS Challenger (1931)
		HMS Challenger was a survey ship of the United Kingdom's Royal Navy.
		The Challenger was laid down in 1930 at Chatham Dockyard and built in a dry dock.
		The Challenger surveyed in the Persian Gulf in 1947.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/HMS_Challenger_%281931%29 (296 words)

	The Voyage of the Challenger.
		The H.M.S. Challenger embarked from Portsmouth, England on December 21...
		On 21 December 1872 the 2306 ton steam assisted corvette HMS Challenger sailed from Portsmouth on a...
		HMS Challenger - In the middle of her Navy career, Challenger was extensively refitted for the scientific voyage of December 1872 to May 1876.
	www.rollingfelony.com /car-books-reviewed/0385053215.html (425 words)

	HMS Challenger (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Eight ship s of the British Royal Navy have been named HMS Challenger, most famously the survey vessel Challenger that carried the Challenger expedition from 1872 to 1876.
		The fourth Challenger was to have been an 18-gun corvette of 810 tons; the ship was ordered from Chatham Dockyard in 1845, but cancelled in 1848.
		The sixth Challenger was a 2nd class cruiser in service from 1902 to 1920.
	www.purpleuniverse.com /true_associate-HMS_Challenger.html (209 words)

	The Silent Landscape: The Scientific Voyage of Hms Challenger by Joseph Henry Press
		Not only does Corfield outline the voyage, he stops along the way, and punctuates the discoveries of the Challenger crew with brilliant descriptions of the technology used at the time, the personal trials undertaken by the crew, and the conditions of life aboard the ship.
		The Silent Landscape: The Scientific Voyage Of HMS Challenger by Oxford University based earth scientist and science writer Richard Corfield is the true and inherently fascinating story of one boat's 1872 journey and mission to map and sample the ocean floor.
		The HMS Challenger and its crew endured hardships and made history in its seminal and ground breaking contributions to human knowledge.
	www.everything-office-furniture.com /stuff-0309089042.html (1276 words)

	Background to Marine Science
		Challenger was a steam corvette that set sail on December 21, 1872.
		Challenger debunked Edward Forbes notion that life could not be sustained below 549m due to extreme pressures and lack of light.
		The HMS Challenger was the first purely scientific expedition (1872-1880).
	www.utdallas.edu /~msweet/oc-unit1.html (2417 words)

	John F. Kennedy Space Center - Space Shuttle Challenger
		On January 28, 1986, the Challenger and its seven-member crew were lost 73 seconds after launch when a booster failure resulted in the breakup of the vehicle.
		Challenger had been built with a simulated crew module and the forward fuselage halves had to be separated to gain access to the crew module.
		wo orbiters, Challenger and Discovery, were modified at KSC to enable them to carry the Centaur upper stage in the payload bay.
	www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov /shuttle/resources/orbiters/Challenger.html (549 words)

	Challenger Expedition 1872-1876
		Each time the Challenger stopped to take samples of marine life, a record was made of location, type of equipment used to take the sample, and the depth from which it was taken, as well as several measurements of the surrounding water including temperature and specific gravity.
		Challenger Expedition station information is useful to many types of scholars, from historians of science, to oceanographers, but it is especially valuable to biologists who study marine life.
		Challenger station information and scanned expedition charts were collected as part of the "Stations of the Challenger Expedition Online" project, funded by an award in 2002 from The University of Kansas Digital Library Initiative.
	hercules.kgs.ku.edu /hexacoral/expedition/challenger_1872-1876/challenger.html (1719 words)

	Final Gallery
		The Challenger, named after the British Naval research vessel HMS Challenger, was a newly designed space orbiter.
		Due to weather, the launch date of the Challenger was moved to this date from its previously scheduled launch date of January 22nd.
		Even though the explosion of the Challenger was devastating, the technological advancements that came about from the accident furthered space exploration for generations to come.
	aerospacescholars.jsc.nasa.gov /has/Students/finalGall.cfm?id=4692 (1152 words)

	HMS Challenger (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The cruise of HMS Challenger was the first expedition organized and funded for a specific scientific purpose: to examine the deep-sea floor and answer comprehensive questions about the ocean environment.
		Challenger's scientific objectives as determined by the Royal Society were:
		To investigate the physical conditions of the deep sea in the great ocean basins (as far as the neighborhood of the Great Southern Ice Barrier) in regard to depth, temperature, circulation, specific gravity and penetration of light.
	www.aquarium.ucsd.edu /challenger/science.cfm (307 words)

	Challenger (Dampfschiff)
		Die HMS Challenger war ein britisches Dampfschiff welches für meereskundliche Forschungsfahrten eingesetzt wurde.
		Die sogenannte Challenger Expedition die in den Jahren 1872 bis 1876 unter der Führung von Sir George und Wyville Thomson durchgeführt wurde führte das als erstes Dampfschiff rund um die ganze Erde wobei es nahezu 70.000 Meilen zurücklegte.
		Februar 1874 war die HMS Challenger das erste Dampfschiff welches den südlichen Polarkreis überquerte.
	www.uni-protokolle.de /Lexikon/HMS_Challenger.html (115 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Eight ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Challenger, most famously the survey vessel Challenger">Challenger that carried the Challenger expedition">Challenger expedition from 1872 to 1876.
		The fifth Challenger">Challenger was a screw corvette launched in 1858, converted to a survey ship in 1872 in preparation for her famous voyage, hulked in 1880, and sold in 1921.
		The sixth Challenger">Challenger was a "2nd class cruiser" (a protected cruiser) of the Challenger class">Challenger class in service from 1902 to 1920.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=HMS_Challenger (284 words)

