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Topic: Hacktivism

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Internet democracy

Lawrence Lessig

Code

Backdoor

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Cult of the Dead Cow

Interventionism

Vulnerability scanner

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	Hacktivism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hacktivism (from hack and activism) is often understood as the writing of code, or otherwise manipulating bits, to promote political ideology - promoting expressive politics, free speech, human rights, or information ethics.
		Acts of hacktivism are carried out in the belief that proper use of code will have leveraged effects similar to regular activism or civil disobedience.
		Depending on who is using the term, hacktivism can be a politically constructive form of civil disobedience or an anarchic gesture; it can signal anticapitalist protest or commercial protectionism; it can denote spammers or anti-abortion activists, counter-surveillance experts or open source advocates.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hacktivism (687 words)

	The Hacktivist :: Hacktivism & Technopolitics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Since hacktivism is a recombinant initiative comprised of two divergent communities (hackers and activists) it is necessary to understand their respective backgrounds in order to analyze this historic merger and to examine its challenges and future capabilities.
		Hacktivism is the fusion of the evolution of computer activism with the politicization of the hackers.
		Hacktivism is a form of electronic direct action in which creative and critical thinking is fused with programming skill and code creating a new mechanism to achieve social and political change.
	www.thehacktivist.com /hacktivism.php (3695 words)

	HK -= [Hacker Kulture] =- Hackers -= [What Is Hacktivism - The Hacktivist.Com] =-
		Hacktivism is the fusion of hacking and activism; a merger in which technically proficient hackers engage in electronic direct action in order to bring pressure on institutions engaged in unethical or criminal actions, particularly in relation to the Internet and computer technology.
		Rather, hacktivism is a continually evolving recombinant and open form of activism\protest combined with a willingness to creatively solve the problem being addressed.
		Although in its relative infancy, hacktivism has emerged as a vibrant, new mechanism to achieve social and political change, specifically by applying pressure to institutions engaged in unethical or criminal behavior and by drawing attention to specific cause and thus widening the range of debate surrounding relevant issues.
	www.dvara.net /HK/hacktivism.asp (2720 words)

	Hacktivism: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Hacktivism is the writing of code Code quick summary:
		In communications, a code is a rule for converting a piece of information (for example, a letter, word, or phrase) into another form or representation,...
		A denial-of-service attack (also, dos attack) is an attack on a computer system or computer networknetwork that causes a loss of service to users, typically...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/h/ha/hacktivism.htm (1153 words)

	Thoughts on Hacktivism: post Y2K
		In the realm of Hacktivism, this is the difference between the military-centric strike teams, and the social-centric hackers (and groups) who freely give out source code and intelligence that they gather.
		Paradoxically, Hacktivism is a force for the demystification of the technological society, where open multifaceted and distributed processes allow participants and observers to learn about the communications, technical, and political infrastructure that surrounds (and may contain) them.
		However with that said, Hacktivism, as a self-identified culture, is still juvenile, and does not possess the breadth or diversity that enables greater effectiveness and accessibility amongst (and for) social movements.
	jesse.openflows.org /hacktivism.html (2115 words)

	COMMENTARY: Take assertive steps to combat ‘hacktivism’ - Americas Network (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Hacktivism -- and its senseless destruction -- has taken on new meaning to network subscribers and the information assets that they seek to protect.
		Hacktivism is swelling at a rate that baffles our ability to control the network.
		Allowing hacktivism to ruin the strides of marked progress in open connectivity, on the other hand, is a choice left in the service provider's court.
	www.americasnetwork.com /americasnetwork/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=45661 (684 words)

	Z-NIFFING THE NET: HACKING VS. HACKTIVISM BY JENNY MARKETOU
		But their is also “hacktivism” the process appropriated by many net artists of infiltrating hacking culture and strategies and which contributes to the formation of new configurations of characters, space, time and play on the net.
		“hacktivism” and the complexities od computer systems and on the other hand to attack the mechanisms and the myth of the art system itself by questioning not only the originality or authorship as a collective process but by structuring their own models in their process.
		Hacktivism amasses varying strategies, and critiques related to digital media.I do not think that it is only about tools and materials so I do not think that cracking systems is necessarily a gender thing.
	cristine.org /borders/Marketou_Essay.htm (2816 words)

	Terrorism or Civil Disobedience: Toward a Hacktivist Ethic
		The problem with a single, static definition of hacktivism is that the methods of hacktivists are largely varied; and as new methods of disruption are discovered, these too will be used by hacktivists.
		With regard to hacktivism, not remaining anonymous means not using anonymizer technologies such as third-party remailers or proxies for engaging in hacktivist activities.
		Hacktivism, while used to protest and injustice, cannot be used to cause general chaos or overt disruption.
	www.classstudio.com /scaltagi/papers/grad_papers/comp_security/hacktivism_ethics.doc (6162 words)

