Hacker (free and open source software)

Hacker (free and open source software) - Factbites
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Topic: Hacker (free and open source software)

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	Free and Open Source Software - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		F/OSS is generally synonymous with free software and open source software, and describes the same licenses, culture, and development models.
		Free and Open Source Software, also F/OSS or FOSS, is software which is liberally licensed to grant the right of users to study, change, and improve its design through the availability of its source code.
		Some examples of FOSS software include: the Linux kernel, GNOME Desktop, and FreeBSD.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/FOSS (201 words)

	Terminology Wars: A Web Content Analysis
		Because the choice of "open source" vs. "free software" is perceived as a political issue within the hacker community, evangelists and academics often try to reinforce their impartiality by using both terms.
		Among software developers and in the technology trade press, use of the term "open source" dominates use of the term "free software" by 95%-5% or more.
		Web-usage frequency of the term "free software" relative to "open source" continues to exhibit a long-term decline from a trivially 100% incidence of "free software" before the "open source" label was launched in 1998.
	www.catb.org /~esr/writings/terminology (3696 words)

	Welcome to www.opensource.ac.uk
		We aim to ensure, through provision of stable server space and reliable URLs, that free software toolkits remain available for the community when .ac.uk funding for that work is complete, and* that an open source exit strategy becomes a viable option for an increased proportion of research-oriented projects.
		...own and defend the Open Source trademark, to manage the www.opensource.org resources, to develop branding programs attractive to software customers and producers, and to advance the cause of open-source software and serve the hacker community in other appropriate ways.
		If the open source trademark can be considered a marketing campaign for free software, opensource.ac.uk is probably best characterised as a marketing campaign for free software in UK academia.
	www.opensource.ac.uk (3696 words)

	OSI Position Paper on the SCO-vs.-IBM Complaint
		This time around, the hacker community has corporate allies (IBM among them) who understand the new world of open source — and that it is to their own business advantage to respect the Unix hackers as the owners of their art.
		Damage to the open-source community would matter, because we are both today's principal source of innovation in software and the guardians and maintainers of the open Internet.
		More recently, the paper Closed source versus open source in a model of software bug dynamics proves that under very general assumptions open-source code converges on a bug-free state faster than closed source.
	www.opensource.org /sco-vs-ibm.html (3696 words)

	eigentext: Open Source Culture
		How about Linux as organic software grown in utopia by spiritualists?" In the zone where open source guys hang out, ie at slashdot.org and kuro5hin.org, this led to an intense discussion.
		( hacker survey, 2002) Either directly or indirectly software companies in Western Europe are already supporting open source projects.
		Cultural live in a Bazaar includes pickpockets and "some kind of canny rug merchant with an eye out to make some fast dough" (Bruce Sterling), something that is completely contrary to open source ideology.
	eigentext.org /eigentext/stories/147 (3696 words)

	AN OVERVIEW OF “OPEN SOURCE” SOFTWARE LICENSES
		In 1998, a group associated with free software introduced the term "open source" to emphasize a break with the pro-hacker, anti-business past associated with GNU and other free software projects and to place a new emphasis in the community on the possibilities of extending the free software model to the commercial world.
		The term "open source" commonly refers to a software program or set of software technologies that are made widely available by an individual or group in source code form for use, modification and redistribution under a license agreement having very few restrictions.
		Some open source license forms, such as the GPL, require licensees to provide free copies of their derivative works in source code form for others to use, modify and redistribute in accordance with the terms of the license agreement for the unmodified program.
	www.abanet.org /intelprop/opensource.html (3696 words)

	Closed source - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		People like Richard Stallman were used to the open nature of this hacker culture, and it came as an unpleasant surprise when skilled programmers left academia to found their own companies and market their software, no longer giving their peers source code access.
		Closed source still dominates commercial software development, but in the last few years through the success of a few open source projects like Linux, KDE, and Apache, corporate thinking has undergone a minor transformation, with some corporations deciding that closed and open source projects can complement each other.
		Closed source is a term invented as an antonym for open source and used to refer to any program whose licensing terms do not qualify as open source.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Closed_source (3696 words)

