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	Itaipu - QuickSeek Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Itaipu (Guarani: Itaipu, Portuguese: Itaipu, Spanish: Itaipú; pronounced [itaj'pu]) is a dam that includes the largest hydroelectric power plant in the world.
		Itaipu was built during the corrupt Stroessner dictatorship and so a small number of families owning large construction businesses benefited significantly at the expense of the general population.
		Because Paraguay cannot consume all the energy produced by its generators, a part of it is transferred via the HVDC Itaipu to the area of São Paulo.
	itaipu.quickseek.com (505 words)

	High-voltage direct current - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		HVDC or high-voltage, direct current electric power transmission systems contrast with the more common alternating-current systems as a means for the bulk transmission of electrical power.
		HVDC can carry more power per conductor, because for a given power rating the constant voltage in a DC line is lower than the peak voltage in an AC line.
		Because HVDC allows power transmission between unsynchronised AC distribution systems, it can help increase system stability, by preventing cascading failures from propagating from one part of a wider power transmission grid to another, whilst still allowing power to be imported or exported in the event of smaller failures.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/HVDC (3551 words)

	HVDC Itaipu: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The HVDC Itaipu is a HVDC[For more facts and a topic of this subject, click this link] transmission project from the Itaipu Itaipu quick summary:
		Itaipu (guarani: itaipú; pronounced) is a dam that includes the largest hydroelectric power plant in the world....
		HVDC was chosen both because of the long transmission lines and also to allow interchange of power between the 50 Hz units on the Paraguayan side of the station and the 60 Hz grid in Brazil.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/h/hv/hvdc_itaipu3.htm (303 words)

	High-voltage direct current - the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		HVDC or high-voltage, direct current electric power transmissionsystems contrast with the more common alternating-current systems as a meansfor the bulk transmission of electrical power.
		HVDC can carry more power per conductor, because for a given powerrating the constant voltage in a DC line is lower than the peakvoltage in an AC line.
		The controllability of current-flow through HVDC rectifiers andinverters, their application in connecting unsynchronized networks,and their applications in efficient submarine cables mean that HVDCcables are often used at national boundaries for the exchange ofpower.
	www.free-web-encyclopedia.com /?t=HVDC (2578 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> Itaipu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Itaipu (Guarani: Itaipu, Portuguese: Itaipu, Spanish: ItaipÃº; pronounced {{IPA[itaj'pu]}}) is a dam of the ParanÃ¡ River that includes a hydroelectric power plant, located on the border between Brazil and Paraguay.
		The Usina HidrelÃ©trica Itaipu Binacional, the largest operational hydroelectric power plant in the world, is a binational undertaking run by Brazil and Paraguay at the ParanÃ¡ River on the border section between the two countries, 9 miles north of the Friendship Bridge.
		The maximum flow of the Itaipu's spillway is 62,2 thousand cubic metres per second, it is equivalent to 40 times the average flow of the Iguassu Falls.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/Itaipu (1495 words)

	HVDC Itaipu - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The HVDC Itaipu is a HVDC transmission project from the Itaipu hydroelectric power plant to the city of São Paulo,Brazil.
		Both lines operate at 600kV and are built as overhead lines with a length of 785 and 805 kilometers.
		HVDC was chosen both because of the long transmission lines and also to allow interchange of power between the 50 Hz units on the Paraguayan side of the station and the 60 Hz grid in Brazil.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/HVDC_Itaipu (143 words)

	: Innovative HVDC technology for energy efficiency and grid reliability
		HVDC is the most energy-efficient technology available for long-distance bulk power transmission, losing less electricity than conventional alternating current (AC) transmission systems.
		HVDC stations convert electricity from AC to DC and then back to AC again, and allow the electricity to flow in both directions so that demand and supply are matched more effectively.
		HVDC Light is used in the world's longest underground high-voltage interconnection, running 177 kilometers between the Australian states of Victoria and South Australia.
	www.abb.ee /cawp/seitp202/90c259930bc6a9d4c125723700570cb6.aspx (634 words)

