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Topic: Habsburg, Switzerland

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	Habsburg - LoveToKnow 1911
		HABSBURG, or Hapsburg, the name of the famous family from which have sprung the dukes and archdukes of Austria from 1282, kings of Hungary and Bohemia from 1526, and emperors of Austria from 1804.
		The name Habsburg, a variant of an older form, Habichtsburg (hawk's castle), was taken from the castle of Habsburg, which was situated on the river Aar not far from its junction with the Rhine.
		This was an event of supreme moment in the history of the Habsburgs, and was the first and most important stage in the process of transferring the centre of their authority from western to eastern Europe, from the Rhine to the Danube.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Habsburg (5192 words)

	Switzerland - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		On the dissolution of the Frankish Carolingian Empire in the 9th century, most of Switzerland became part of the duchy of Alemannia, or Swabia, one of the great feudal states of the German Kingdom; the southwestern part was incorporated into the kingdom of Transjurane Bourgogne.
		Switzerland’s first guild of watchmakers was established in Geneva in the early 17th century, and the industry soon extended along the Jura mountain chain stretching from Geneva to Schaffhausen.
		Switzerland’s established tradition of neutrality, its humanitarian activities, and its armed readiness to defend itself against aggressors, all helped prevent the country from becoming engulfed in the conflict.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761571795___37/Switzerland.html (2921 words)

	Switzerland
		Switzerland is a federation of relatively autonomous cantons, some of which have a history of confederacy that goes back more than 700 years, arguably putting them among the world's oldest surviving republics.
		Switzerland is not a member state of the EU but applied for membership therein in May 1992.
		Switzerland has four official languages: German (64%; yellow) in the north and centre, French (19%; purple) to the west, Italian (8%; green) in the south, and finally Romansh, a Romance language spoken by a small minority (<1%; red) in the southeastern canton of Graubünden and parts of Ticino.
	creekin.net /n178-switzerland.html (2327 words)

	Switzerland at AllExperts
		Switzerland borders Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.
		Switzerland features a system of government not seen at the national level any other place on Earth: direct democracy, sometimes called half-direct democracy (this could, or could not be correct as theoretically, one could state that the people have full power over the law).
		Switzerland comprises three basic topographical areas: the Swiss Alps, the Swiss plateau, and the Jura mountains.The Alps are a high mountain range running across the central-south of the country.
	en.allexperts.com /e/s/sw/switzerland.htm (3246 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Switzerland
		Switzerland also contains a large number of lakes, the largest of which are on the edges of the Alps and the Jura, such as Geneva or Leman, Constance, Neuchâtel, Lucerne, Lugano, Maggiore, and Zürich.
		On the organization of the Roman provinces before Diocletian the northwestern past of the territory of Switzerland belonged to the provinces of Germania Superior, the southwestern section (Geneva) to the Provincia Narbonensis, the eastern and the greater part of the southeastern region to the province of Rhaetia.
		Louis of Bavaria withdrew the ban in 1315 and obliged the Archbishop of Mainz to recall the excommunication of the inhabitants of the forest districts (Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, and Lucerne).
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/14358a.htm (8009 words)

	Switzerland
		Habsburg expansion was spearheaded by Rudolph I, Upon Rudolph's death in 1291, local leaders saw a chance to gain independence.
		Their pact of mutual assistance is seen as the origin of the Swiss Confederation, and their struggles against the Habsburgs is idealised in the familiar legend of William Tell.
		Nevertheless, the French Republic invaded Switzerland in 1798 and established the Helvetic Republic.
	www.wcie.net /switzerland.htm (402 words)

	World Homes Network - Switzerland
		Switzerland managed to maintain its neutrality in the Thirty Years' War (1618-48), and at the end of the war the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) recognized the final separation of Switzerland from the Habsburg Empire.
		Switzerland participated in a non- military capacity by organizing Red Cross units, tracing the missing, and permitting incapacitated prisoners of war to be interned within its frontiers.
		Switzerland in World War II In World War II the conquest of France by Germany in 1940 made Switzerland economically dependent upon the latter, and on 11 August 1940 a new trade agreement between the two countries was signed.
	www.world-homes.net /atlas/europe/western/switzerland/switzerland.htm (2396 words)

	Switzerland travel guide
		The death of the Habsburg ruler Rudolf I in AD 1291 led to the formation of the Swiss Confederation.
		Switzerland was declared a neutral state following the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 and was accorded permanent neutrality in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna.
		The picturesque city of Zurich, located on the banks of the Limmat River, is the intellectual and cultural capital of Switzerland and the hub of tourist activity.
	www.world66.com /europe/switzerland (413 words)

	ipedia.com: Switzerland Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		As a consequence of the civil war, Switzerland adopted a federal constitution in 1848, amending it extensively in 1874 and establishing federal responsibility for defense, trade, and legal matters.
		Switzerland remains a safe haven for investors, because it has maintained a degree of bank secrecy (see Swiss bank account) and has kept up the franc's long-term external value.
		Switzerland has four official languages: German (64%; yellow) in the north and centre, French (19%; purple) to the west, Italian (8%; green) in the south, and finally Romansh, a Romance language spoken by a small minority (
	www.ipedia.com /switzerland.html (1402 words)

