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	Hafez al-Assad - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hafez al-Assad (Arabic: حافظ الأسد‎ Ḥāfiẓ al-Asad) (October 6, 1930 – June 10, 2000) was the president of Syria from 1971 to 2000.
		Assad was Syria's longest serving president, and his rule stabilized and consolidated the power of the country's government after decades of coups and counter-coups.
		Assad was born in Qardaha in western Syria as part of the minority Alawite community.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hafez_el_Assad (2752 words)

	Hafez al-Assad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		This means that Assad lacked roots in the Syrian population, and his survival as a political leader has rested on control and suppression of contending groups.
		It is also believed that this is one of the main reasons for Assad's continued politics of state control over the economy: A liberalization would have meant that other groups in the society (Sunnis and Christians) would have gained economic force, and through this, also political force.
		Assad built a political system, in which the army was both a symbol of Syria's power, as well as a technique of controlling the country.
	i-cias.com /e.o/assad_hafiz.htm (1369 words)

	The bitter legacy of Syria's Hafez al-Assad
		Assad was often described as a “strongman”, a fitting term when applied to the ruthless methods he employed to suppress opposition to his rule.
		Assad's abandonment of the Palestinians in Jordan set a precedent that was to be repeated in subsequent acts of treachery, including his collusion in the Lebanese falangists' massacre of Palestinians at Beirut's Tel al Zaatar camp in 1976.
		Assad's staying power, now credited by Western leaders with bringing 30 years of political stability to Syria, was largely secured through the ample use of 15 different security services and rigid state control of the media and all forms of communication.
	www.wsws.org /articles/2000/jun2000/assa-j16.shtml (2598 words)

	Sicherman \| Hafez al-Assad (I)
		Assad’s death at the age of 69 on June 10, 2000, removes from the scene a stubborn enemy of the Jewish state and also a persistent foe of American policy for nearly three decades.
		Assad joined Anwar Sadat in the surprise attack on Israel on October 6, 1973, only to discover on the edge of military disaster that Sadat’s purpose was not his purpose.
		Assad liked this idea because it allowed him to control the diplomacy and to play his favorite argument that Syria was the key piece in the puzzle.
	www.unc.edu /depts/diplomat/AD_Issues/amdipl_16/sicherman_assad1.html (1535 words)

	Hafez al-Assad
		Hafez al-Assad was born in Kurdaha near Lattakia, Syria, on October 6, 1930.
		Assad also allowed many Palestinian terrorist organizations to establish bases in Damascus, and also sponsored a Syrian faction of the PLO.
		Syrian President Hafez al-Assad died in Damascus at the age of 69 on June 10, 2000.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/biography/Assad.html (582 words)

	Hafez al-Assad - Picture - MSN Encarta
		Syrian leader Hafez al-Assad, left, seized control of his country’s government as prime minister in 1970 and became president in 1971.
		The leader of a repressive government that sent thousands of troops to crush a political uprising in 1982, Assad survived several coup attempts in the 1980s.
		Openly hostile to Israel, Assad supported Egypt’s 1973 war against Israel and financed the Palestine Liberation Organization in its efforts to establish a Palestinian state.
	encarta.msn.com /media_461550813/Hafez_al-Assad.html (102 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - Assad, Hafez al- (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		ASSAD, HAFEZ AL- [Assad, Hafez al-], 1930-2000, president of Syria (1971-2000).
		Using that position, Assad was able to become the most powerful figure in Syria, and in 1971 he became the country's president after leading a coup in late 1970.
		In the 1990s, Assad sought to cultivate both the support of more militant Arab leaders and peaceful relations with the West in an attempt to regain the Golan Heights and increase Syrian influence in the Middle East.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/A/Assad-H1a.asp (266 words)

