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Topic: Habsburg Empire

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Habsburg

Austrian Habsburgs

Rulers of Austria

Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor

History of Austria

Franz Joseph of Austria

Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor

Archduke

Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor

Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor

Spanish Habsburgs

Privilegium Maius

Holy Roman Empire

Ferdinand I of Austria

Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor

	The Rusyns - Rusyn
		Habsburg Hungary was to rule Rusyn lands south of the Carpathians until 1918.
		Finally, during the last few decades of the Habsburg Empire’s existence, between the 1870s and 1918, there was an attempt, especially in the Hungarian kingdom, to eliminate the Carpatho-Rusyns as a group through a policy of state-supported national assimilation (magyarization).
		The empire was transformed into the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy, which in practice meant that the Hungarian authorities could rule their “half” of the state without any intervention by the imperial government in Vienna.
	www.rusyn.org /rusyns-history.html (5559 words)

	Habsburg Monarchy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Habsburg Monarchy included the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor House of Habsburg-Lorraine, between 1526 and 1867/1918.
		Croatian and Slavonian Military Frontier (Vojna Krajina), which was a temporary zone along the border with Ottoman Empire formed in 16th century and administered directly by the military authorities of Habsburg Monarchy, not by Croatian Sabor and Ban.
		Following the Habsburg defeats in the Wars of 1859 and 1866, this policy was abandoned, and after several years of experimentation in the early 1860s, the famous Ausgleich, or Compromise, of 1867 was arrived at, by which the so-called Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary was set up.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Habsburg_Empire (1735 words)

	Habsburg at AllExperts
		Under Maximilian II, the Habsburgs first acquired the land upon which would later be erected the SchÃ¶nbrunn Palace: the Habsburgs' summer palace in Vienna and one of the most enduring symbols of the dynasty.
		The Austrian Habsburgs held (after 1556) the title of Holy Roman Emperor, as well as the Habsburg Hereditary Lands and the Kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary, while the Spanish Habsburgs ruled over the Spanish kingdoms, the Netherlands, the Habsburgs' Italian possessions, and, for a time, Portugal.
		However, the heiress of the last Austrian Habsburg (Maria Theresa) had married Francis Stephan, Duke of Lorraine, (both of them were great-grandchildren of Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand III, but from different empresses) and their descendants carried on the Habsburg tradition from Vienna under the dynastic name Habsburg-Lorraine.
	en.allexperts.com /e/h/ha/habsburg.htm (2970 words)

	Austria - RISE OF THE HABSBURG EMPIRE
		The Habsburg Empire was a supernational collection of territories united only through the accident of common rule by the Habsburgs, and many of the territories were not part of the Holy Roman Empire.
		In contrast, the Holy Roman Empire was a defined political and territorial entity that became identified with the German nation as the nation-state assumed greater importance in European politics.
		Habsburg power was significantly enhanced in 1453, when Emperor Frederick III confirmed a set of rights and privileges, dubiously claimed by the Habsburgs, that paralleled those of the elector-princes, in whose ranks the family did not yet sit.
	countrystudies.us /austria/7.htm (497 words)

	The Balkans
		Byzantine Empire: The Byzantine Empire was the main successor state to the unified Roman Empire, which broke up in the late 5th century A.D. The Byzantine Empire's capital was the ancient Greco-Roman city of Byzantium, which was also known as Constantinople, after the Emperor Constantine, who greatly increased the empire's power and prestige.
		Ottoman Empire: The Ottoman Empire was an important state which, at its peak, ruled much of the Middle East, North Africa, and Southeastern Europe (the Balkans).
		Habsburg Empire: The Habsburg Empire was a great power in Europe from the late Middle Ages until World War I. It was ruled by the Austrian royal family, the Habsburgs, and its capital city was Vienna.
	www.cet.edu /earthinfo/balkans/BKdef.html (2393 words)

	Russia: A Country Study
		This multicultural empire was held together by the Habsburgs' dynastic claims and by the cultural and religious values of the Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation that the Habsburgs cultivated to provide a unifying identity to the region.
		Nonetheless, in their own lands, the Habsburgs enjoyed greater political and religious control than before the war: they had gained loyal new followers from among the nobles by redistributing estates confiscated from rebels, and they were free to enforce religious conformity, which they did based on the model applied earlier in Bohemia.
		Although the Habsburg Empire continued to expand in the east at Turkish expense, Charles VI recognized that defense of Austria's position in Europe required greater economic and political centralization to foster the development of a stronger economic base.
	www.cla.wayne.edu /polisci/kdk/easteurope/sources/habsburg1.htm (9391 words)

	Habsburg Europe
		When the Hungarians asserted their nationalism in 1867 the empire was divided into two administrations and was known as Austria-Hungary, the Dual Monarchy or the Habsburg Empire.
		The heir of the Habsburgs, Dr. Otto Von Habsburg, son of the last emperor (Karl 1916-18) was a member of the European Parliament from Bavaria and was believed to be active in many conservative networks (including the Paneuropa movement founded by Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi) to promote a mainly Catholic European Union.
		All of the former Habsburg lands except Bosnia, Croatia and parts of Ukraine are now (2007) members of the EU and are receiving funds for rebuilding their infrastructures.
	www.angelfire.com /mac/egmatthews/worldinfo/europe/habsburg.html (1559 words)

