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Topic: Haemolymph

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	haemolymph
		haemolymph The mixture of blood and other fluids in the body cavity of an invertebrate.(From Glossary of Biotechnology for Food and Agriculture)
		We measured ecdysteroid levels in the whole body, ovaries and haemolymph samples by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and found that the concentration of ecdysteroid...
		A spider's blood, called haemolymph, circulates oxygen, nutrients and hormones to different organs.
	www.mongabay.com /igapo/biotech/haemolymph.html (57 words)

	Newletter Article 12 - Rapid Diagnosis of YHD
		Haemolymph from the pericardial sinus of the same shrimp was sequentially sampled at 20, 45, 65-72, 93 and 149hr, as the shrimp displayed clinical signs throughout the course of the disease.
		Haemolymph was prepared and examined as in Fig.1, but keeping the specimen origin unknown to the microscopist.
		It was concluded that haemolymph microscopic examination could be readily adopted by on-farm biologists and pathologists as a rapid presumptive diagnostic method for YHD, also considering the clinical history and condition of the shrimp, prior to histopathological confirmation of the disease.
	www.fisheries.go.th /aahri/Health_new/AAHRI/AAHRI/Topics/Newsletter/art12.htm (948 words)

	ePIC: Simultaneous observations of haemolymph flow and ventilation in marine spider crabs at different temperatures: a ...
		Ventilation and haemolymph circulation were investigated during progressive cooling from 12°C to 2°C. The anatomical resolution of MR images from Maja squinado obtained with a standard spin echo sequence were suitable to resolve the structures of various internal organs.
		Haemolymph flow through the Arteria sternalis, some gill and leg arteries was maintained at low temperatures indicating a reduced thermal sensitivity of flow in selected vessels.
		In support of previous invasive studies of haemolymph flow as well as heart and ventilation rates, the results demonstrate that the operation of gills and the maintenance of locomotor activity are critical for cold tolerance.
	www.awi-bremerhaven.de /Publications/Boc2001d_abstract.html (295 words)

	Journal of Nanobiotechnology \| Full text \| Subcuticular microstructure of the hornet's gaster: Its possible function in ...
		There have long been reports in the literature regarding insects having a lower temperature in their gaster than in their thorax, but this was attributed to a differential flow of haemolymph from the dorsum of the gaster (the neurogenic heart) toward the thorax [6,7].
		As for hornets (and wasps), they are predatory, annual, social insects in which each colony consists of a single family with one fertile female (the queen), then numerous workers, and finally drones and young queens that make their appearance in the fall [8-10].
		The evaporation of water from such a droplet between its recurring emission and re-ingestion ("repeated regurgitation") was thought to be capable of cooling the head by 2°C and the thorax by 0.5°C with respect to the surrounding air [28].
	www.jnanobiotechnology.com /content/2/1/1 (5576 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Haemolymph and eggs were checked for parasites daily after detachment, before and after appearance of B.
		ovis kinetes were found in the haemolymph and eggs earlier in the engorged ticks detached before appearance of the parasite in the host blood.
		Various parasitic forms are described in the haemolymph and the eggs.
	www.elsevier.com /cdweb/journals/03044017/articles/96/3/S030440170000433.abstract.en (146 words)

	Colin H Denholm. PhD thesis. Chapter 4: Humoral responses to induction stimuli, viruses and mite parasitism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Haemolymph is the vehicle for transporting messenger molecules around the body of the insect in order to obtain a systemic response to the challenge.
		A 15% gel was used in the electrophoresis study, with the volume of haemolymph per lane being equivalent to 40% of one bee's total volume of haemolymph, i.e.
		The enzymes present in the haemolymph of parasitised bees do not show much difference from the control treatments, which suggests that the mite is a well-adapted parasite.
	www.rothamsted.bbsrc.ac.uk /pie/phdwebsite/chapter4.html (6339 words)