	History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Syria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1970, General Hafez al-Assad, an Alawite, seized power; in 1973 violent demonstrations broke out again in response to a proposed constitution that did not require the president to be a Muslim.
		Syria's intervention in the Lebanese civil war in 1976 on the side of the Maronites (and hence technically on the side of Israel) sparked renewed agitation in Syria, and assassinations began to target members of the Syrian regime and prominent Alawites; the Muslim Brotherhood later claimed responsibility for most of these.
		After his death in 2000, Assad was succeeded by his son, Bashar al-Assad, who initially signalled greater openness to political debate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria (1194 words)

	Sicherman \| Hafez al-Assad
		Assad’s slow turn toward the pro-American Arab states, such as Egypt, and his economic need — both born of Soviet weakness — formed the necessary backdrop to understanding his role in the Gulf War.
		The alternative was for Assad to beat Arafat to a peace treaty, damaging the Palestinian leverage while giving the U.S. and Israel a stake in the survival of the Alawite regime and his son, Bashar.
		Perhaps Assad’s action at Geneva was not strategic at all, but a dying man’s unwillingness to break with the negotiating habits of a lifetime, to prove he had done better than Sadat and Hussein, that he would get at least as much as they got from Israel or more, while giving less.
	www.unc.edu /depts/diplomat/AD_Issues/amdipl_16/sicherman_asad_prt.html (3523 words)

	Assad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Hafez is no longer alive, but his presence still haunts Lebanon's largest city.
		Along the Jordanian border, a portrait of Hafez Assad offers a kind message to those taking their leave of Syrian soil: "Thanks for your fizit!" (Bonus: Dig the bikers!) Hafez's image is there when you're coming and when you're going.
		Outside the People's Palace - the Orwellian title for Assad's official residence - Kerry was photographed with iconic portraits of the deceased Hafez Assad in the background.
	ordoesit.typepad.com /photos/assad/index.html (543 words)

	Hafez al-Assad, Who Turned Syria Into a Power in the Middle East, Dies at 69 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Hafez al-Assad was the ninth of 11 children, born on Oct. 6, 1930, to minor notables in the village of Qurdaha, in the Ansariya Mountains, which rise sharply from the Mediterranean coast.
		Assad was minister of defense during that war, having gained that position in February 1966 when the group of officers he helped found in Cairo seized power in a violent putsch.
		Assad acknowledged that Syria and Lebanon were sovereign nations, Syrians had long viewed Lebanon as a natural part of their country that had been unfairly severed by European colonial meddling.
	www.library.cornell.edu /colldev/mideast/asadd3.htm (3971 words)

	Hafez Assad's brother claims power: 6/13/00
		Rifaat Assad, younger brother of the late president who has been in exile in Europe since attempting to seize power in 1983, made his own claim to the presidency just one day before Hafez Assad was to be buried.
		Assad was the only leader many Syrians had ever known, and despite -- or perhaps because of -- his iron-fisted rule, he instilled in ordinary Syrians a sense of security and national pride.
		Assad, who died Saturday at the age of 69, was to be flown from there to the coastal city of Latakia and carried on a gun carriage to Qardaha, about 125 miles northwest of Damascus, for prayers and burial in the family cemetery.
	www.s-t.com /daily/06-00/06-13-00/a02wn008.htm (3506 words)

	Second attack destroys statue of Hafez Assad in Tyre
		The monument was first attacked on February 27, when the metallic statue of Assad's head and torso in the middle of a water fountain was felled from a stand hailed "the eternal leader" and was left lying damaged on the ground.
		The president of the Committee for Immortalizing Martyr Hafez Assad, Hussein Dakhlallah, accused the Israelis of perpetrating the attack.
		Hafez Assad's statue, which bears both the Lebanese and Syrian flags, was erected in June 2002, two years after the death of Assad, who ruled Syria for 30 years.
	www.wadinet.de /news/iraq/newsarticle.php?id=834 (329 words)

