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	The old hacienda system in Negros
		The rise in the commercial cultivation of sugar in Negros and the simultaneous migration of wholesale labor starting with the second half of the 19 th century led to the “hacienda” system.
		The “hacienda” system defined not only geographical units and territorial boundaries but also became a way of life for the Negrenses.
		The “hacienda” system developed a culture of dependence with the “ hacendero ” occupying the higher end and the “ sacada ” at the lower end of the social structure.
	www.thenewstoday.info /2005/03/04/columns2.htm (474 words)

	Hacienda - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hacienda is a Spanish word describing a vast ranch, common in the Pampa.
		Haciendas originated in land grants, mostly made to minor nobles, as the grandees of Spain were not motivated to leave, and the bourgeoisie had little access to royal dispensation.
		The hacienda system and lifestyle are also prominent in the Philippines, which was also colonized by Spain for over 300 years.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hacienda (570 words)

	Abstract
		A hacienda that is in a fertile area near a large urban area holds more prestige in ownership because of its visibility and preferred location than does a hacienda high in the Andes even if it is twice the size of the first.
		The hacienda system developed separately from the encomiendas, but the encomiendas were necessary in order to develop a situation in which the haciendas could form.
		Haciendas kept their own production to a limit, which ensured that supply in a closed market was low, and which would thus justify a high price due to increased demand (Keith 1977, 12).
	www2.truman.edu /~marc/webpages/andean2k/haciendas (6957 words)

	A Brief History of Haciendas in Mexico
		Haciendas provided a measure of safety at a time when massive epidemics were wiping out Indian villages, which were, at the same time, losing land and water rights.
		The Hacienda system in the area of San Miguel de Allende was extremely powerful and influential throughout the 18th and 19th Centuries.
		It is rumored that the hacienda in it´s heyday during the 18th Century encompassed 350,000 hectares.
	www.pmexc.com /pmc/tours/fieldtrp/fthcdas/fthcdhis.htm (3583 words)

	Table of Contents and Excerpt, Lyons, Remembering the Hacienda
		Hacienda Runa could sometimes honor the owner of a neighboring hacienda by asking him to sponsor a child's baptism and, at other times, speak of landlords in general as having sold their souls to the devil.
		Hacienda residents parlayed their access to hacienda resources into relationships of exchange and mutual aid with peasants in neighboring communities—sometimes to landlords' dismay, as when hacienda residents incorporated neighbors' animals into their own flocks on hacienda pastures (Guerrero 1991:279-285; Mallon 1983:77-78; Martínez Alier 1977).
		Hacienda Runa constructed a richly meaningful social world on and beyond their estates, based on both horizontal ties among peers and asymmetrical and vertical relationships structured by kinship, age, gender, and fiesta sponsorship.
	www.utexas.edu /utpress/excerpts/exlyorem.html (9384 words)

	Aztec and Spainish rule over the Tlaxcala
		In this system, a Spanish encomendero, a conquistador who gained the status similar to that of a landlord, would be given a plot of land, town, or city, and the native population would be required to serve him and work his lands in exchange for military defense and a religious education.
		The hacienda system, similar to the feudalistic encomienda system except for the fact that they were usually much larger, had its origins in 1529 when the Spanish government granted a large plot of land to Herman Cortez to govern and the title of Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca.
		Also, the haciendas were usually much larger in size than the encomiendas since most focused on farming which requires more space than mining which comprised the main focus of the encomienda system.
	www.hyperhistory.net /apwh/essays/cot/t4w16tlaxcala.htm (1793 words)

	The Ecuadorian Andes
		The Hacienda system dates back to the colonization of Ecuador when the King of Spain deeded extensive land holdings to the most important families of the country.
		Hacienda La Compañia is located in the foothills of the Cayambe volcano and surrounded by spectacular Andean landscapes.
		This hacienda has belonged to the same family since 1888, but had already been the location of major historical events such as the signing of the Treaty between Ecuador and Columbia, establishing a friendship between the two countries.
	www.galapagosonline.com /Explore_Ecuador/Andes/haciendas.htm (1541 words)