	Insect Parasitic Nematode Publications
		Parallel to this protective immunity, antibacterial activity of cecropin-like polypeptides and manifold increased innate titer of haemolymph lysozyme were shown in vaccinated insects.
		In insects with impaired antibacterial immunity, the Immunizing bacteria multiplied to the titer of almost 10-9 cells/ml of haemolymph, causing death in nearly 100% of larvae due to E. cloacae bacteriaemia.
		No bacteriaemia of E. cloacae could be induced in larvae given actinomycin D (or cycloheximide) in an effector phase of immune response when the antibacterial proteins begin to be synthesized in invaded insects.
	www.oardc.ohio-state.edu /nematodes/getone.asp?id=5022 (261 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		The haemolymph was pooled in Eppendorf tubes on ice, then centrifuged at 5,000 g for 5 min, and the supernatants were frozen at -20°C until use.
		show that the proteolytic activities detected in the haemolymph and fat body preparations were not altered in the presence of the cysteine- and serine-protease inhibitor, leupeptin, with the specific cysteine inhibitor, E64, or with the serine-protease inhibitors, elastatine, PMSF and TLCK nor with the aspartic protease inhibitor, pepstatin.
		Haemolymph lectin and the maturation of trypanosome infections in tsetse.
	www.bioline.org.br /request?oc99227 (3403 words)

	Haemolymph sugar levels in foraging honeybees (Apis mellifera carnica): dependence on metabolic rate and in vivo ...
		Haemolymph levels of various sugars versus metabolic rate for bees fed 15% sucrose solution (same individuals as in Fig.2A).
		Haemolymph sugar levels versus metabolic rate for bees fed 30% sucrose solution (same individuals as in Fig.2B).
		Haemolymph sugar levels versus metabolic rate for bees fed 50% sucrose solution (same individuals as in Fig.2C).
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/204/15/2709 (4566 words)

	BIA 60/1/2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The objective of this research was to study the eletropherogram of the proteins of the haemolymph in Apis mellifera L. worker bees by utilizing eletroforese in polyacrylamide gel.
		Haemolymph samples were obtained from 18 beehives of africanized honey bees and their hybrids, italian and carniolas, which were submitted to royal jelly production, either with or without access to 20% pollen protein.
		In the haemolymph of newly emerged adult bees, the electrophoresis pattern is evenly distributed among protein bands of low (60 - 80 Kd), medium (100 - 150 Kd), and high (200 - 250 Kd) molecular weight, with a total of 27 bands.
	www.iz.sp.gov.br /publicacao/bia/602/rocha_eng.htm (300 words)

	Juvenile hormone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The form JHB3 (JH III bisepoxide) appears to be the most important JH in the Diptera, or flies.
		The titre of JH found in the haemolymph of the developing insect controls the stage of development that the insect is in.
		During ecdysis the form of the new cuticle laid down before the next moult is controlled by the JH level in the insect.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Neotenin (424 words)

	Apimondia - Apiacta - Article - Infection and immunity in the honey bee Apis mellifera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The occurrence of lectins in haemolymph of bees is scarcely documented.
		Peak concentration in the haemolymph is within 36 hour post-infection and then the concentration of the apidaecin compounds declines in bee blood gradually for the 3-4 next days.
		The presence of inactive precursor of apidaecins in the haemolymph of brood may reflect differences in the immune status of the larval and adult stages of the honey bee.
	www.beekeeping.com /apiacta/infection_immunity.htm (6146 words)

	Zinc and Cadmium in the Haemolymph of the Shore Crab, Carcinus maenas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Zinc and Cadmium in the Haemolymph of the Shore Crab, Carcinus maenas
		Cadmium shows accumulation in the haemolymph at a rate proportional to the external dissolved cadmium concentration (and hence the rate of cadmium uptake into the crab), but rapidly reaches an equilibrium concentration when the rate of removal matches the rate of cadmium uptake into the haemolymph.
		The equilibrium concentration of new cadmium in the haemolymph increases with an increase in the external dissolved cadmium concentration.
	www.brachyura.fsnet.co.uk /abstract.htm (330 words)

	Cadmium in the Haemolymph of the Shore Crab, Carcinus maenas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Cadmium in the Haemolymph of the Shore Crab, Carcinus maenas
		The rate of cadmium accumulation in the haemolymph is proportional to the dissolved cadmium concentration to which the crab is exposed (and hence to the rate of uptake by the crab).
		Accumulation of labelled cadmium in the haemolymph continues until a labelled cadmium concentration is reached that represents an equilibrium between the uptake of labelled cadmium into the haemolymph and the export of labelled cadmium to the tissues.
	www.brachyura.fsnet.co.uk /researchcadmium.htm (204 words)