	Assad Laid To Rest - CBS News
		Bashar Assad, the president's oldest surviving son and heir apparent, was jostled at the head of the coffin as clerics, elderly men in business suits or the traditional dark cloaks and white headdresses of Alawite Muslims, and even soldiers pressed forward.
		As Hafez Assad lay in state in Damascus earlier in the day, Bashar Assad, already well on the way to assuming power, met with crucial allies and others from around the world who had come to pay ther respects to the father and express their condolences to the son.
		Hafez Assad's body had been taken from his home in Damascus nearly 12 hours before, carried on a gun carriage through streets thronged with weeping, chanting mourners, placed in the official People's Palace for a six-hour lying in state, then flown north for burial.
	www.cbsnews.com /stories/2000/06/10/world/main204584.shtml (1140 words)

	Syria2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Hafez Assad, who depended in large part on family and clan links to maintain his grip on power for 30 years, has given fellow Alawites schools, hospitals, roads, colleges, sports arenas and sewage systems.
		Hafez Assad appealed to an influential Shiite cleric who ruled that Alawites are part of the Shiite community.
		Hafez Assad was shrewd enough to build a diverse power base, courting other minorities like Shiites, Christians and Druze and never neglecting the Sunni majority, particularly the powerful Sunni merchant class.
	www.hrwf.net /html/syria2000.html (903 words)

	WorldNetDaily: In defense of Hafez Assad
		The late President Hafez Al-Assad was pilloried in the Western press as an intransigent Arab revanchist for his insistence that the Golan Heights be returned by Israel to Syria.
		Assad's military response to the threat posed by Islamic extremists of the anti-secular Muslim Brotherhood in the Syrian city of Homa resulted in approximately 10,000 casualties (although we now see the Assad demonizers throwing out ludicrous figures of 20,000 to 30,000 or more casualties from that incident).
		One thing Assad ought to be given credit for is the fact that he played a major role in preventing another outbreak of war with Israel.
	www.worldnetdaily.com /news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=20879 (1050 words)

	Syrian President Hafez Assad dies: 6/11/00
		Assad, a career air force officer who took power in a bloodless coup in 1970, has been grooming Bashar for future leadership, but the British-educated ophthalmologist has held no major political office.
		Assad had suffered from heart problems, lymphoma and kidney failure, according to a Lebanese heart surgeon close to the Assad family.
		But Assad was not to be hurried or pressured in talks that resumed in December after a hiatus of nearly four years.
	www.s-t.com /daily/06-00/06-11-00/a02wn010.htm (1202 words)

	Bashar al-Assad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Assad is a politician who got in power much against his own will.
		Initially he was not thought of as his father, Hafez al-Assad's successor.
		There is the large Sunni majority in the country, there are all the people who are never touched by the nepotism of Hafez al-Assaf's Syria, there are the Islamists, and then there are all of Bashar's own enemies.
	i-cias.com /e.o/assad_bashar.htm (604 words)

	Hafez al-Assad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		To advance Syrian interests, Assad maintained close ties with the then-USSR (and later with Russia), aided Iran during the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) intervened militarily and diplomatically in Lebanon, and backed Palestinian factions opposed to Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) leader Yasir Arafat.
		Assad opposed the 1993 and subsequent PLO-Israeli accords on Palestinian self-rule and the 1994 ending of Jordan's state of war with Israel.
		In January 1999, Assad was nominated for a fifth 7-year term as president of Syria by the Baath party.
	www.palintefada.com /english/intbio17.html (181 words)

	CNN.com - Syrian President Hafez Assad dies before regaining Golan Heights - June 10, 2000
		Assad, 69, had been suffering from heart problems, lymphoma and kidney failure, according to a Lebanese heart surgeon close to the Assad family.
		The death of Assad could deal a blow to Mideast peace prospects by ushering in a prolonged period of instability, but it could also mean an opportunity for Syria to forsake at least part of its implacable enmity toward Israel, observers say.
		Assad had two vice presidents to fill in for him, but within hours of his death Saturday, the Syrian parliament pushed them aside and voted to clear the way for the ascension of Bashar.
	edition.cnn.com /2000/WORLD/meast/06/10/assad.05 (2276 words)

	ipedia.com: Hafez al-Assad Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Hafez al-Assad was the President of Syria from 1971 to 2000.
		Hafez al-Assad (October 6, 1930 - June 10, 2000) was the President of Syria from 1971 to 2000.
		Showing real aptitude Assad was send to the Soviet Union to receive advanced training.
	www.ipedia.com /hafez_al_assad.html (395 words)