	A cyber-utopia is at our fingertips - Lifestyle
		The open source movement was born in the late 1990s of the hacker and free software movements; which hold lofty philosophical and moral ideals for the digital age.
		That perfect world is the aim of the open source movement, an increasingly prominent tech sub-culture that is having ever-greater effect on the realms of science, technology, education and politics.
		Open source has even found its way to the hot-potato issue of digital rights management; its name is Creative Commons, and it is found at www.CreativeCommons.org.
	www.dailytrojan.com /news/2004/08/30/Lifestyle/A.CyberUtopia.Is.At.Our.Fingertips-706778.shtml (1079 words)

	Digital Life Archive 06 July 2002
		Open source software is generally developed voluntarily by programmers and distributed freely on the Internet, as opposed to that written by large corporations such as Microsoft and purchased off the shelf.
		Hacker culture is closely aligned to what is called the open-source software movement.
		The hacker is an icon of the Net — a free wheeling individual that roams cyberspace causing mayhem and damage usually identified by a colourful alias.
	www.radionz.co.nz /digitallife/archives/series1/dlife20020706.htm (1079 words)

	Homesteading the Noosphere by Eric S. Raymond
		The subsequent call to the hacker culture to exploit this unprecedented opportunity and to re-label its product from 'free software' to 'open source' was met with a level of instant approval that surprised everybody involved.
		This is that many hackers resisted the analysis and showed a strong reluctance to admit that their behavior was motivated by a desire for peer repute or, as I incautiously labeled it at the time, 'ego satisfaction'.
		Since many hackers have had formative exposure to academia (it's common to learn how to hack while in college) the extent to which academia shares adaptive patterns with the hacker culture is of more than casual interest in understanding how these customs are applied.
	www.firstmonday.org /issues/issue3_10/raymond (11281 words)

	Homesteading the Noosphere by Eric S. Raymond
		The subsequent call to the hacker culture to exploit this unprecedented opportunity and to re-label its product from 'free software' to 'open source' was met with a level of instant approval that surprised everybody involved.
		This is that many hackers resisted the analysis and showed a strong reluctance to admit that their behavior was motivated by a desire for peer repute or, as I incautiously labeled it at the time, 'ego satisfaction'.
		Since many hackers have had formative exposure to academia (it's common to learn how to hack while in college) the extent to which academia shares adaptive patterns with the hacker culture is of more than casual interest in understanding how these customs are applied.
	www.firstmonday.org /issues/issue3_10/raymond (11281 words)

	Free Standards Group
		San Francisco, Calif. - March 21, 2005 -The Free Standards Group (FSG), a nonprofit organization dedicated to developing and promoting open source software standards, today announced it has appointed Linux industry pioneer Arthur F. Tyde III to the position of chief technology officer.
		The LSB Workgroup and the Free Standards Group is now soliciting broader community review.
		Read Jan Stafford's interview with Jim Zemlin to find out how the "Free Standards Group (FSG) is fighting to keep Linux from following the path of Unix, which branched off into several proprietary operating systems, forcing developers to write single-vendor applications.
	www.freestandards.org (11281 words)

	ONLamp.com -- How Will History View Richard Stallman?
		Stewart: While there's a large open source movement with many success stories, Stallman and the Free Software Foundation are really the only ones who assign notions of morality to free software usage.
		As the leader of the free software movement, Stallman is one of the most influential and controversial personalities in hacker culture today.
		I think Lessig's comment was that he changed the argument from "is" to "ought." A lot of free software was just created by the communal customs throughout this hacker elite programmer community.
	www.onlamp.com /pub/a/onlamp/2002/02/28/williams.html (1357 words)

	Yuwei Lin
		Her doctoral thesis, entitled “Hacking Practices and Software Development: A Social Worlds Analysis of ICT Innovation and the Role of Open Source Software", completed in September 2004, analyses the socio-technical relationships between diverse actors involved in the innovation process of ‘free/libre open source software’ (FLOSS).
		‘Hybrid Innovation: The Dynamics of Collaboration between the Public and the Private in the Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) Innovation System’.
		Hacking Practices and Software Development: A Social Worlds Analysis of ICT Innovation and the Role of Open Source Software (Unpublished doctoral thesis).
	www.ylin.org (1357 words)