	Gaffkemia of Lobsters
		Infection usually results in a depression in haemocyte counts, an increase in haemolymph clotting time and often causes fatal septicemic disease in lobsters.
		In the four years prior to 1966, haemolymph samples from 2035 lobsters from five areas off the Canadian Atlantic coast revealed a 2 to 40% prevalence of A.
		Haemolymph is thin and pinkish with a drastic reduction in number of circulating haemocytes and clotting time may be prolonged to absent in late infections.
	www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca /sci/shelldis/pages/gaffklo_e.htm (846 words)

	Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases - Haemolymph electrophoretic pattern of Ascia ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The purpose of this research was to evaluate the alterations of haemolymph protein profile in larvae of Ascia monuste orseis parasitized by Cotesia glomerata and to correlate these alterations with the physiological events leading to successful parasitism in the system.
		Haemolymph protein profile in parasitized (P) and non-parasitized (control group-C) larvae is shown in Figure 2.
		Haemolymph proteins with MW around 42 and 71 kDa have been related to the class of juvenile hormone binding proteins in various Lepidoptera species (15,24).
	www.scielo.br /scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1678-91992003000100006&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=en (3247 words)

	Pfam 20.0 : DUF1397 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Q25513 is annotated as being a haemolymph glycoprotein precursor.
		is annotated as being a haemolymph glycoprotein precursor.
		Isolation, cloning and deduced amino acid sequence of a novel glycoprotein from the haemolymph of the hawkmoth Manduca sexta.
	pfam.wustl.edu /cgi-bin/getdesc?name=DUF1397 (68 words)

	Czosnek H, Ber R, Antignus Y, Cohen S, Navot N and Zamir D (1988) Isolation of tomato yellow leaf curl virus, a ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		TYLCV was present in the haemolymph of whiteflies caged with viruliferous insects of the other sex; therefore the virus follows, at least in part, the circulative pathway associated with acquisition from infected plants.
		The virus that circulates in the insect is found in the midgut 1 h after the beginning of acquisition feeding, in the haemolymph after 1.5 h and in the salivary glands after 7h.
		Disturbing this interaction in the haemolymph leads to the degradation of the virus and to a dramatic decrease in virus transmission.
	indycc1.agri.huji.ac.il /~czosnek/findings.html (4725 words)

	OPUS - Haemolymph sugar homeostasis and the control of the proventriculus in the honeybee (Apis mellifera carnica L.)
		As the haemolymph provides a constantly updated indication of an insect’s nutritional state, it is assumed that the factor controlling the proventri-culus activity is to be found in the haemolymph.
		Haemolymph sucrose titers were generally low but increased with increasing metabolic rates, even though sucrose was not always detected in bees with high metabolic rates.
		As long as the bees did not exhaust their crop content, the haemolymph sugar titers were unaffected by the sugar surplus, by the time after feeding, by the concentration and by the viscosity of fed sugar solution.
	opus.bibliothek.uni-wuerzburg.de /opus/volltexte/2002/88 (1734 words)

	Role of carcinoscorpin, a haemolymph lectin of horseshoe crab Carcinoscorpius rotundacauda as humoral factor
		Incubation of carcinoscorpin with its antisera for 3 h abolished the lectin activity totally (Basu Sarbadhikari and Bhadra 1990), and this approach was adopted for the identification of carcinoscorpin.
		This was used to incubate with haemolymph containing the lectin for the immunological identification of carcinoscorpin.
		Quick fixing of haemolymph amoebocytes by forced air drift was made accidentally and found very rewarding for having the amoebocytes stable for 30 min and capable of phagocytic uptake.
	www.ias.ac.in /jbiosci/december1999/article11.htm (3909 words)

	Normal Histology - Excretory System
		Within the kidneys, substances within the filtrate are resorbed at the apical (internal) surfaces of the kidney cells and either stored in the kidney cells or returned to the haemolymph that passes on the external surfaces of the kidney epithelium.
		In addition, haemocytes within the surrounding haemolymph pass on wastes to the kidney cells and these wastes are discharged into the kidney lumen by apocrine secretion (Morse and Zardus 1997).
		The podocytes filter the haemolymph and are located on membranes that separate the haemocoel from the pericardial cavity (Fig.
	www-sci.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca /geoduck/excretion_e.htm (1088 words)