	The Kaiser of Austria and the King of Hungary Karl Franz Josef von Habsburg-Lothringen
		Switzerland, which had given him asylum following his flight from Austria in 1918, was not pleased with his disappearing act in March.
		The Habsburgs were clearly no threat to Prague, as they could not even find respect in the land whose crown they had the most claim, much less a fiercely nationalist successor state like Czechoslovakia.
		Habsburg said the woman's healing was unable to be explained by three medical experts.
	www.geocities.com /veldes1/karl.html (7637 words)

	Switzerland Maps
		Switzerland is located in Central Europe, bordering Germany to the north, Austria to the east, Italy to the south, and France to the west.
		Habsburg expansion was spearheaded by Rudolph I, who gradually brought the squabbling nobles to heel.
		Switzerland is a confederation of 26 cantons (states), each of which has its own predominant language, religion, and culture.
	www.rollintl.com /roll/switzerland.htm (1501 words)

	Christian Schoenenberger's Humble Homepage - Languages in Switzerland
		What follows is an outline on languages in Switzerland, their roots and the language policy conducted by the Government.
		Switzerland’s multilinguism and its geographic pattern is the result of 2000 years of language history.
		In a series of battles in the 14th century, the alliance defeated the Habsburg forces and asserted itself, without initially aspiring to statehood.
	members.aol.com /cschoenenb/language.htm (1763 words)

	Habsburg Europe
		The treaty of Verdun in 843 gave the western part to Charles the Bald - it grew into the kingdom of France; the middle part to Lothar - it became the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland and Italy and the disputable borders between France and Germany (the name of Lotharingia lives on in the province of Lorraine).
		The heir of the Habsburgs, Dr. Otto Von Habsburg, son of the last emperor (Karl 1916-18) was a member of the European Parliament from Bavaria and was believed to be active in many conservative networks (including the Paneuropa movement founded by Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi) to promote a mainly Catholic European Union.
		All of the former Habsburg lands except Bosnia, Croatia and parts of Ukraine are now (2007) members of the EU and are receiving funds for rebuilding their infrastructures.
	www.angelfire.com /mac/egmatthews/worldinfo/europe/habsburg.html (1559 words)

	Habsburg, Switzerland
		Habsburg is a municipality in the canton of Aargau, Switzerland, above the Aar valley.
		Around 1020, Radbot of Habsburg built Habsburg castle, which became the family seat of the Habsburg.
		Though the family did not rule the land after the 1400s, the historic arms of Habsburg, a lion on a gold field, show up in Austrian arms up to the end of the Imperial period.
	creekin.net /c991-n178-habsburg-switzerland.html (101 words)

	Austria's links to the Habsburg Dynasty
		In 1273, Count Rudolf of the Habsburg family, a Swiss nobleman, was elected King of Germany.
		Exhibits in the Cathedral Museum refer to the brief reign (1803 -1805) of a prince elector, Ferdinand III of Habsburg, Grand Duke of Tuscany.
		When the philosophies and concepts of the Renaissance reached Austria, the Habsburgs were already in command of an empire spanning half of the globe.
	www.luxurytraveler.com /habsburgs.html (1147 words)

	La Suisse Romande - history and overview of Suisse Romande, Switzerland
		Swiss history begins from the 12th millenium B.C. In ancient times Switzerland was inhabited by Celtic tribes of Helvetians, so its first name was Helvetia.
		The reason for the crisis was the Split of the Christian Church.
		Switzerland today unites 26 Cantons with different historical past and the population belongs to different ethnical communities and speaks various languages.
	lasuisseromande.com (381 words)

	William Tell, Tax Rebel - Mises Institute
		In the 11th century, Switzerland was divided by the conflict between the Emperor and the Papacy.
		Suddenly in 1314, the freemen of Schwyz attacked the Abbey of Einsiedeln, which was allied with the Habsburg imperial claimant Frederick III, who was disputing the claim of the reigning Louis IV to the imperial crown.
		The Habsburgs finally renounced their claims to the Swiss in 1474, under the emperor Frederick III and again after twin defeats in 1501, under Frederick's son, Maximilian I. The legend of William Tell became the central defining myth of the Swiss national identity; it has come to embody the very essence of "Swissness."
	www.mises.org /fullstory.asp?control=1478 (1603 words)

	Faberge - Exhibition Credits
		Archduke Dr. Géza von Habsburg is the grandson of King Frederick Augustus III of Saxony and great-great grandson of Emperor Franz-Joseph of Austria.
		Dr. von Habsburg is an internationally renowned author and leading authority on Fabergé.
		As an educator, Dr. von Habsburg served as an adjunct professor for The New York School of Interior Design, The Bard Graduate Center for Studies in the Decorative Arts, and New York University.
	www.faberge-exhibition.com /ghabsburg.html (384 words)