	Ottoman Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The Ottoman Empire was the successor to the Byzantine Empire in controlling much of the Balkans, as well as the Anatolian peninsula (modern day Turkey) as well as the countries on the eastern and southern rim of the Mediterranean.
		The Ottoman Empire had found its match at the northern boundary of the Balkans in the Austrian Habsburg Empire, and the pawns in the more or less continuous battles between the two empires for the next three centuries were Hungary, Romania, Bosnia and Serbia.
		Meanwhile, the Habsburg Empire, pushed southward in the mid-nineteenth century, by the expansionist militarism of Bismark's Prussia, was able to gain control of Bosnia, at the great dismay of the Serbians.
	www.geohistory.com /GeoHistory/GHMaps/GeoWorld/ottoman.html (2513 words)

	Royalty.nu - The Habsburgs
		The Decline and Fall of the Habsburg Empire, 1815-1918 by Alan Sked.
		The Habsburg Monarchy 1490-1848: Attributes of Empire by Paula Sutter Fichtner.
		Examines relations between the Habsburg ruler of Hungary and his subjects from the crushing of the Hungarian Revolution of 1849 to World War I. The Pomp and Politics of Patriotism: Imperial Celebrations in Habsburg, Austria, 1848-1916 by Daniel L. Unowsky.
	www.royalty.nu /Europe/Austria/Habsburgs.html (1297 words)

	Education World® - History : By Region : Europe : Austria : Habsburg Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)*
		Habsburg Dynasty A Short Overview Briefly describes the Habsburg dynasty's reintroduction of the Roman Catholic faith, centralization, and quest for empire in European history.
		Habsburg History 181567 Briefly chronicles the development of the Austrian Empire after the Congress of Vienna and through the era of revolution.
		Habsburgs HyperHistory Describes the important figures and events associated with the principal dynasty of Europe from the 15th to the 20th centuries.
	db.education-world.com /perl/browse?cat_id=11779 (184 words)

	Watch on the West: Challenges of Empire - FPRI
		The Habsburg empire, in Dominic Lieven’s apt phrase, was a conglomeration of crownlands built through marriages and diplomacy.
		Habsburg Poland became a cultural center toward which Poles in Russia and Wilhelmine Germany gravitated, and the Polish question in various guises preoccupied Russia’s rulers from the eighteenth century through the 1980s.
		Americans resist thinking of the United States as an empire, both because of the word’s negative connotations and the fact that their country was founded in a colonial war of independence.
	www.fpri.org /ww/0305.200205.hay.challengesofempire.html (3504 words)

	© Background: Constitution of the Habsburg Empire
		The core of the empire consisted of the hereditary crown lands of Austria along with Bohemia and Moravia.
		The empire was centralised in that the government in Vienna sought to impose its rule on every part of its territory, especially in matters such as surveillance and censorship.
		The diversity of the empire was a source of weakness in that it made efficient central and uniform government impossible and also meant that there was little sense of loyalty to Emperor outside German speaking areas.
	www.gla.ac.uk /centres/tltphistory/hcc/1848/answers/8a_back.htm (563 words)

	The Spanish Empire
		Habsburg Spain was a superpower and the center of the first global empire in the 16th century.
		The Castilian Empire was the result of a period of rapid colonial expansion into the New World, as well as the Philippines and colonies in Africa: Melilla was captured by Castile in 1497 and Oran in 1509.
		Their sizable empire in America made them relevant, but it is difficult—even in light of Floridablanca's reforms—to say that they were anywhere near the ranks of Austria or Russia, let alone France or England.
	www.thelatinlibrary.com /imperialism/notes/spanishempire.html (5889 words)

	Fathom :: The Source for Online Learning
		In many ways, the Habsburg empire was a dynastic accident brought together by marriage, death and family fortune; unlike the British empire, it was not won primarily through conquest and settlement.
		It is the empire of a particular dynasty, as indeed most empires are, and it is not entirely irrelevant to examine the names of these empires: the Habsburgs and the Ottomans were both dynasties.
		The final result of the empire's collapse and the great war between Germany and Russia to fill the vacuum it left was the destruction of one of those communities: the Germans, who were expelled almost to a man from the areas they had lived in outside of Austria and Germany proper.
	www.fathom.com /feature/122075 (2171 words)

	Hungary and the limits of Habsburg authority
		These three pillars of Habsburg statecraft require careful description but when that is done we should see (once again) some clues that explain both the early success and the later failure of an empire.
		The first Habsburg to rule over lands in the "East" (the origin of the name "Austria") was Count Rudolph the First who took the land around Vienna away from the King of Bohemia in 1278.
		For the Habsburg Empire as a whole, the events of 1790 showed how hard it was going to be to reconcile the principles of dynastic power and noble class privilege with the third principle: enlightened reform.
	www.lib.msu.edu /sowards/balkan/lecture4.html (4059 words)

