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Social sciences |
 | | Theodore Porter argued in "The Rise of Statistical Thinking" that the effort to provide a sythetic social science is a matter of both administration and discovery combined, and that the rise of social science was, therefore, marked by both pragmatic needs as much as by theoretical purity. |
 | | An example of this is the rise of the concept of Intelligence Quotient or IQ, a test which produces a number which it is not clear what, precisely, is being measured, except that it has pragmatic utility in predicting success in certain tasks. |
 | | The rise of industrialism had created a series of social, economic, and political problems, particularly in managing supply and demand in their political economy, the management of resources for military and developmental use, the creation of mass education systems to train individuals in symbolic reasoning and problems in managing the effeects of industrialization itself. |
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