	_ history Luzern Lucerne Switzerland guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Eyeing the prosperity flowing into the communities on the northern side of the new pass, Rudolf of Habsburg bought Luzern outright from Murbach in 1291, intending to subdue it and channel its profits into the imperial coffers.
		The defeat of Austrian forces in the Battle of Sempach in 1386 severed the Habsburg claim to Luzern, and the city’s elders reinforced their independence by building the Musegg fortifications, which survive today.
		By this time, though, tourism to Switzerland had already begun, and with the cessation of hostilities Luzern became a focus for the increasing tide of foreign visitors, both for its own lakeside location, and as the gateway to the high Alps.
	www.switzerland.isyours.com /e/guide/lucerne/history.html (1165 words)

	Timeline Switzerland
		Hofmann was the first person to test the drug when a tiny amount of the substance seeped on to his finger during a repeat of the laboratory experiment in April 1943.
		1997 Aug 7, In Switzerland the measures to freeze the assets of deposed Zairian Pres.
		Zapp was born in 1905 in Riga, Latvia.
	timelines.ws /countries/SWITZERLAND.HTML (11168 words)

	Hapsburg - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Hapsburg or Habsburg, ruling house of Austria (1282-1918).
		The family, which can be traced to the 10th cent., originally held lands in Alsace and in NW Switzerland.
		Vast estates in Upper Alsace, Baden, and Switzerland were inherited (1173) by his grandson Count Albert III (d.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-hapsburg.html (1359 words)

	Switzerland
		Schwyz and Uri were cantons that were not under control of the Habsburgs.
		People of the two cantons were against the growth of the Habsburg empire.
		Late 1200s-1300s The Cantons of Switzerland fought a number of battles with Austria for their freedom.
	www.worldvitalrecords.com /switzerlandtimeline.htm (747 words)

	Castles in Switzerland,Switzerland Castles,Switzerland Castles Tours,Tours to Switzerland Castles,Castles ...
		Standing proudly for centuries, the castles in Switzerland have never failed to amaze with their sheer grandeur and elegance.
		From the rural countryside to the bustling cities, the whole of Switzerland is peppered with castles of varied proportions.
		Some of the castles in Switzerland can also be leased for a short period of time thus adding up to a memorable experience.
	www.switzerlandflexitours.com /castles-in-switzerland/index.html (303 words)

	Aare — FactMonster.com
		Grimsel - Grimsel, pass, 7,159 ft (2,182 m) high, S Switzerland, between the Rhône and Aare valleys.
		Habsburg, castle, Switzerland - Habsburg, castle, Aargau canton, N Switzerland, near the Aare River.
		2,849), Bern canton, central Switzerland, on the northeast shore of the...
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/world/A0802015.html (187 words)

	Greg Bard's Genealogical Records
		M Albrecht I, King of The Germans Birth: Jul 1248 Habsburg, Aargau, Switzerland Marriage: 20 Dec 1274 Elisabetha, Princess of Carinthia Nhurnberg, Mittelfranken, Bavaria, Germany Death: 1 May 1308 Bei, Brugg, Aargau, Switzerland Burial: Speyer, Pfalz, Bavaria, Germany
		F Jutte, Princess of Austria Birth: 13 Mar 1271 Habsburg, Aargau, Switzerland Death: 18 Jun 1297
		F Klementie, Archduchess of Austria Birth: abt 1272 Habsburg, Aargau, Switzerland
	www.shocking.com /~gregbard/genealogy/fam02841.php (340 words)

	700000 people connected with European Royalty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Albert VI Of Austria Habsburg and Isabella Clara Eugenia Habsburg
		Margrave Of Brandenburg Hermann and Princess Anna Habsburg Of Austria
		Ferdinand Of Austria-Este Habsburg Archduke and Archduchess Elisabeth Habsburg-Lotharingen Of Austria
	www.e-familytree.net /f8364.htm (3664 words)

	Habsburg commune (Aargau canton, Switzerland) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The house on the flag of Habsburg is the castle "Habsburg" ("Burg" meaning castle in German), so you might guess where the canting name comes from.
		If my Territorium-Ploetz is correct (and I would be surprised if it isn't), the Counts of Habsburg from which the famed family is descended came from the Aargau.
		The Habsburg lion appeared on the great arms of Austria until WW2, and still is on the arms of the House of Austria (the family who would be the rulers of Austria, barring the changes of 1918, etc).
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/ch-ag073.html (200 words)

	Wikinfo \| Switzerland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Switzerland has four official languages: German (64%) in the north and centre,
		Italian (8%) in the south, and finally Romansh, a Romance language spoken by a small minority (<1%) in the southeastern canton Grisons.
		World-wide press freedom index Rank 15 out of 139 countries (2 way tie)
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Switzerland (1059 words)

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