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Topic: HVDC Gotland

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	HVDC
		HVDC or high-voltage, direct current systems are used for electric power transmission as an alternative technology to conventional alternating-current systems.
		Among the earliest installations were in the USSR in 1951 and a 10-20 MW system in Gotland, Sweden in 1954.
		HVDC is used to transfer power between two AC grids of different frequencies, voltages or load capacities.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/hv/HVDC.html (600 words)

	High-voltage direct current
		HVDC or high-voltage, direct current electric power transmission systems contrast with the more common alternating-current systems as a means for the bulk transmission of electrical power.
		Because HVDC allows power transmission between unsynchronised AC distribution systems, it can help increase system stability, by preventing cascading failures from propagating from one part of a wider power transmission grid to another, whilst still allowing power to be imported or exported in the event of smaller failures.
		The controllability of current-flow through HVDC rectifiers and inverters, their application in connecting unsynchronized networks, and their applications in efficient submarine cables mean that HVDC cables are often used at national boundaries for the exchange of power.
	www.zdnet.co.za /wiki/High-voltage_direct_current (3887 words)

	HVDC - Engineering - A Wikia wiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Because HVDC allows power transmission between unsynchronised AC distribution systems, it can help increase system stability, by preventing cascading failures from propagating from one part to another of a wider power transmission grid, whilst still allowing power to be imported or exported in the event of smaller failures.
		Because the voltages in HVDC systems, up to 800 kV in some cases, exceed the breakdown voltages of the semiconductor devices, HVDC converters are built using large numbers of semiconductors in series.
		The controllability of current-flow through HVDC rectifiers and inverters, their application in connecting unsynchronized networks, and their applications in efficient under sea cables mean that HVDC cables are often used at national boundaries for the exchange of power.
	engineering.wikia.com /wiki/HVDC (3582 words)

	APPENDIX A DETAILED PROJECT DESCRIPTION
		The HVDC technology proposed for the Project is highly reliable and requires minimal operation and maintenance.
		A fiber optic communications cable would be installed with the HVDC cable to allow dedicated communication for the computer control systems operating at both of the converter stations.
		It was reported in 1994 that no sign of aging insulation was observed for the Gotland cable or the Skagerrak 1 and 2 cables after 20 years of operation.
	www.ci.pittsburg.ca.us /pittsburg/pdf/tbc/Appendix-A-5.htm (962 words)

	Power Engineering International - HVDC Systems Gotland: the HVDC pioneer
		HVDC is also being used to support the growth of renewable energy and its integration into electricity grids.
		HVDC Light has fl start capability, enabling it to power up networks that have suffered a complete failure, and has improved stability and reactive power control at each end of the network compared with conventional HVDC technology.
		HVDC Light has been used in projects such as the Cross Sound Cable link in the USA, which was instrumental in restoring power quickly to consumers after the flout of August 2003.
	pepei.pennnet.com /Articles/Article_Display.cfm?Section=Curri&Subsection=Display&P=17&ARTICLE_ID=208541&KEYWORD=gotland&x=y (1565 words)

	HVDC - Questionz.net , answers to all your questions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The rise of AC transmission DC transmission remains the exception, rather than the rule, in power transmission There are environments where HVDC is the conventional solution, such as in submarine cables and in interconnecting unsynchronized AC systems, however for the bulk of situations AC transmission remains in a dominant position.
		Applications Overview The controllability of current-flow through HVDC rectifiers and inverters, their applciation in connecting unsynchronized networks, and their applications in efficient submarine cables mean that HVDC cables are often used at national boundaries for the excahnge of power.
		Multiterminal HVDC power transmission (using three or more stations) is rarer than the other two configurations, owing to the high cost of the inverting/rectifying stations.
	www.questionz.net /Thomas_Alva_Edison/HVDC.html (2456 words)

	Asgeir E. Nilsen
		The HVDC technology is used to transmit electricity over long distances by overhead transmission lines or submarine cables.
		HVDC is also used to interconnect separate power systems, where traditional alternating current (AC) connections can not be used.
		There has been development and refinements of HVDC during the years such as lowering of losses, much more advanced control and protection, lower harmonics, lower audible sound etc., but basically it is still the same technology as in the first Gotland scheme.
	www.elkraft.ntnu.no /elkraft3/Dring/Nilsen.htm (796 words)

	Advanced Technologies Lift the Industry to a Higher Level
		Sweden Installs HVDC Light Project The island of Gotland is situated in the Baltic Sea approximately 56 miles (90 km) east of the Swedish mainland.
		The HVDC Light cables developed by ABB for the 43.5 mile (70 km) route are a new design with insulation made of an extruded polymer that is particularly resistant to dc voltage.
		The Gotland HVDC Light Project will be made operational during the summer of 1999.
	tdworld.com /mag/power_advanced_technologies_lift (3919 words)

