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Topic: HX convoy

	Convoy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The power of a battleship against a convoy is dramatically illustrated by the fate of convoy HX-84 in World War II.
		The convoy prefix indicates the route of the convoy.
		The largest convoy effort since World War II was Operation Earnest Will, the U.S. Navy's 1987–88 escort of reflagged Kuwaiti tankers in the Persian Gulf during the Iran-Iraq War.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Convoy (1068 words)

	HMS "Jervis Bay":Convoy HX.84. 5th November 1940:Research by David Bews:Highland Archives
		Nov 1940 the convoy had fair weather which meant a speedy journey (9 kts) The convoy had not seen any U-boats and now they were half way home, their hopes were running high, the time for the Wolf packs would be soon, but not just now.
		Any confusion the convoy had about the ship ended when six flashes of light was seen coming from her and within seconds the sound of express trains were heard, as the shell travelled overhead.
		The final one of the convoy to be sunk was the "Vigaland" which was sunk later with the loss of 12 of her crew.
	www.internet-promotions.co.uk /archives/caithness/jervisbaydetail.htm (2698 words)

	Convoy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Convoy is also the name of a trucker's song by C.W. McCall and of a movie by Sam Peckinpah and Kris Kristofferson inspired by the song, as well as the Japanese name for the Transformers character Optimus Prime
		In naval warfare, convoy tactics were developed during the age of sail to guard against pirates and privateers.
		The Japanese never adopted a system of convoys in World War II and their merchant fleet was largely destroyed by Allied submarines.
	hallencyclopedia.com /Convoy (1279 words)

	Convoy -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		A convoy is a group of (A conveyance that transports people or objects) vehicles or (A vessel that carries passengers or freight) ships traveling together for mutual support.
		The enormous number of vessels involved and the frequency of engagements meant that statistical techniques could be applied to evaluate tactics: this was a significant early use of (additional info and facts about operational research) operational research in war.
		On the entry of the U.S. into World War II, the U.S Navy decided not to instigate convoys on eastern seaboard of the U.S. The result was what the U-boat crews called their (additional info and facts about second happy time) second happy time, which did not come to an end until convoys were introduced.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/co/convoy.htm (1283 words)

	HX (convoy) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The HX convoys of World War II were between Halifax, Nova Scotia and the United Kingdom.
		Later, after the United States had entered the war the HX convoys began at New York.
		They were fast convoys, meaning that in theory they should have been less vulnerable to U-Boat attack than the slow convoys, but they still witnessed some of the great convoy battles of the war.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/HX_(convoy) (112 words)

	uboat.net - U-boat Operations - Convoy Battles
		During the winter of 1942-43, the central part of the North Atlantic convoy route from Canada to England was known as the "air gap," because it was beyond the range of most shore based patrol aircraft.
		Any convoy crossing one of these gruppe lines would theoretically be sighted by at least one U-boat which would report and follow the convoy to direct others until there were enough U-boats present to launch a wolf pack attack.
		Sighting an eastbound convoy at dawn near the western edge of the air gap offered excellent prospects of gathering a large wolf pack for an attack on the evening of 16 March, and the remainder of Gruppe Raubgraf was ordered to catch the convoy.
	uboat.net /ops/convoys/battles.htm?convoy=SC-122 (591 words)

	HMS DIANTHUS - A Short History
		Convoy ON 166 which sailed from Liverpool on 11th February 1943 with 48 merchantmen and DIANTHUS as one of the escorts, proved that the U-boats, although suffering massive losses, was still a force to be reckoned with.
		Convoy ON 182 sailed from Liverpool on the 6th May consisting of fifty-six ships and arrived at New York on the 22nd without loss.
		When within sight of the Eastern Seaboard DIANTHUS was discharged from this convoy and immediately picked up convoy HX 240 which had sailed from New York on the 19th May. Again it consisted of fifty-six ships and arrived at Liverpool on the 4th June without loss.
	www.cbrnp.com /RNP/Flower/ARTICLES/Dianthus-2.htm (2306 words)