	Glassheim - Habsburg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The Economic Rise of the Habsburg Empire, 1750-1914.
		The Decline and Fall of the Habsburg Empire 1815-1918.
		The Survival of the Habsburg Empire: Radetzky, the Imperial Army, the Class War of 1848.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/history/gha/orals/glassheim__habsburg.htm (488 words)

	[No title]
		The Habsburg Empire was the Reading power in Central Europe in the 16-18th centuries, so it is really necessary to understand its complicated political, and social structures - for understanding the history of the whole region.
		In these tree centuries the Habsburg Empire did not remain the same: from a loose unity of different provinces, which were even to be given away to different members of the dynasty after the death of Ferdinand, it developed to a monarchy with a strictly centralized administration to the second half of the eighteenth century.
		The Habsburg Empire was the unity of strikingly different parts, not in only in political, but in social history as well.
	www.ceu.hu /crc/Syllabi/Hist/Tot_HabMon18.F93Hist.v3.html (412 words)

	Galicia \| Austrian Empire
		The Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria was the north-easternmost province in the Habsburg Empire.
		In 1868, with the Habsburg ship floundering in the wake of draining wars, Emperor Franz Joseph endeavoured to inspire loyalty to the crown by allowing far-reaching concessions.
		In spite of all these complexities, a great many Poles, Ukrainians and Jews were loyal to the Habsburg crown by the close of the nineteenth century.
	www.lviv-life.com /lviv/galicia (663 words)

	Habsburg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Habsburg (in English sometimes written "Hapsburg") and the successor family, Habsburg-Lorraine, were important ruling houses of Europe and are best known as the ruling Houses of Austria (and the Austrian Empire) for over six centuries.
		After the marriage of Maximilian I with Mary, heiress of Burgundy (the Low Countries) and the marriage of his son Philip the Handsome with Juana, heiress of Spain and its newly-founded empire, Charles V inherited Spain, Southern Italy, Austria and the Low Countries.
		A son of Leopold II was Archduke Rainer of Austria whose wife was from the House of Savoy; a daughter Adelaide, Queen of Sardina was the wife of King Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont, Savoy, and Sardina and King of Italy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Habsburg (3152 words)

	Austrian Krakow \| Hapsburg Empire \| Krakow during the Habsburg Empire
		Although Krakow managed to cling on to its freedom for a little longer, the Habsburg border now came all the way up to the southern bank of the Vistula, where the Austrians immediately built the town of Podgorze as an economic rival to Krakow.
		But this all came to an end after a Polish Uprising in 1846, and two years later the Austrians were firing cannons on the Old Town from the former Royal Castle of Wawel.
		As the Habsburg vessel began to wobble in the 1860's, Vienna decided to try and win the loyalty of her subjects by awarding far-reaching autonomy.
	www.cracow-life.com /poland/habsburg-krakow (1083 words)

	Empire & Nation 1997 Fall
		The emergence of the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires
		Empire and Ideology, II The Habsburg Empire: The imperial strategy of national divisions.
		The Soviet Union and the Russian, Ottoman and Habsburg Empires, pp.
	www.ceu.hu /crc/Syllabi/97-98/Nationalism/NATION.html (822 words)

	German Genealogy: Habsburg Empire
		Researchers of ancestors who lived in the Empire may also wish to visit our regional page for the state of Austria which at its capital Vienna maintains an enormous number of the Empire's records.
		Over the next century, there were additions to the Empire, as for example when in 1846 when the city of Cracow participated in the Polish Revolution and the Empire took the opportunity to annex the city and surrounding area to Galicia.
		In 1878, the Empire was given the right to occupy the duchies of Bosnia and Hercegovina, even though they were nominally still under the control of the Ottoman Empire.
	www.genealogienetz.de /reg/AUT/aut-hun.html (1999 words)

	© Biography: Major Political Figures in the Habsburg Empire
		Once the Hungarian army was defeated by a combination of Habsburg and Russian armies as well as the mobilisation of non-Magyar nationalities, Kossuth went into exile.
		The victory at Custozza was the first sign that the Habsburg empire could survive the revolution and emboldened the Emperor to move to more resolution counter-revolution in other parts of the empire.
		With the reassertion of Habsburg rule in Lombardy-Venetia in 1849 Radetzsky was made civil governor as well as military commander.
	www.gla.ac.uk /centres/tltphistory/hcc/1848/answers/8c_bio.htm (613 words)

	Habsburg: Habsburg Empire
		As early as the 17th century - and in line with the strengthening of the Habsburg empire - Hungarians were forced to protect their interests not only in the face of the Turks but...
		Following initial successes his attempts failed, and he was forced into exile with his followers however, the long freedom fight made it clear for the Habsburgs that the monolithic exercise of power on its part was just as hopeless as the aspirations for full independence on the part of the Hungarian.
		The Habsburg Empire was not primarily a Balkan country.
	www.lycos.com /info/habsburg--habsburg-empire.html (675 words)

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