	Róbinson Rojas: Latin America: blockages to development.- Articulation of modes of production.- Sociodynamics. ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		The hacienda was a self-supporting unit of production, maintaining the monopoly of land for one stratum of society and the monopoly of land for one stratum of the society and the monopoly of utilisation of labour power for this stratum.
		Not the hacienda fighting against the encomienda, but rather encomenderos shifting to private property in land, working it with peones and sparing the communal economy of the Indians as a source of labour power, and even added profits in the form of a tribute to be used by the colonial state.
		The determinant factor was the structure of the hacienda economy: The rationale of this, was the monopoly of land, and the monopoly of the majority of the available labour (indian).
	www.rrojasdatabank.org /thesis6.htm (9878 words)

	Hacienda de Colores / System / Legal
		Hacienda de Colores reserves the right to change these rules and regulations from time to time at its sole discretion.
		In the case of any violation of these rules and regulations, Hacienda de Colores reserves the right to seek all remedies available by law and in equity for such violations.
		Hacienda de Colores is committed to protecting any personal information that you may provide to us.
	www.haciendadecolores.org /hdc.nsf/html/Legal (785 words)

	Everything about Peasant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		The Russian system of serfdom was based on the principle that the lord owned the peasant under his control, so he could dispose of his serfs as he wished: he could even separate them from their land.
		According to Marxism, capitalism is a system based on the exploitation of the proletariat by the bourgeoisie (the "capitalists", who work for the elites who own and control the means of production).
		Therefore a system of slavery — as opposed to the isolated instances found in any society — requires official, legal recognition of ownership, or widespread tacit arrangements with local authorities, by masters who have some influence because of their social and/or economic status.
	wikimiki.org /en/peasant (11589 words)

	Identity, Worker Identity: Multiple Modes of Rural Consciousness in Highland Ecuador, MARC BECKER, EIAL XV1 - Estudios ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Instead, it was the shared experiences of exploitation through wage labor on the hacienda that led to the development of a type of proletarian consciousness, and this social cohesion provided the environment for the drafting of demands and the organization of a strike.
		Hacienda worker collaboration with an urban proletariat culminated in the founding of the Confederación de Trabajadores del Ecuador (CTE, Confederation of Ecuadorian Workers) in Quito in 1944.
		It was an endless frustration to hacienda owners that the peons would take things "because the hacienda belonged to everyone." As a result, both the urban leftists and the rural Indians shared a common concept of a social construction of land that responded to community instead of individual needs.
	www.tau.ac.il /eial/XV_1/becker.html (9677 words)

	Hacienda Heights Library
		For residents of the unincorporated areas, please contact your Supervisor for all matters of local government.
		Hacienda Heights Library staff provide information and library assistance, public Internet computer use, children's storytimes on Tuesdays at 7 p.m.
		Established in 1948, HHIA's mission is to support projects and activities that improved the quality of life in Hacienda Heights.
	www.colapublib.org /libs/haciendahts (341 words)

	history240lecturepages7
		fter the end of the Encomienda system in the late 17th century, it was replaced by the Hacienda system.
		The main difference between these two systems, is that the Encomienda was a post-Conquest means to control and subjugate the people who originally resided on that land (a grant of right to govern people for the purpose of labor), while the lands of the Hacienda were owned outright by the Hacendero.
		Haciendas emerged throughout the region, sustaining these areas later on, when the mines “died out.” (No ghost towns, as in the U.S.).
	home.att.net /~history240/history240lecturepages7.html (3179 words)

	The Rise of the Haciendas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		The hacienda as a social system was created by a minority of the white Spaniards who controlled it» The Indians constituted the mass of the labor force.
		The great haciendas were formed by a royal grant, or by purchase, usurpation, merger or competition.
		Moreover, the hacienda seemed to foster the growth of the Indian population again.
	www.unm.edu /~nvaldes/350/hacien.htm (570 words)