	The ABB Group: Gotland, Sweden - HVDC Light
		Southern Gotland already had a wind power capacity of 40 MW installed, and more capacity additions were in progress.
		HVDC Light’s capabilities to overcome the power quality problems in wind power plants and that the transmission was to utilise underground cables, encouraged the local utility GEAB to decide to build the world’s first commercial HVDC Light transmission.
		The transmission link between the southern part of Gotland and the city of Visby is rated 50 MW and was put into operation in June 1999.
	www.abb.com /cawp/gad02181/0a0d63547ed26fc4c1256d8800401dd0.aspx (236 words)

	ABB MARKS 50TH ANNIVERSARY OF PIONEERING HVDC TECHNOLOGY
		ABB today marked the 50th anniversary of its pioneering of HVDC (high-voltage direct current) technology with a series of events on the Swedish island of Gotland — the site of the first HVDC line, which was commissioned in 1954.
		The benefits of HVDC technology have received special attention in the wake of the flouts in 2003.
		The events in Gotland marking '50 years of HVDC' included presentations, demonstrations, a customer and media conference and visits to the sites of a new HVDC transmission center, and the original HVDC transmission station, which received power from the mainland 90 kilometers away via a 100-kV, 20-MW submarine cable.
	www.industrialnetworking.info /news/174.asp (525 words)

	Modern Power Systems
		This first link, Gotland 1, initially rated at 100 kV and 20 MW, was a monopolar system, with the sea used for the return current, and even in those early days extensive testing was done to determine the effects on fish, according to Gunnar Lunberg of Vattenfall, speaking at the 50th anniversary event in May.
		Keeping up Gotland’s tradition of innovation, this was the first use of second generation, suspended, thyristor valves, redundant digital control and protection and GIS in an HVDC application.
		And now we must return to Gotland once again, because it was here, in June 1999, that the world’s first commercial HVDC Light transmission system, rated at 50 MW, went into operation.
	www.modernpowersystems.com /storyprint.asp?sc=2025560 (2270 words)

	EPRI Portfolio 2006 - 162 HVDC Systems
		HVDC work at the Lenox Laboratory was launched with the construction in 1977 of a full-scale DC test capability to +/- 1200 kV and a DC source rated at +/- 1500 kV.
		The environmental effects of HVDC were investigated under the sponsorship of DOE between 1977 and 1988.
		Today the HVDC equipment at the Lenox Laboratory remains in full operation and is used by experienced personnel for various projects as needed.
	www.epri.com /portfolio/product.aspx?id=1435 (1333 words)

	Sea Breeze Pacific - Juan de Fuca Cable Project
		HVDC Light® is state-of-the-art power transmission technology that is environmentally friendly, and transmits power using underground and submarine cables.
		HVDC Light® is manufactured by ABB Inc., one of the world’s largest and most successful electrical manufacturing and engineering companies.
		There is an HVDC cable from the Lower Mainland to Vancouver Island.
	www.jdfcable.com /faq.shtml (2383 words)

	ABB Deutschland: Gotland
		The voltage was raised to 150 kV and the transmission capacity to 30 MW.
		It was the first time thyristor valves were used in a commercial HVDC transmission in the world.
		The original cable and terminal equipment for Gotland 1 was taken out of service and dismantled in 1986 when Gotland 3 was built.
	www.abb.de /cawp/gad02181/74cc3006353d8c63c1256e2800286ed1.aspx (205 words)

	ABB Sverige: Wind farms
		For wind farms distant to the coast, HVDC Light is the ideal means to bring the power to shore.
		HVDC Light is a flexible, modular system that can be staged and installed to meet capacity demand and easily be built or expanded to multiterminal system.
		An example of a wind farm tramission (on shore) is Gotland HVDC Light and an example of an offshore transmission is the Troll A Precompression Project.
	www.abb.se /cawp/gad02181/c1256d71001e0037c12568350027fefc.aspx (209 words)

	Electricity Today Magazine Article -- SwePol Link Sets New Environmental Standard for HVDC Transmission
		Six cable links -- all of them HVDC (high-voltage direct current) -- are currently in service between the power grids of continental Europe and the Nordic region, with another five planned.
		It is unique in that, unlike previous installations that depend on electrode stations to transmit the return current under ground or under water, it uses 20-kV XLPE cable to carry this current.
		This is especially important since these fish migrate regularly during the course of their lives and it is essential that their sense of direction remain unimpaired.
	www.electricity-today.com /et/issue0402/i04_swepol.htm (2612 words)