	NEUTRALITY PATROL AND NORTH ATLANTIC ESCORT
		On 13 November Convoy HX-158 and the U.S. Escorts were in the Momp area and the British naval units arrived to relieve the U.S. Escorts of the Convoy.
		The HMS Wanderer came alongside and the Swanson transferred the Convoy papers and was relieved of the convoy.
		Convoy AT-15 was a troopship convoy and the battleship USS New York with her 14 inch guns was a part of the convoy, to protect us against any enemy heavy naval units which may have broken out of the North Sea into the Atlantic.
	www.geocities.com /swansondd443/swanneut.html (4276 words)

	HyperWar: ULTRA in the Atlantic: U-Boat Operations [Chapter 3]
		HX 228 had passed safely to the south of Raubgraf when she sailed into the Neuland area, Hunger (U-336), who had been ordered on the 7th to join the southeast end of Neuland, sighted the convoy at 1335/10 in 50°27'N - 31°15'W. Neuland was of course immediately ordered to operate at maximum speed.
		The attack on HX 229 - SC 122 marks the high point of March convoy operations - in terms of number of U-boats, number of ship's sunk, and last but not least, in terms of German exploitation of their intelligence on convoys.
		They knew the convoy was there, but it was not until Feiler (U-653) ran into the convoy as he headed for a refueler off to the southeast that U-boats began to move with a final degree of assurance.
	www.ibiblio.org /hyperwar/ETO/Ultra/SRH-008/SRH008-3.html (4320 words)

	[No title]
		Another 36 ships were listed as 'losses out of convoy,' which were ships sunk before the ocean convoy escort arrived, or after detachment from the convoy while on route to their various ports of destination, or after a convoy had been scattered due to attack.
		Of the HX convoys engaged the actual loss rate for the entire war was 4.85%, which does not include the ships damaged (6.44%).
		Convoys HX-70 to HX-74 were all hit in Sep 40 and seven of the 16 HX-107 to HX-117 convoys in Apr 41 were attacked.
	www.seawaves.com /newsletters/TDIH/september/16Sep.txt (2588 words)

	Harry Edelmayer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		But the convoy is again short on good luck: when it changes course in an effort to shake of the U-boats, the 3 left columns do not follow and romp from the convoy.
		She falls astern of the convoy and sinks 2 stragglers, one of them a troop ship that perishes with heavy loss of live.
		The battle around SC-118 was by no means the biggest convoy battle, but 'it was perhaps the hardest convoy battle of the war' as Dönitz wrote after the war.
	www.dvrbs.com /CamdenWW2-HarryEdelmayer.htm (1329 words)

	Convoy HX-150 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Convoy HX-150, with 44 merchantmen underway from Halifax on September 16, 1941, was the first to use US escorts, which relieved Canadian escorts 350 mileseast of Halifax on September 17.
		Convoy was disposed in nine columns, with distance between columns set at 600 yards.
		Convoy ON-18 westbound from relieving a British convoy screen, passed HX-150 that night.
	www.geocities.com /bensonclass/convoyhx.html (352 words)

	HMS "Jervis Bay":Convoy HX.84. 5th November 1940 :Highland Archives
		This convoy, code-named HX84, was under the protection of HMS Jervis Bay, an armed 14,000-ton merchant cruiser which had been converted from a 1922 vintage passenger liner, used to ferry immigrants out to Australia, into a fighting ship with seven out-of-date six inch guns and an obsolete fire control system.
		But U-boats were not the sole hazard facing convoy HX.84 as it began its voyage across the Atlantic; winter weather, randomly sown mines and, as British Naval Intelligence had recently discovered, the threat of the battleship Admiral Scheer were additional menaces to the convoy's well-being.
		HEROISM begets admiration, and to the skipper of the swedish ship Stureholm, who had witnessed the action, the heroism of the Jervis Bay was impressive to such a degree that, neutral though he was, the skipper could not sail by and leave the survivors to their grim fate.
	www.internet-promotions.co.uk /archives/caithness/jervisbay.htm (2436 words)