	Eric S. Raymond - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		His involvement with hacker culture began in 1976 and he contributed to his first open source software project in 1982.
		Raymond addressed some of his critics from the software development community in his 1999 essay "Take My Job, Please!" [11], stating that he was willing to "back to the hilt" anyone qualified and willing to take his job and present the case for open source to the world.
		Stallman is the original author of some of the most widely used and sophisticated pieces of free software in the world, including Emacs, GCC, GDB, and GNU Make.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Eric_S._Raymond (985 words)

	VARBusiness Linux Library: Who?s Who In
		He, along with Eric Raymond, founded the Open Source Initiative "as a way of introducing the non-hacker world to Free Software." Perens believes that "Open Source has de-emphasized the importance of the freedoms involved in Free Software."
		As a software developer, he has written a number of important Open Source programs, including fetchmail and sed.
		* The Magic Cauldron --With this document, Raymond focuses on various economic models that may answer the question, "How can you make money with Open Source software?"
	www.varbusiness.com /university/seminar.asp?ArticleID=8283 (985 words)

	Free / Open Source Research Community (Online Papers)
		The communities of free software development are a particularly interesting organisational model because their structure, based on co-operation and solidarity and opposing centralisation, promote the participation of programmers and users all over the world.
		Contrasting Community Building in Sponsored and Community Founded Open Source Projects
		I then suggest that "forking," a split of the communities, is integral to the definition of openness and a possible vector of communicating social norms between communities, and that a significant difference between open technical communities and some other open/voluntary communities is the internal orientation of status seeking within the community.
	opensource.mit.edu /online_papers.php (14135 words)

	(Slightly skeptical) Annotated Collection of Quotes from Eric Raymond's Letters, Articles and Interviews
		Eric Raymond and I founded the Open Source Initiative as a way of introducing the non-hacker world to Free Software.
		Raymond was the programmer behind much of the Fetchmail software and is the author of the influential paper "The Cathedral and the Bazaar," contrasting open source with proprietary development.
		Both Perens and Raymond have strong credentials in the open source arena; Perens is the primary author of the Open Source Definition and wrote parts of the Debian distribution of Linux.
	www.softpanorama.org /OSS/ESR_Interviews.shtml (14927 words)

	Black hat - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hackers are not the same as crackers, as hackers do not participate in illegal activities and only modify software (typically of the Open Source variety).
		Cracking techniques can vary from using advanced programming skills and social engineering to using semi-automatic cracking software developed by others without understanding how it works.
		The term cracker was coined by Richard Stallman to provide an alternative to abusing the existing word hacker for this meaning.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cracker_(computing) (14927 words)

	Richard Stallman - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Richard Matthew Stallman (frequently abbreviated to RMS) (born March 16, 1953) is the founder of the free software movement, the GNU Project, and the Free Software Foundation.
		Chapter 3 of an open source book detailing Stallman's life
		In June 1971, as a freshman at Harvard University, Stallman became a programmer at the MIT AI Laboratory, where he became a fixture in the hacker community.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Richard_Stallman (3067 words)

	Slashdot FSF: New Apache License not GPL-Compatible
		This is also a big issue with standards bodies, governments, other open source projects like Apache, and yes even many commercial proprietary software vendors.
		Apparently, the FSF does not actually consider the patent-related clauses a bad idea, let alone non-free - it is just that they impose a restriction that the GPL does not, and that makes the license automatically incompatible.
		What is important is that free software continues to advance, and most of all, continues to be _free_, and license incompatibilities are bad in that they dont allow the cooperation between the ASF and the FSF (and XFree people), who are probably the most important developers of free software.
	yro.slashdot.org /yro/04/02/18/215242.shtml (7399 words)

	A Brief History Of The Free/Open Source Software Movement
		The free/open source software movement began in the "hacker" culture of U.S. computer science laboratories (Stanford, Berkeley, Carnegie Mellon, and MIT) in the 1960's and 1970's.
		Richard Greenblatt, a senior Lisp machine project hacker at the AI lab, formed a company called Lisp Machine, Inc. (LMI).
		Several other programmers began to modify and tweak the code, sending their improvements back to Torvalds for inclusion in the next release of the kernel.
	www.openknowledge.org /writing/open-source/scb/brief-open-source-history.html (2118 words)

