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Topic: Hafez al Assad, Hafiz al Asad

	Hafez al-Assad - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hafez al-Assad (Arabic: حافظ الأسد‎ Ḥāfiẓ al-Asad) (October 6, 1930 – June 10, 2000) was the president of Syria from 1971 to 2000.
		Assad was born in Qardaha in western Syria as part of the minority Alawite community.
		Assad was appointed head of the airforce in 1964.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hafez_al-Assad (2811 words)

	Syria HISTORY
		Hafez al-Assad (Hafiz al-Asad), a former chief of the Air Force and Defense Minister, became chief of state on 16 November 1970; he assumed the presidency, a reinstituted office, for the first of four seven-year terms beginning in March 1971, and a permanent constitution was ratified by popular referendum on 12 March 1973.
		Nevertheless, Assad was elected to a fifth seven-year term in 1999 in a nearly unanimous vote.
		Assad died on 10 June 2000 of a heart attack; 34-year-old Bashar Assad was unanimously elected secretary-general by the Ba'ath Party one week later.
	www.nationsencyclopedia.com /Asia-and-Oceania/Syria-HISTORY.html (2415 words)

	Alawite - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Assad answered by sending troops to the Brotherhood stronghold in the town of Hama.
		The Assad regime is careful to allow all the religious sects a share of power and influence in the government.
		Evidently, the Asads go to great lengths to make sure that the different tribes are equally represented in top military posts, just as they try to divvy out government posts among the various religious and ethnic groups of Syria.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Alawite (2272 words)

	Hafez al-Assad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Assad belonged to the Alawites, a small Shi'i group, that through the centuries has not had national political power.
		This means that Assad lacked roots in the Syrian population, and his survival as a political leader has rested on control and suppression of contending groups.
		Assad built a political system, in which the army was both a symbol of Syria's power, as well as a technique of controlling the country.
	i-cias.com /e.o/assad_hafiz.htm (1369 words)

	Hafez al-Assad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Hafez al-Assad (October 6, 1930 - June 10, 2000) was the President of Syria from 1971 to 2000.
		He joined in 1951 and was assigned to the Air Force division.
		Showing real aptitude Assad was send to the Soviet Union to receive advanced training.
	bopedia.com /en/wikipedia/h/ha/hafez_al_assad.html (324 words)

	Jones \| Governing Syria after Asad (II)
		For this writer, Asad’s inherent pragmatism, the Golan’s crucial value to Israel, and the risks of alienating Washington that Israel ran during the occupation of the territory in 1967 all add up to persuasive corroboration of the Seale thesis.
		In 1967, as a young and inexperienced minister of defense, be was unable to stem the tide of Israeli expansion.
		Hafez’s brother Rif’at, a potential claimant to power, seems to have been neutralized by years of exile.
	www.unc.edu /depts/diplomat/AD_Issues/amdipl_16/jones_asad2.html (989 words)

	Jones \| Governing Syria after Asad (I)
		Realistic leaders like Syria’s late President Hafiz al Asad recognize that the long-term welfare of everyone in the region depends upon following the American and European examples, but the dismal failure of past unity schemes demonstrated that their immediate preoccupation must be the consolidation of power in their own narrow purviews.
		Therefore, whether or not a ruler of Syria is committed to the cause of Arab unity, as Asad was, he is confined by the circumstances of the time to the narrow focus of Syria/Lebanon and to the narrow objectives of promoting his subjects’ welfare, maintaining order, preserving Syrian independence, and staying in power.
		Asad presided over the 1982 massacre of Syrian citizens in Hamah, years of bloody participation in the Lebanese civil war, and several political assassinations, notably those of Lebanese rivals Kamal Junblatt and Bashir Jumayyil.
	www.unc.edu /depts/diplomat/AD_Issues/amdipl_16/jones_asad1.html (1117 words)

	The Word of Hafez al-Assad - Middle East Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		In late June, President Hafiz al-Asad and Israel's Prime Minister Ehud Barak exchanged compliments through the medium of a British journalist, and Israeli officials were predicting that long-frozen talks between the two countries could resume within weeks.
		But then Asad abruptly canceled his trip (piqued, according to unnamed Arab diplomats in Damascus, by Levy's presumptious remarks) and instead sent a flack to represent him at the funeral.
		Asad reportedly agreed (among other things) not to deploy aircraft, surface-to-air missiles, or more than a single brigade of soldiers, or to place any soldiers in southern Lebanon, which abuts Israel.
	www.meforum.org /article/pipes/320 (2075 words)