	HyperWar: ULTRA in the Atlantic: U-Boat Operations [Chapter ]
		If today during daylight there is air protection with the convoy and if contact has been made, then with the utmost strength sweep around ahead of the convoy, keeping off at a distance of 30 to 40 miles, in order to thirst against the convoy from ahead in either a day or a night attack.
		As U-boats fell behind HX 237, U-boat Command reorganized Elbe to intercept SC 129, leaving HX 237 to Drossel, which was to intercept at the straggler rendezvous points known to the Germans from decryption.
		HX 239 was being routed to the south of the Mosel line when German decryption recovered a straggler rendezvous dispatch for the first diversion route.
	www.ibiblio.org /hyperwar/ETO/Ultra/SRH-008/SRH008-4.html (5313 words)

	uboat.net - U-boat Operations - Convoy Battles
		Its ocean escort leaves the convoy, but because of the bad weather, the Western Approaches escort coming from convoy OB-251, cannot join the HX-90 before night.
		U-99 does not reach the convoy in time because it is held up by the auxiliary cruiser Forfar.
		This convoy has made a detour to the north-west because of the bad weather.
	uboat.net /ops/convoys/battles.htm?convoy=HX-90 (471 words)

	Second World War Books: Review
		Although the text is relatively brief, Haskell does a fine job of explaining all the salient facts of the battle, including technical aspects such as weapons systems and "high tech" ASW equipment, while weaving together the personal stories of sailors from both sides.
		In particular, he tells the story of the convoy commodores, those senior naval officers, more often than not recalled from retirement, who commanded the merchant ships arrayed in their columns and rows as they brought succor across the wide ocean to the British Isles in the face of the U-boat menace.
		This is not a comprehensive account of the Atlantic campaign as a whole, but rather an episodic series of studies of particular commodores and their convoys.
	stonebooks.com /archives/991024.shtml (765 words)

	HyperWar: ULTRA in the Atlantic: U-boat Operations [Chapter 2]
		With the formation of Falke in the Raufbold-Spitz area for another southwest convoy, and of group Jaguar north of Flemish Cap for a resumption of attacks on eastbound convoys, the pattern of early December was restored.
		The convoy's escort was strong and the greater part of the losses was suffered after very long range aircraft had arrived over the convoy.
		The attack on convoy ON 167, like that on ON 165, was the result of accidental contact and like the operation on ON 166 offered an opportunity for a fun run across the North Atlantic in a latitude most favorable to the U-boat and unfavorable for convoy defense.
	www.ibiblio.org /hyperwar/ETO/Ultra/SRH-008/SRH008-2.html (3152 words)

	[No title]
		This class of ship was the main stay in convoy protection.
		It is well known that the first action against Germany was initiated by the USS Nifl DD424 on 10 April 1941 as she dropped depth charges on a Uboat attacking her convoy.
		Convoy RA-18:: Rescue of the troopship, USS Wakefield;Sept 1942
	www.geocities.com /bensonclass/convoy.html (389 words)

	hx223 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The paper strength of an Escort Group needed to guard a convoy of up to 60 merchant ships was three destroyers, a frigate and six corvettes.
		That winter, the Groups were sailing 30% under strength because of the increasing number docked for repairs and this wastage became worse as the winter wore on.
		To increase the endurance of those escorts that were operational the Admiralty had introduced the policy of sailing special oil tankers with the convoys wherever possible,but the frequent spells of heavy weather seriously interfered with attempts to refuel at sea.
	www.onthenet.com.au /~biss/hx223.htm (982 words)

	Convoy HX 223 - warsailors.com
		Amerika was originally Danish, sailing under The Ministry of War Trasnport from May-1940 (sunk in Apr.-'43, Convoy HX 234).
		Note that some of the ships in this convoy had been cancelled from the previous convoy, they are named in HX 222.
		All vessels were able to maintain convoy speed except in adverse weather when there were a number of breakdowns.
	www.warsailors.com /convoys/hx223.html (788 words)

	M
		On March 7 she departed Wilhelmstad for Halifax where she arrived on March 17, then joined Convoy HX 117 on March 27 for Clyde, arrived Gourock on Apr. 15.
		On Dec. 18 she headed for Halifax and Sydney N.S., arriving Dec. 23, then departed in Convoy HX 168 on Jan. 2-1942, with arrival Old Kilpatr.
		HX 117 departed Halifax on March 27-1941, arrived Liverpool Apr. 15 - 41 ships, 1 sunk, namely the Dutch Prins Willem II which straggled and was torpedoed and sunk by U-98 on Apr. 9 (the British Armed Merchant Cruiser Rajputana is also listed as sunk in this convoy, by U-108 on Apr. 13).
	www.mikekemble.com /ww2/sandar.html (1065 words)