	Electronic Civil Disobedience and the World Wide Web of Hacktivism:
		Hacktivism is not likely to be an organizing tool and the end result of hacktivity is not likely to be an increase in the ranks of the disaffected.
		While it is true that some forms of hacktivity are fairly easy to see as being outside the bounds of law - such as entering into systems to destroy data - there are other forms that are more ambiguous and hover much closer to the boundary between the legal and the illegal.
		The first is that hacktivism, as defined across the full spectrum from relatively harmless computerized activism to potentially dangerous resistance to future war, is a phenomena that is on the rise.
	switch.sjsu.edu /web/v4n2/stefan (6381 words)

	Activism, Hacktivism, and Cyberterrorism
		With respect to hacktivism and cyberterrorism, those who engage in such activity are less likely to accomplish their foreign policy objectives than those who do not employ disruptive and destructive techniques.
		Hacktivism is the convergence of hacking with activism, where "hacking" is used here to refer to operations that exploit computers in ways that are unusual and often illegal, typically with the help of special software ("hacking tools").
		In the area of hacktivism, which involves the use of hacking tools and techniques of a disruptive nature, the Internet will serve mainly to draw attention to a cause, as such incidents are regularly reported by news media.
	www.iwar.org.uk /cyberterror/resources/denning.htm (12340 words)

	Wired News: Hacktivism and How It Got Here
		Hacktivism, as defined by the Cult of the Dead Cow, the group of hackers and artists who coined the phrase, was intended to refer to the development and use of technology to foster human rights and the open exchange of information.
		The general idea of hacktivism was first articulated by John Perry Barlow, co-founder of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, in his 1996 "Declaration of Independence in Cyberspace."
		Deibert said real hacktivism is fast becoming understood and accepted by more mainstream human rights activists and is now being supported by large foundations like the Soros Foundation, Markle Foundation and Ford Foundation, which fund groups such as Privaterra, eRiders and Indymedia, which use technology to defend civil rights.
	www.wired.com /news/infostructure/0,1377,64193,00.html (695 words)

	hacktivism - a definition from Whatis.com - see also: hacktivist (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A recent demonstration of hacktivism followed the death of a Chinese airman when his jet fighter collided with a U.S. surveillance plane in April 2001.
		Opponents argue that hacktivism causes damage in a forum where there is already ample opportunity for nondisruptive free speech.
		The SANS Institute article, "What is Hacktivism?", examines specific acts of hacktivism and the individuals who performed them.
	searchsecurity.techtarget.com /sDefinition/0,,sid14_gci552919,00.html (347 words)

	Hacktivism — Ascii (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		yet another 21st century newspeak hybrid word, hacktivism has become a term to describe a new way of political action, unknown before the dawn of the information age.
		carried out by skilled professionals on the cutting edge of modern technology, hacktivism constitutes a departure from more traditional forms of political struggle which were largely based on mass movements of the underpriveledged or oppressed.
		for this characteristic small-cell action profile, and it's destructive potential, hacktivism is also often labelled as cyberterrorism by it's opponents in society.
	a.scii.nl /hacktivism (494 words)

	[No title]
		A: Hacktivismo is Spanish for "hacktivism", a neologism formed by combining the words hacking and activism.
		O.K., hacktivism is the use of technology to advance human rights through electronic media.
		We think of hacktivism and the Internet the same way that homeopathist's think of the body: you have to introduce a little poison to create health.
	www.cultdeadcow.com /cDc_files/HacktivismoFAQ.html (2162 words)

	E-Politics Guide: Hacktivism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Hacktivism - online action that has been variously denounced as cybervandalism and online terrorism or hailed as agitprop by a digitally literate vanguard on behalf of the unwired or otherwise oppressed.
		Hacktivism as a movement can be directly linked to the 1994 pro-zapatista guerrilla.
		Hacktivism occurs in the relatively uncontrolled environment of the World Wide Web, making it virtually impossible to trace the perpetrators.
	www.caslon.com.au /politicsguide4.htm (1451 words)