	Kirubagaran et al.-Changes in vertebrate type steroids and 5-hydroxytryptamine
		Estradiol-17b and progesterone in the haemolymph and ovary were quantified by radioimmunoassay.
		Subsequently, a sharp increase in the level of estradiol-17b was observed in the haemolymph of lobsters with stage III oocytes; it then showed a significant fall when the ovary was full of stage IV oocytes.
		Although progesterone was also not detectable in the haemolymph when the oocytes were in stage I, it gradually increased during stages II and III and reached a peak level during stage IV.
	www.rsnz.org /publish/nzjmfr/2005/041.php (323 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has been used to investigate the low molecular weight metabolite composition of the whole haemolymph of 5th instar larvae of the Tobacco Hornworm, Manduca sexta.
		Amongst the biochemically important metabolic intermediates that were detected in whole haemolymph were trehalose, glucose, alanine, lactate, choline and betaine.
		These studies indicate that NMR spectroscopy of the whole larval haemolymph may offer the potential for evaluation of whole organism biochemical status in relation to physiological or environmental stress.
	www.elsevier.com /cdweb/journals/09651748/articles/29/9/S096517489900053.abstract.en (130 words)

	Zinc in the Haemolymph of the Shore Crab, Carcinus maenas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Zinc in the Haemolymph of the Shore Crab, Carcinus maenas
		The rate of zinc accumulation in the haemolymph is proportional to the dissolved zinc concentration to which the crab is exposed (and hence to the rate of uptake by the crab).
		The half-life of zinc in the haemolymph is approximately 20.9 days (95% confidence limits 15.0 and 29.6 days) and is perhaps due to haemocyanin turnover.
	www.brachyura.fsnet.co.uk /researchzinc.htm (237 words)

	Tropical Veterinarian - Vol. 21, No. 2 (2003) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		A comparative analysis of the biochemical profiles of the haemolymph of 50 each of apparently normal captive African giant snail, (Achatina achatina) and the big fl snail, (Achachatina marginata) was carried out.
		Chloride ions (CT) were not detected in the haemolymphs of the two snail species, a very important clue to their salt intolerance in African traditional beliefs.
		There were marked differences in the levels of haemolymph lipids and trace elements of the two species of snails.
	www.ajol.info /viewarticle.php?id=1058 (263 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| A fusion protein containing a lepidopteran-specific toxin from the South Indian red ...
		The use of GNA as a carrier to transport fused proteins to the haemolymph of target species after oral ingestion has been demonstrated, and can result in insecticidal effects not shown by ingestion of either the lectin or the fused protein separately.
		In both cases the analysis of haemolymph after feeding fusion protein showed that intact fusion protein was present as a result of GNA-mediated transport across the gut epithelium, and thus oral toxicity would depend on the relative activity of the toxin parts of the two fusion proteins.
		Aliquots of haemolymph were analysed for the presence of GNA immunoreactivity by Western blotting as described previously.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1472-6750/6/18 (6436 words)

	Journal of Nanobiotechnology \| Full text \| Surface structure, model and mechanism of an insect integument adapted to be ...
		The phenomenon of easy bleeding is another type of adaptation used in defence, by where the whole body integument, except the head capsule, can disrupt easily at a given spot when this spot is subjected to mechanical stress [see definition in [4]].
		Indeed, the haemolymph is feeding deterrent towards foraging ants and wasps [4-8].
		A counter-example is that some insects are known to have morphological devices of the integument surface or wetting agents included in their defensive secretion, which help the secretion to spread out [21,22].
	www.jnanobiotechnology.com /content/2/1/10 (4293 words)

	Mitarbeiter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Pulsed-Doppler technique was used to investigate changes of arterial haemolymph flow and heart rate in the freshwater crayfish Astacus leptodactylus infusing different nucleotides and nucleosides.
		The concentrations of adenosine, inosine and urate were estimated in the haemolymph as well as in three different tissues, using RP-HPLC.
		In contrast the adenosine concentration in tail muscle tissue was much higher than in haemolymph and increased significantly during tail flexion (functional hypoxia).
	www.uni-duesseldorf.de /WWW/MathNat/Zoophys/Institut/Mitarbeiterseiten/vandeMeer.html (266 words)

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