	Random Works of the Web » Blog Archive » High-voltage direct current (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Early commercial installations include one in the USSR in 1951 between Moscow and Kashira, and a 10-20 MW system in Gotland, Sweden in 1954.
		It should be noted that the current scientific consensus [1] does not consider ELF sources and their associated fields to be particularly harmful, and that deployment of HVDC equipment would not completely eliminate electric fields, as there would still be DC electric field gradients between the conductors and ground.
		Above a certain break-even distance (about 50 km for submarine cables, and perhaps 600-800 km for overhead cables [3]), the lower cost of the HVDC electrical conductors outweighs the cost of the electronics.
	random.dragonslife.org /high-voltage-direct-current/332 (3576 words)

	High-voltage direct current - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Above a certain break-even distance (about 50 km for submarine cables, and perhaps 600-800 km for overhead cables), the lower cost of the HVDC electrical conductors outweighs the cost of the electronics.
		The DC voltage in the intermediate circuit can be selected freely at HVDC back-to-back stations because of the short conductor length.
		For this reason at HVDC back-to-back stations valves with the highest available current rating are used.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/HVDC (3791 words)

	INMR: July August 1998
		Among the key elements of the new converter technology utilized in the HVDC Light concept are insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) which are fired by the optical signal which has been converted from an incoming electrical signal at the interface.
		One large potential market sector for HVDC Light would be providing additional power to city centers where existing AC cables are already operating at or close to full power.
		Up to now, Gotland has been supplied by an HVDC cable to the mainland first installed in 1954 and extended by about 50 per cent in 1970 by adding the world’s first thyristor converter.
	www.inmr.com /issues/1998/july_aug/hvdc/hvdc3.html (503 words)

	Breaking conventions in electrical power plants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Despite at least fifteen years of research in extruded cable technology for HVDC transmission no commercial cable system has yet emerged on the market.
		The result is the HVDC Light system capable of transmitting DC power at very competitive costs.
		HVDC Light cable systems are advantageous from both a technical and environmental point of view.
	www.elforsk.se /cigre/synop211.html (282 words)

	Breaking conventions in electrical power plants
		To check equipment performance as well as to verify the technical specification dedicated measurements were performed during this period within and close to the HVDC Light stations as well as in important network nodes.
		Following the commisioning, power flows and control and protection actions were recorded with the permanent measurement equipment within the HVDC Light stations and in the network.
		Finally the HVDC Light control concept to rely on local monitoring in each station without need for communication between the stations were analyzed.
	www.elforsk.se /cigre/synop142.html (411 words)

	Submarine power cable - Engineering - A Wikia wiki
		HVDC Inter-Island (Power line between the islands of New Zealand)
		HVDC Vancouver Island (link between Vancouver Island and the Canadian mainland)
		HVDC Leyte - Luzon (between Leyte and Luzon)
	engineering.wikia.com /wiki/Submarine_power_cable (344 words)

	ABB Italia: Archive HVDC Light 2001 - 2004
		New application of voltage source converter (VSC) HVDC to be installed on the gas platform Troll A
		HVDC Light and development of Voltage Source Converters
		The Gotland HVDC Light project - experiences from trial and commercial operation
	www.abb.it /cawp/gad02181/98837b48e181726dc12570f30029b72e.aspx (485 words)

	ABB Sverige: HVDC Light
		HVDC & SVC Light - Reference list (pdf 121 kB)
		HVDC Light for offshore installations (pdf 610 kB)
		HVDC Light - Submarine and Land Cables (pdf 305 kB)
	www.abb.se /cawp/GAD02181/C1256D71001E0037C125697B003E323A.aspx (54 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Further the HVDC link between the mainland and Gotland, HVDC converter stations and the new HVDC Light link form node NAS70 to BACK70 are considered.
		General assumptions In general, loads on Gotland are domestic loads, with the notable exception of a cement factory in the North.
		Hence, the voltage dependency of the loads can be neglected due to the fact, that they are usually controlled to constant energy.
	www.nada.kth.se /~henrry/DomainGenerator/WSP/file174.txt (156 words)

	Wind Power in Power Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In 1994 he received an industrial PhD, which was a joint project between the Technical University of Denmark and the power companies Elkraft, SK Power and NESA.
		In 1985, he joined Gotland Energiverk AB (GEAB) and in 1995 became manager engineer of the electrical system on Gotland.
		He was involved in large-system studies including stability calculations, HVDC and FACTS optimisations, modal analysis, transient phenomena, real-time simulation and renewable energy systems.
	www.windpowerinpowersystems.info /Contributors.html (3271 words)

	The Gotland HVDC Light Project - Experience From Trial and Commercial Operation, from ABB - Business White Papers, ...
		The Gotland HVDC Light Project - Experience From Trial and Commercial Operation, from ABB - Business White Papers, Webcasts and Case Studies - BNET.com
		The important goal of the project is that the power quality for the consumer shall not be lowered after increasing the total installed wind power to 150 MW.
		HVDC Light was chosen for the transmission of 50 MW to the consumption centers as it was found to be environmentally and technically the best alternative.
	industries.bnet.com /whitepaper.aspx?&kw=hvdc&docid=110051 (505 words)

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