	Hackers flexing political muscles \| Tech News on ZDNet
		Hacktivism, whether it's denial-of-service attacks, Web site defacements or the wired grapevine, is a major avenue of protest.
		Speaking during the "Hacktivism -- Terrorism or New Hope?" panel, ShapeShifter, a "street" activist who participated in the WTO protests, said the Net was a major ally in Seattle, helping activists to organize and communicate.
		Speaking during the "Hacktivism" panel, cDc member Reid Fleming said he was against hacktivism that damaged the Net's infrastructure.
	news.zdnet.com /2100-9595_22-522233.html (931 words)

	cDc paramedia: text #384
		I always liked hacktivism as a word but thought the definition needed to be tightened up.
		It became increasingly important for me to define hacktivism, mostly because I believed, and continue to believe, that there were very definite tactics that were acceptable for hacktivists.
		He continually upbraided me for attempting to make hacktivism too respectable, too much of, as he put it, "a wine and cheese party." G. Ratte' advised me to make it sexy, sweaty, and dangerous.
	cultdeadcow.com /cDc_files/cDc-0384.html (4311 words)

	Hacktivism: An Emerging Threat to Diplomacy By Dorothy E. Denning
		Thus, they bridge the realms of hacking and activism, operating in a domain that is now called "hacktivism." Although hacktivism is not entirely new, the development of the Internet, especially the World Wide Web, has led to an explosion of activity and to new forms of attack.
		Hacktivism brings the methods of guerrilla theater and graffiti to cyberspace.
		Hacktivism poses a genuine threat to U.S. government operations, particularly abroad.
	www.afsa.org /fsj/sept00/Denning.cfm (2917 words)

	hacktivism definition - isp.webopedia.com - The Glossary for Internet Service Providers
		Formed by combining “hack” with “activism,” hacktivism is the act of hacking into a Web site or computer system in order to communicate a politically or socially motivated message.
		Unlike a malicious hacker, who may disrupt a system for financial gain or out of a desire to cause harm, the hacktivist performs the same kinds of disruptive actions (such as a DoS attack) in order to draw attention to a cause.
		For the hacktivist, it is an Internet-enabled way to practice civil disobedience and protest.
	isp.webopedia.com /TERM/H/hacktivism.html (139 words)

	AlterNet: Hacktivism in the Cyberstreets
		The Hacktivism mailing list (hacktivism.tao.ca) -- an e-mail discussion list started last summer to grapple with this combination of hacking and activism -- has carried debate about whether such attacks are nothing more than glorified censorship, with activists simply hampering the opposing side's right to speak.
		And though it's hard to quantify, the concept of hacktivism itself may be spreading, possibly even evolving.
		On the hacktivism mailing list, Bronc Buster announced he was working with human rights groups and hackers groups on a suite of applications, to be released at the hacker convention "DefCon" this summer.
	www.alternet.org /story.html?StoryID=9223 (2170 words)

	Hacktivists or Cyberterrorists? The Changing Media Discourse on Hacking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		One major change in the discourse of hacktivism and cyberterrorism is the impact of the terrorist events of September 11, 2001.
		For experts in computer and information security, or scholars of information warfare theory, it is natural to include cyber protesters in their pool of perpetrators and hacktivism as a moderate form of cyberterrorism, since the methods of intrusion and disruption are similar, although they differ a lot in motivation, scale, and outcome.
		She does differentiate among online activism, hacktivism, and cyberterrorism based on the severity of the activity's impact on the normal operation of target systems.
	www.firstmonday.dk /ISSUES/issue7_10/vegh (7265 words)

	[No title]
		Promising, but still in beta, is the new art of Electronic Civil Disobedience (sometimes called “hacktivism” if you like it, or “cyberterrorism” if you don’t).
		Increasingly important is hacktivism designed to help people get at information that has been forbidden by their governments.
		Predictably, the joke morphed into the form it was parodying, and was forwarded to the inboxes of AOL subscribers, some of whom did delete the file and found themselves no longer able to get on-line.
	www.sniggle.net /hacktivism.php (1462 words)

	Def Con: Cult of the Dead Cow redefines hacktivism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		"Hacktivism is [using] technology in the service of human rights," said Ball, who has worked on United Nations human rights projects investigating war crimes and genocide as well as on projects in Guatemala, Haiti, and South Africa, among others.
		Instead, the panelists agreed, hacktivism is part of a balanced, disciplined program to use data and technology to improve human rights.
		Hacktivism is not only the province of human rights workers, but can also be engaged in by any hacker, the panelists said.
	www.infoworld.com /infoworld/articles/hn/xml/01/07/16/010716hnhackt.html (1253 words)

	Waging peace on the Internet \| The Register
		Our definition of hacktivism is, "using technology to advance human rights through electronic media." Many on-line activists claim to be hacktivists, but their tactics are often at odds with what we consider hacktivism to be.
		There have to be accepted standards of what constitutes legitimate hacktivism, and what does not.
		Hacktivism is a very new field of endeavor that doesn't rely on mere technical expedience.
	www.theregister.co.uk /2002/04/19/waging_peace_on_the_internet (3105 words)

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