	[06-12-00] Franz Schurmann, Does A Leader Who Is Also A Mass Murderer Deserve Respect?
		Assad was ready for an agreement, they said, but wanted deeds, not words, from the Israelis.
		But Hafez decided the Brotherhood could be useful to himself and approached them on his own.
		Hafez al-Assad, who suffered from various illnesses during his 30 years in power, had long been preparing his succession.
	www.pacificnews.org /jinn/stories/6.12/000612-respect.html (805 words)

	Thirty years of Syrian involvement in the Lebanese crisis
		Assad's regime sought to suppress the opposition groups operating from Lebanon, as he had done in Syria.
		Hafez Assad installed a reign of fear and terror in Syria and Lebanon through the use of brutal force and terrorist methods (the Hama massacre is a prime example).
		Lebanon therefore turned from an asset in the later days of Hafez Assad to a burden in the era of his son, Bashar, and from an internal and regional source of power to a source of weakness that projects not only upon Syria's position in Lebanon but also on the stability of the Syrian regime.
	www.intelligence.org.il /eng/eng_n/syria_e.htm (2405 words)

	CNN - Transcript of CNN's Evans and Novak - Sept. 28, 1996
		HAFEZ ASSAD: As you know, the peace process started after agreement on the bases of this process.
		ASSAD: There are people in the United States who understand us very well and understand the situation in the region.
		ASSAD: I want to say that the United States has exerted great efforts during this period, and the President of the United States in efforts, and (OFF-MIKE) were personal in addition to the efforts exerted by his aides under his supervision.
	www.cnn.com /WORLD/9609/28/assad.interview (1873 words)

	The Tribulation will begin with the revealing of the antichrist
		Hafez al Assad, the immediate past King of Syria and father of the present king was the most brilliant, deceptive, and cunning man in the middle east during his era.
		Bashar al Assad was born in Damascus, Syria on
		Hafez al Assad violently opposed the existence of Israel, and any relationship by any Arab country with Israel.
	www.cynet.com /Jesus/Prophecy/Begin.htm (1342 words)

	California's Stanley Sheinbaum's Meetings with Syria's Hafez Al-Assad
		When Stanley K. Sheinbaum's commentary "For a Winning Deal, Count Hafez Assad In," appeared in the Dec. 1 issue of the Los Angeles Times, we were intrigued by mention at the end of the column that this prominent Southern Californian had met with Hafez Al Assad in Damascus.
		They discussed Syria's developing relationship with the U.S. "Assad was proud of taking part on the side of the allies in the Gulf war," Sheinbaum said, "but he seemed to feel he should have been rewarded for this—especially to be included in talks on the future of the region."
		Many people were of the opinion Assad was worried because he didn't attend the multi-nation economic meeting in Morocco and again the one in Amman.
	www.wrmea.com /backissues/0296/9602085.html (1354 words)

	Hafez al-Assad
		Assad was later cautiously embraced by Western governments when he condemned Iraq's invasion of Kuwait and sent troops to help defend Saudi Arabia from potential Iraqi attack.
		Assad's son, Bashar, an ophthalmologist, assumed the helm.
		Hafez al- Assad - Assad, Hafez al-, 1930–2000, president of Syria (1971–2000).
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0872764.html (263 words)

	Online NewsHour: Syria in Transition -- June 12, 2000
		Most of the mourners are young men, vying with each other in their displays of devotion to the dead leader and his son and heir, Bashar.
		But if he didn't go forward, it was on the very important strategic and security and other details, but his option to move forward with peace with Israel in direct face to face negotiations with Israel had been asking for for 40 years at that point, was a real turn in direction.
		Hafez Al-Assad always believed that for peace to survive, it has to be established on a degree of equilibrium.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/middle_east/jan-june00/syria_6-12.html (2351 words)

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