	HVDC Itaipu - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The HVDC Itaipu is a HVDC transmission project from the Itaipu hydroelectric power plant to the city of São Paulo,Brazil.
		The project has two bipolar lines, which run from the static inverter plant at Foz do Iguaçu in Paraguay to the static inverter plant São Roque near São Paulo.
		Boh lines operate at 600kV and are built as overhead lines with a length of 785 and 805 kilometers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/HVDC_Itaipu (153 words)

	Itaipu
		Itaipu (Guarani: Itaipu, Spanish: Itaipú; pronounced [itaj'pu]) is a Dam that includes the largest hydroelectric power plant in the world.
		The name "Itaipu" is derived from the Tupi Guarani language and means "singing stones".
		On the other hand, Itaipu was built during the corrupt Stroessner dictatorship and so a small number of families owning large construction businesses benefitted significantly at the expense of the general population.
	www.ufaqs.com /wiki/en/it/Itaipu.htm (502 words)

	Daily Mail&Guardian: Innovations: Direct current goes the distance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		HVDC used to be an expensive and underused technology that didn't attract a lot of engineers and expertise.
		HVDC infrastructure is cheaper because direct current is transmitted over two lines -- one positive, the other negative.
		A capacitive divider reduces HVDC to an acceptable lower voltage to be converted to domestic alternating current.
	www.chico.mweb.co.za /za/archive/2002sep/020916-direct.html (1056 words)

	The Ultimate High-voltage direct current - American History Information Guide and Reference
		Brazil and Paraguay which share the massive Itaipu hydroelectric plant, operate on 60Hz and 50Hz respectively.
		Because the voltages in HVDC systems, around 500 kV in some cases, exceed the breakdown voltages of the semiconductor devices, HVDC converters are built using large numbers of semiconductors in series.
		A HVDC link in which the two AC-to-DC converters are housed in the same building, the HVDC transmission existing only within the building itself, is called a back-to-back HVDC link.
	www.historymania.com /american_history/HVDC (2601 words)

	Articles - Itaipu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Usina HidrelÃ©trica Itaipu Binacional, the largest operational hydroelectrical power plant in the world, is a binational undertaking run by Brazil and Paraguay at the ParanÃ¡ River on the border section between the two countries, 9 Miles north of the Friendship Bridge.
		Because Paraguay cannot consume all the energy produced by its generators, a part of it is sold to Brazil, converted to DC, transferred via the HVDC Itaipu to the SÃ£o Paulo area then inverted to 60Hz AC.
		The volume excavations of earth and rock in Itaipu is 8.5 times superior to that of the Euro Tunnel and the volume of concrete is 15 times greater.
	www.nowize.com /articles/Itaipu (1562 words)

	ABB中国: What - 4 development of the HVDC technology
		In the spring of 1967 one of the mercury-arc valves in the Gotland transmission was replaced by a thyristor valve, the first in the world to be taken into commercial operation for HVDC transmission.
		A number of large HVDC transmissions were built by ASEA and BBC (the predecessors of ABB) during the 1970s.
		The contract for the largest of all HVDC transmissions in the world, the 6,300 MW Itaipu HVDC transmission in Brazil, was awarded to the ASEA-PROMON consortium in 1979.
	www.abb.com.cn /cawp/GAD02181/C1256D71001E0037C12569D5003B4807.aspx?v=17EA&e=us (312 words)

	HVDC - Engineering - a Wikia wiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In contrast to HVDC long-distance lines, the DC voltage in the intermediate circuit can be selected freely at HVDC back-to-back stations because of the short conductor length.
		For this reason at HVDC back-to-back stations the strongest available static inverter valves are used.
		The controllability of current-flow through HVDC rectifiers and inverters, their application in connecting unsynchronized networks, and their applications in efficient under sea cables mean that HVDC cables are often used at national boundaries for the exchange of power.
	engineering.wikia.com /wiki/HVDC (3585 words)