	Róbinson Rojas: Latin America: blockages to development.- Articulation of modes of production.- Sociodynamics.- ...
		The latter were landless peasants who were permitted to till a small plot of land in the hacienda to produce their means of subsistence as a compensation for their work in the hacienda, and who were attached to the landlords' estates by means of monetary debts to the hacendado.
		The large estate in the form of hacienda, generally constituted the basis of the Spanish colonial system, with its aim of reproducing the conditions of exploitation in the entire region -exporting precious metals, raw materials and foodstuff to Spain.
		The system receives characteristic names according to the traditions of each country: inquilinaje, huasipungo, yanaconazgo, etc. The campesino is obliged to work for a low salary or often for nothing for a certain period of each year or to turn his production over to the owner at a low price" (19).
	rrojasdatabank.info /foh10.htm (9091 words)

	LATIN AMERICA - THE MAGICIAN'S PYRAMID
		During the 17th century, the hacienda system was developed by rich Spaniards to colonize 'New Spain'.
		The haciendas were vast country estates whose land was used to raise cattle, mine mineral wealth or grow corn, wheat and sugar cane".
		The mouse continued, "In 1910, the Revolution ended the hacienda system".
	www.internetpuppets.org /lamagician.html (662 words)

	Latin American History
		Because of the expansion of the hacienda Indian lands were again under attack and in Mexico this problem would reach its climax under the regime of Porfirio Diaz.
		More modern systems of labor developed in Argentina were an acute labor shortage led to the state providing incentives to the millions of European immigrants that poured into Argentina between 1870 and 1910.
		It was thought that the haciendas produced food more efficiently than Indian communities and for this reason haicendas expand at the expense of Indian communities from 1880 to about the 1920’s.
	www.emayzine.com /lectures/neocol.html (3663 words)

	[No title]
		Under this system, the Spanish colonist would apply to a royal official, explaining both the work to be done and the time necessary to finish the job.
		Significance: The significance of the latifundia system is that it established a model for elite behavior and class structure that typifies much of the urban and rural scene throughout Latin America.
		These chiefs became intermediaries and organizers of the system of tribute and were later given special privileges that enabled them to become bosses in the system of repartimiento, and other forced labor systems.
	www.csubak.edu /~mmartinez/LATerms.doc (2133 words)

	Center for Latin American Studies, UC Berkeley
		In the 19th century, the majority of Ecuador’s indigenous population was absorbed into the region’s feudal hacienda system, leaving them with little opportunity for independent political and social organization.
		The hacienda system remained largely unchanged through the 1960s, and it was not until this late date that the government moved to constitute independent indigenous communities.
		Leaders of the indigenous movement devised a nationwide hierarchical system of organization parallel to the government’s administrative structure.
	socrates.berkeley.edu:7001 /Events/spring2004/03-15-04-smith (1272 words)

	Peasant Identity, Worker Identity: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Scholars have alternately considered the workers on these haciendas to be peasants (thereby emphasizing their economic relations with the rest of society) or Indians (implying ethnic relations with the dominant culture).
		The amount of this wage varied from hacienda to hacienda and was a constant source of agitation, but it generally rose from an average of five centavos in 1895 to three sucres by the time of agrarian reform in 1964.
		Furthermore, organizing together with urban Marxists against the dominant economic and political elite including the hacienda owners betray the presence of a class consciousness in which the huasipungueros understood that their interests were opposed rather than complementary to those of their employers.
	www.yachana.org /research/confs/ssha97.html (6470 words)

	Hacienda
		The hacienda system was ended by the Mexican Revolution almost 100 years ago.
		The great haciendas were seized as part of the land reform of the revolution.
		As we neared the hacienda the road became almost impassable.
	rollybrook.com /hacienda.htm (321 words)