	[No title]
		In June 1941 she was in Convoy HX 130 along with a number of other Norwegian ships (link above).
		Corvus was also initially in this convoy but was sent to SC 39 because she was too slow for HX 142.
		According to Arnold Hauge, HX 142 departed Halifax on Aug. 1-1941 and arrived Liverpool on the 18th, 65 ships (please note that this does not mean that all the ships had Liverpool as their final destination, many ships went to other ports on arrival UK waters).
	home.tiscali.nl /nijholt/Special/MT-Nijholt.html (1591 words)

	Wehrmacht-Awards.com Militaria Forums - Erich Topp and U-552
		Erich Topp hit three ships on this patrol and all of them were in convoy, all of them from convoy SC-44.
		Erich Topp hit four ships on this patrol and all of them were in convoy: two were from convoy ON-113 and two were from convoy ON-115.
		During operations against convoy ON-115, U-552 was sighted by HMS Sackville which closed, firing at U-552 and scoring a hit on the conning tower, damaging diesel air inlet trunking.
	www.wehrmacht-awards.com /forums/printthread.php?t=84296 (1394 words)

	Convoy HX 50
		The convoy is steaming on course 085° at a speed of 5" in four columns, with the right center column led by Otranto, which is also the convoy flagship.
		If engaged by superior forces, disperse the convoy and delay the enemy so that the convoy can escape.
		A decimal die is rolled each Map Turn, and if the result is equal to or less than the sea force (6 for squall, 7 for gale, 8 for storm), the balloon is carried away by the storm or struck by lightning.
	www.btinternet.com /~david.Manley/naval/genquar/hx50/HX50_Convoy.HTM (896 words)

	Battle of the Atlantic
		In November 1940 convoy HX–84 (37 ships escorted only by the armed merchant cruiser HMS Jervis Bay), was attacked by the Nazi battleship Admiral Scheer.
		Six aircraft carriers were sent to patrol the Atlantic, and this extended air cover to the whole route convoys took.
		The turning point was slow Convoy ONS–5 (April–May 1943), when a convoy of 43 merchantmen escorted by 2 destroyers and a frigate was attacked by a wolf-pack of 30 U-boats.
	www.johndclare.net /wwii8.htm (1120 words)

	U-Boat Operations
		Heinrich Lehmann-Willenbrock hit seven ships on this patrol, five of these ships were in convoy: four were from convoy HX-92 and one was from convoy OB-259.
		Heinrich Lehmann-Willenbrock hit seven ships on this patrol and all of them were in convoy: two were from convoy HX-106, one was from convoy HX-107, one was from convoy OB-287 and three were from convoy OB-288.
		Heinrich Lehmann-Willenbrock hit four ships on this patrol and all of them were in convoy: One was from convoy HG-61 and three were from convoy HX-121.
	www.ubootwaffe.net /ops/boat.cgi?boat=96 (1208 words)

	HMS
		Casualties in the Jervis Bay, the armed merchant cruiser which in November 1940 saved 32 convoy ships by engaging a powerful German warship for an hour, numbered 198.
		All but eight of these were killed, presumed killed or died of wounds.
		The full casualty list discloses that Acting Capt. Fogarty Fegen, posthumously awarded the V.C. for "Valour in challenging hopeless odds and giving his life to save the many ships it was his duty to protect", is officially listed as "missing, presumed killed."
	www.mikekemble.com /ww2/merchantnavy_b.html (1804 words)

	[No title]
		It sailed for Russia on 2 September, after a month in which convoys to the USSR were halted.
		Following the disastrous July convoy PQ-17, when only 11 out of 36 merchantmen arrived in Russia, Churchill wrote to Stalin suggesting that convoys should be suspended until the longer nights of autumn.
		PQ-18 was the most heavily protected convoy so far, with around 50 naval vessels deployed in either the escort or covering forces, including 20 destroyers and the escort carrier HMS Avenger.
	www.seawaves.com /newsletters/TDIH/september/18Sep.txt (855 words)

	Convoy HX 174 - warsailors.com
		is also listed among the ships in the next convoy out, HX 175, which could mean she did not sail in HX 174(?), or perhaps she was on her way to an American port when she left Halifax on Febr.
		D/S Stockport was on her 3rd voyage as Rescue Ship, having been requisitioned as such on July 8-1941.
		She had followeed Convoy ON 65 from Clyde until detached to Reykjavik (from Febr.
	www.warsailors.com /convoys/hx174.html (221 words)

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