	ABB Deutschland: The Itaipu transmission, Brazil
		The Itaipu Hydroelectric Power Plant, the largest in operation in the world, is a binational enterprise jointly developed by Brazil and Paraguay in the Paraná River.
		The installed power of Itaipu is 12,600 MW, with 18 generating units of 700 MW each.
		The HVDC system with two 600 kV bipoles of 3150 MW each is direct route to São Paulo while the three 800 kV series compensated AC lines has two intermediate substations that allow connection to the local grids.
	www.abb.de /cawp/gad02181/20ec7c132693a592c1256d8800401a73.aspx (476 words)

	Sediver Internet, Glass insulators applications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		At the end of 50's Sediver was the first glass manufacturer to develop an insulator for DC applications.
		Insulators for HVDC applications have to support specific electric stresses when compared with insulators for HVAC applications.
		This is due mainly to a unidirectional flow of electric current and to a very non-uniform electric field distribution along insulator strings leading to an uneven deposit of pollution.
	www.sediver.fr /product/glass/glashvdc.htm (306 words)

	COMPETITIVE ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO PIPELINE GAS TRANSPORT FOR ELECTRICITY DELIVERY
		HVDC systems with a single bipolar line carrying up to 5000 MW have been taken into account.
		The considered HVDC systems are based on a single bipolar line; voltage levels from ± 400 kV up to the actual commercial maximum voltage of ± 600 kV have been considered even if higher voltages could be more convenient for the largest powers and longest distances [4].
		For HVDC terminals up to ±600 kV the actual prices based on the world-wide market level have been taken into account: the reference price for 2 DC terminal stations at ±400 kV is 215 MUS$ for 1000 MW.
	www.worldenergy.org /wec-geis/publications/default/tech_papers/17th_congress/2_2_08.asp (4424 words)

	Itaipu Dam - Itaipu Dam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Our Itaipu Dam web location is yet expanding so we have not much managed to comprehend volumes of support, however what we have done so far is researched the too best Itaipu Dam sites on the net.
		Our Itaipu Dam web location is yet expanding so we have not much managed to provide lots of file, however what we have done so far is researched the too best Itaipu Dam The main assistance that web based Itaipu Dam businesses constantly have over traditional Itaipu Dam operations is that costs are markedly lower.
		Itaipu (Guarani: Itaipu, Portuguese: Itaipu, Spanish: Itaipú; pronounced [itaj'pu]) is a dam of the Paraná River that includes a hydroelectric power plant, located on the border between Brazil and Paraguay.
	www.wholesalecentralair.com /newsletters/Itaipu_Dam.htm (1924 words)

	ABB in Russia (Russian version): Itaipu: the singing stone with a powerful song (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This year also celebrates the 50th anniversary of HVDC technology, pioneered by ABB, so it is particularly fitting that ABB mark the 20th anniversary of the commissioning of Itaipu, since the scale and technical complexity of the project was a challenge that actually marks the beginning of the modern HVDC era.
		Itaipu power plant also contains the largest 550 kV gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) installation in the world, at least until the Three Gorges power plant is completely operative.
		Itaipu invites comparisons with China’s Three Gorges hydroelectric power plant, and has been eclipsed by that massive project to some extent, but Itaipu’s power production is truly awesome and unbeaten to date: 93.4 billion kilowatt hours per year, an output attained even before two additional generators were commissioned in 2004.
	www.abb.ru /cawp/seitp202/eaa60bda5174189ec1256f48003460ea.aspx (748 words)

	The ABB Group: Worldwide applications of ABB's HVDC
		The contract for the largest of all HVDC transmission schemes to date, the 6300-MW Itaipu HVDC link in Brazil with a world record voltage of ±600 kV DC, was awarded to the ABB-PROMON consortium in 1979.
		The scale and technical complexity of the Itaipu project presented a considerable challenge, and it can be considered as the start of the modern HVDC era.
		HVDC Light's 'fl start' capability means it can power up networks that have suffered a 100 percent failure.
	www.abb.com /cawp/seitp202/82b4ae72c448bdab4825704200020779.aspx (605 words)