	Bolivia
		The hacienda contributed to a highly stratified class system that coincided with ethnic and racial lines.
		The Bolivian revolution did not begin as a peasant revolt, rather, it was the outcome of an urban rebellion of armed workers who were provided weapons by a faction of the military.
		After the 1960s most of the land distributed (4 million hectares) was given to 80,000 families involved in colonizing new agricultural lands (it was not a redistribution of land owned by others).
	www.unm.edu /~nvaldes/350/bolivia.htm (1305 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		During the Inca Empire, public service was required in public works projects such as the building of roads, and military service.
		The Spanish also utilized the same form labor system in supplying the needed work force for the silver mines, which was the basis of their economy in this time period.
		Yanaconas were Indians uprooted from the original location (often from war) and placed into new villages, often where it was a new city, or the population was difficult to subdue.
	people.cohums.ohio-state.edu /guy60/history534.04/5341.doc (335 words)

	Hort 403 - Lecture 10 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Under a hacienda system with its associated stagnation there is a feeling of fatalism and hopelessness.
		The Catholic church with its emphasis on things spiritual rather than temporal had served to sustain the hacienda system.
		In the latter half of the twentieth century, there was a movement in the Church to support peasant rights but under John Paul II the Church has moved away from political action.
	www.hort.purdue.edu /newcrop/tropical/lecture_10/lec_10.html (558 words)

	America on the Move \| Juana Gallegos Valadez: Immigrant, Traveler
		During the 1910s and 1920s in Mexico, the spread of the railroads, the breakup of the hacienda system (akin to feudal farming), and the upheaval of the Mexican Revolution provided means and motivation for many people to move to the cities.
		Around 1918, Juana Gallegos moved with her parents from the hacienda her father managed to Mexico City, where the family had political connections.
		After President Venustiano Carranza was deposed, Juana and her mother returned to Matehuala and in 1923 emigrated to the United States to escape the ongoing turmoil of the revolution.
	americanhistory.si.edu /onthemove/exhibition/exhibition_5_6.html (255 words)

	The Quaker Economist #66 - Chaipas
		Generally, the serfs "belonged" to their masters, used hacienda script as money, bought only what the hacienda store would sell, and lived their entire lives on the hacienda knowing no other citizenship.
		In Mexico, the hacienda system was abolished with the Revolution (1910-17), after which hacienda lands all over the country were confiscated and divided among the peasants, in one of two forms: either as communal villages known as ejidos or as small private farms.
		I want the Zapatistas to control their land and government, but the systems that would be chosen by their leaders (not by the Indians) sound like a repetition of failed authoritarianism.
	www.quaker.org /clq/2003/TQE066-EN-Chiapas.html (1948 words)

	Haciendas near Otavalo Ecuador
		During the colonial years the Spanish established a Hacienda system throughout the Northern Sierras.
		As their wealth grew so did the Haciendas many becoming elaborately decorated, furnished with incredible artwork, and adorned with elaborate gardens in order to provide the family with a private oasis.
		Many of the Haciendas themselves still remain in the hands of the pure-blooded Spanish descendants of the original owners who have now opened the doors to tourists.
	www.galapagosonline.com /Explore_Ecuador/Andes/OtavaloArea/Otavalo3.htm (287 words)

	People: John Hanshew
		He led the architecture team for the NYPD E911 project, the New York Police Department’s computer aided dispatch system. As Associate Chief Architect for Systemhouse’s Technology Network, he specified and designed systems, hired personnel and assisted in the management of the group. As Sr.
		Technical Architect for Mexico’s Hacienda Tax Processing System, he designed and led the implementation of an automated tax processing system for the government of Mexico.
		After designing the system, led the implementation project all the way through acceptance. The system scans tax forms, captures and interprets hand print, machine print, bar code and check box information. It archives and retrieves document images.
	www.iqco.com /about/HanshewJon.php (710 words)

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