	HMS_Challenger_(1858) - The Wordbook Encyclopedia
		The fifth HMS Challenger (launched 1858) was a steam assisted British naval corvette.
		In 1862 she took part in operations against Mexico, including the occupation of Vera Cruz, and in 1866 a punitive operation against some Fijian natives to avenge the murder of a missionary and some of his dependents.
		The Challenger carried a complement of 243 officers, scientists and crew when she embarked on her 68,890 nautical mile (127,670 km) journey.
	www.thewordbook.com /HMS_Challenger_(1858) (385 words)

	Combing oceans floors for the planet's secrets - The Washington Times: Non-Fiction Review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Challenger also assembled data still useful in the study of today's hot topic, global warming, though the evidence is hardly as conclusive as adherents of the warming theory would like.
		Challenger literally scoured the oceans of the world, using miles of piano wire and a small dredge to retrieve samples of the ocean floor at every navigable latitude.
		The massive report of the "Challenger" voyage, 50 volumes written by John Murray, the most famous of the scientists involved, would have remained unfinished as the British treasury had tired of funding it a few years after the voyage ended successfully.
	washingtontimes.com /books/20030927-112322-2177r.htm (1014 words)

	Mar-Eco - The Secrets of the Deep (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Expedition on the HMS Challenger stands apart as one of the most significant events in the history of marine science.
		The findings of the cruise were published over a period of 19 years in the series Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger In all 4 717 new species were described at this historic cruise.
		It was a four-month cruise in the Atlantic Ocean in the spring and summer of 1910, exploring the North Atlantic south to Africa with the most modern ocean research vessel of the time, equipped for deep sea studies.
	www.mar-eco.no /learning-zone/backgrounders/chemistry/The_Secrets_of_the_Deep (801 words)

	News \| TimesDaily.com \| TimesDaily \| Florence, AL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The closest land is Fais Island, one of the outer islands of Yap, 289 km southwest and Guam 306 km to the northeast.
		This sounding was repeatedly made using earphones to hear the return of the signal as the stylus passed across the graduated depth scale, whilst the timing of the speed of the echo-sounding machine, a necessary part of the process, was made with a handheld stopwatch.
		Over the course of six to nine million years, as the Challenger Deep grew to its present depth, many of the species present in the sediment died out or were unable to adapt to the increasing water pressure and changing environment.
	www.timesdaily.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Challenger_Deep (702 words)

	Local Heritage Initiative - A Name in the Merrow Book of Remembrance
		An analysis of the attack on SS Anselm, recorded in the Monthly Anti-submarine Report for September, 1941, states that, immediately preceding the attack, HMS Challenger and SS Anselm were in line ahead and were being screened by HMS Lavender and HMS Petunia.
		At this time, HMS Lavender and HMS Petunia took up screening positions on either bow of HMS Challenger and commenced a zigzag on a course just east of south at a speed of 11 knots.
		By skilful manoeuvring, HMS Challenger placed her bow alongside the SS Anselm’s port quarter, and in this manner rescued 60 men.
	www.lhi.org.uk /projects_directory/projects_by_region/south_east/surrey/merrow_village_war_memorial_restoration/book_entry.html (889 words)

	Combing oceans floors for the planet's secrets - The Washington Times: Non-Fiction Review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Challenger also assembled data still useful in the study of today's hot topic, global warming, though the evidence is hardly as conclusive as adherents of the warming theory would like.
		Challenger literally scoured the oceans of the world, using miles of piano wire and a small dredge to retrieve samples of the ocean floor at every navigable latitude.
		The massive report of the "Challenger" voyage, 50 volumes written by John Murray, the most famous of the scientists involved, would have remained unfinished as the British treasury had tired of funding it a few years after the voyage ended successfully.
	www.washtimes.com /books/20030927-112322-2177r.htm (1014 words)

	The Voyage of HMS Challenger
		THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. On 21 December 1872 the 2306 ton steam assisted corvette HMS Challenger sailed from Portsmouth on a 3-year voyage of marine exploration which laid the foundations of almost every branch of oceanography as we know it today.
		Her naval complement was headed by Captain G S Nares, an experienced survey officer, while the Director of her scientific staff was Charles Wyville Thomson, Professor of Natural History at the University of Edinburgh.
		She was loaded with thousands of specimen jars, alcohol for preservation, microscopes and chemical apparatus, trawls and dredges, thermometers and water sampling bottles, sounding leads and devices to collect sediment from the deep sea bed and great lengths of rope with which to suspend the equipment into the ocean depths.
	www.challengeroceanic.com /chal.htm (1300 words)

	NOAA Ocean Explorer: Mountains in the Sea
		The HMS Challenger originally was designed as a British warship—a steam corvette in the Royal Navy—outfitted with 17 guns and an engine capable of over 1,200 horsepower.
		The government agreed, and the HMS Challenger was modified to conduct oceanic research.
		The Challenger Team will create curricular materials for educators and students, develop a virtual exhibit based on HMS Challenger artifacts, and create a video animation of the HMS Challenger.
	oceanexplorer.noaa.gov /explorations/03mountains/background/challenger/challenger.html (1136 words)

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