	Free / Open Source Research Community (Online Papers)
		Online communities producing open source software face even greater problems of governance than affinity or interest based online communities, as leadership responsibilities extend beyond mailing list management to managing release dates, public relations, and collaborations with firms.
		With data from one open source community's online and offline networks over three consecutive years, we assess factors affecting voting participation and leadership.
		In examining the diverse articulations and performances in which hacker culture and hacker identity are both reflected and constructed, the thesis tries to contextualise and deconstruct the ICT architecture we take for granted, as well as the innovations made possible by this architecture.
	opensource.mit.edu /online_papers.php (14135 words)

	Free / Open Source Research Community (Online Papers)
		Building on discussions with public and private sector industry participants, funding agencies, leaders of the free and open source software movement and scholars in a range of disciplines, this PhD thesis assesses the desirability and feasibility of extending open source principles to biotechnology research and development.
		Building an active and helpful community around an open source project is a complex task for its leaders.
		In examining the diverse articulations and performances in which hacker culture and hacker identity are both reflected and constructed, the thesis tries to contextualise and deconstruct the ICT architecture we take for granted, as well as the innovations made possible by this architecture.
	opensource.mit.edu /online_papers.php (14251 words)

	Eric S. Raymond - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Raymond and his supporters have credited his tactics with a number of remarkable successes, beginning with the release of the Mozilla (then Netscape) source code in 1998, and he is widely credited with having taken the open source mission to Wall Street more effectively than earlier advocates.
		Raymond addresses some of these criticisms in his essay "Take My Job, Please!" [12], where he argues that if anyone is qualified and willing to take his job and present the case for open source to the world, he would "back them to the hilt".
		Eric Steven Raymond (born December 4, 1957), often referred to as ESR, is the author of "The Cathedral and the Bazaar" and the present maintainer of the "Jargon File" (also known as "The New Hacker's Dictionary").
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Eric_S._Raymond (1062 words)

	Copyleft vs. Copyright: A Marxist critique
		The fact that parts of the Open Source community do profit from their (or others) efforts does not disclaim the existence of a 'conflict of interests', any more than blacklegs and informants prove that capital and labour live in harmonious marriage.
		At the end of my inquiry, I will suggest that the development of free software provides an early model of the contradictions inherent to information capitalism, and that free software development has a wider relevance to all future production of information.
		The knowledge that capital claims as intellectual property is often appropriated from communities in the first place, whether it is software made by hackers or crops that has been cultivated by generations of farmers.
	www.firstmonday.org /issues/issue7_3/soderberg/index.html (11056 words)

	Companies - Specializing - Web Bugs Software
		Specializes in: windows, javascript, open source, freeware, downloads, guru, linux, web editor, open, development, technology, download, desktop notes, bugs, headlines, edit, forum, opensource, programming, free, html, free software, editor, freesoftware, java, hacker, software, postit, forums, notes, news, hackers
		Census bug tracking and defect tracking allows you to track software bugs, feature requests, help...
		A web-based bug tracking, issue tracking, and defect tracking and management application.
	www.soft411.org /companies/web-bugs.html (267 words)

	NewsForge TheOpenCD project hopes to convert Windows users by giving them a taste of Free Software
		After a strong response to his guest commentary on NewsForge/Linux.com, a Ph.D. student in astrophysics from Great Britain is launching TheOpenCD project, an effort to convert Windows users to Open Source software by passing out CDs with Windows versions of popular Free Software packages on them.
		I have been trying to convince some of my friends that using open source software (even on Windows) is mucho better than using the MS warez they currently steal (stealing is bad, period).
		Nilsen Omma's story on his idea for a Free Software CD drew more than 40 comments, with many readers providing additional suggestions or offering to help.
	www.newsforge.com /software/02/04/29/2024205.shtml?tid=51 (1293 words)

	Slashdot ESR On O'Reilly Summit
		The author seems to have filtered his view of the summit through a simplifying myth that regards hackers and businesspeople as poles apart, with all hackers on the "free software" side of the fence and all businessmen either opposed to open source or puzzled by it or out to exploit it in some sinister way.
		It was one of our own; Larry McVoy, a hacker who is a sort of anti-Stallman -- he believes that unless the open-source community accepts direct-revenue-capture licenses we will all come to a horrible end.
		It was not, in fact, a guy from HP who flung at me "You've never run a business".
	slashdot.org /features/99/03/11/1352249.shtml (1293 words)

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