	ABB - from pioneer to word leader - 50 years of HVDC transmission
		When HVDC transmission finally proved to be technically feasible there still remained uncertainty as to whether it could successfully compete with HVAC in the marketplace.
		HVDC 2000 was developed to meet stricter electrical disturbance requirements, to provide better dynamic stability where there was insufficient short-circuit capacity, to overcome space limitations, and to shorten delivery times.
		One advantage of HVDC Light is that it allows an improvement in the stability and reactive power control at each end of the network.
	www.gb.abb.com /global/gad/gad02077.nsf/lupLongContent/6C1071BA6AC38B96C1256DD00038D161 (3005 words)

	ZoomInfo Web Summary: Gunnar Asplund (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		With 25 patents to his credit - many of them in HVDC Light - he is considered the father of the technology and has authored, or co-authored, more than 25 related technical papers.
		Asplund was commissioning manager of the Itaipu HVDC transmission project in Brazil from 1982 - 1985 - at the time, the largest-ever HVDC transmission project.
		HVDC technology led to the development of HVDC Light, and Asplund in recent years has played a critical role in implementing several HVDC Light projects, including the Troll A gas platform in Norway commissioned this month, the Cross Sound project in the USA, Hellsjon and Gotland projects in Sweden, and Directlink and Murraylink in Australia.
	www.zoominfo.com /directory/Asplund_Gunnar_849452707.htm (705 words)

	50 years of HVDC<br> ABB - from pioneer to world leader - Part I - Power technology at work
		In an HVDC system, electric power is taken from one point in a three-phase AC network, converted to DC in a converter station, transmitted to the receiving point by submarine cable and then converted back to AC in another converter station and injected into the receiving AC network.
		The basic HVDC cable transmission scheme is a monopolar installation that uses the earth and sea to return the current.
		The electrodes have to be located well away from the converter stations and the main HVDC cable to avoid corrosion of pipelines or other metallic structures in the vicinity as well as direct current pick-up in transformer neutrals.
	www.gb.abb.com /global/gad/gad02077.nsf/lupLongContent/6BCECF062B0A0187C1256DDA002B3558 (3552 words)

	The ABB Group: ABB wins $180 million power contract in Canada
		ABB has supplied more than half of the HVDC converter stations in the world and has more than 50 HVDC projects commissioned or under construction in all parts of the world.
		HVDC stations convert electricity from alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) and vice versa, and provide reliable connections between incompatible AC systems.
		The company's achievements include the highest voltage in the world (Itaipu, Brazil) at 600kV; the highest single converter station power rating (Guangdong, China) at 3,000 MW; and the world’s longest underground cable (Murraylink, Australia) at 177 kilometers.
	www.abb.com /cawp/seitp202/B662B87D9FF5A4C7C1257228002B1BFD.aspx (377 words)

	ABB Sverige: History of ABB’s HVDC expertise
		Itaipu bipole 1 (3,150 MW, ±600 kV) commissioned.
		Dynamically suspended thyristor valves are used for the first time in a seismically active area in the Pacific HVDC Intertie Upgrading Project.
		HVDC Light: The world's first voltage source converter (VSC) HVDC transmission based on IGBTs is commissioned in Sweden.
	www.abb.se /cawp/seitp202/7cfd9a3a7416a383c1256e8600406f4f.aspx?leftdb=abbzh250&v=553E&e=us (670 words)

	Electric power transmission - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		High voltage DC (HVDC) is used to transmit large amounts of power over long distances or for interconnections between asynchronous grids.
		When electrical energy is required to be transmitted over very long distances, it can be more economical to transmit using direct current instead of alternating current.
		Also, at high AC voltages significant amounts of energy are lost due to corona discharge, the capacitance between phases or, in the case of buried cables, between phases and the soil or water in which the cable is buried.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/e/l/e/Electric_power_transmission.html (2439 words)

	Ask Us A Question (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		High voltage DC (HVDC) is used to transmit large amounts of power over long distances or for interconnections between asynchronous grids.
		Also, at high AC voltages significant amounts of energy are lost due to corona discharge, the capacitance between phases or, in the case of buried cables, between phases and the soil or water in which the cable is buried.
		Since the power flow through an HVDC link is directly controllable, HVDC links are sometimes used within a grid to stabilize the grid against control problems with the AC energy flow.
	www.avoo.com /wiki/Electric_power_transmission (2467 words)

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