	Ghazi Kanaan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ghazi Kanaan was born in 1942 in Bhamra, near Qardaha, the home town of former Syrian president Hafiz al-Asad.
		In 2004, after a string of bombings targeting leading Hamas members given sanctuary in Syria, claimed by Syria to have been the work of Israeli intelligence, Kanaan was raised by president Assad to the powerful cabinet post of interior minister, with control over numerous security agencies.
		It has been reported that Kanaan opposed Assad's decision in 2002 to extend the term of the pro-Syrian Lebanese President Emile Lahoud, siding with then-prime minister Rafik al-Hariri whom he is reported to have had a good relationship with.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ghazi_Kanaan (930 words)

	Sadat Anwar Al: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Were the state recast by an Islamic constitution, which al- Ashmawy vehemently opposed when President Anwar Sadat took under consideration such a proposal in the late 1970s, it would mean the denigration...
		Iran Considers the Odds: The Bush Administration Accuses Tehran of Harbouring Al Qaeda Terrorists and of Trying to Develop Weapons of Mass Destruction; Iran Blames America for Supporting the Mujahedeen-El-Khalq and of Interfering in Its Internal Affairs.
		AL- For some Arabic names beginning thus, see the second part of the name; e.g., for Anwar al-Sadat, see Sadat, Anwar al-.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/sadat_anwar_al_.jsp (1940 words)

	The Word of Hafez al-Assad - article by Daniel Pipes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Third, to win Lebanese Christian support for a revision of the Lebanese government structure (the so-called Ta'if accord), Asad in October 1989 accepted a redeployment of Syrian troops from Beirut to the Bekaa valley within two years.
		Particularly galling to Turkey was the fact that the PKK's leader, Abdullah Öcalan, lived openly in Damascus, giving interviews and being photographed, while the Syrian regime insouciantly denied his presence on its soil.
		In June 1995, Asad promised Warren Christopher that he would engage in two-stage talks with Israel: a meeting of the countries' military chiefs of staff in Washington, followed later by discussions at a somewhat lower level.
	www.danielpipes.org /article/320 (2139 words)

	Asad - ASAD is a software package developed for creating and integrating chemistry schemes in atmospheric models ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		ASAD is a software package developed for creating and integrating chemistry schemes in atmospheric models without the ASAD can be used in box, 1D, 2D or 3D models without.
		Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East political portrait of President Hafiz al-Asad that emphasizes his patience, caution and.
		Al Asad Airfield, the second largest airbase in Iraq, is located in northern Iraq approximately 180 kilometers and 13,000 feet.
	www.destarter.com /Assad/Asad.html (541 words)

	Syria, a new emerging economy
		Indeed, Asad's participation on the side of the American coalition during the 1991 Gulf War was a calculated gamble that paid off handsomely in terms of regional politics and international prestige - in the West.
		Asad the younger, a British trained ophthalmologist, was a reluctant choice as successor and lacks the political determination to engage the kind of massive violent reprisals that his father, a military man, showed with Hama.
		In many ways, Bashir al Asad is a prisoner of the strong minority that relies on the perpetuation of the Asad legacy for its survival.
	www.newnations.com /archive/2004/March/sy.html (4833 words)

	The Lebanon War, Lebanese Civil War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Assad relates that in mid-January, Lebanese Muslim and leftist leaders sent urgent "signals of distress" to Syria, due to the military collapse of LNM Resistance forces.
		Assad portrays himself as reluctant to comply with the request, not because of unwillingness to make the effort, but because he considered the demand unreasonable.
		Assad explains the decision to intervene "under the banner of the Palestine Liberation Army," but later mentions that Syria moved in the PLA "and other forces" whose identity is not specified.
	www.cedarland.org /war.html (21117 words)

	Osmanlı Tarihi Kültürü Medeniyeti Edebiyatı Sanatı
		The Alawites trace their origins to the eleventh Shia Imam, Hasan al Askari (d.873), and his pupil Ibn Nusayr (d.868).
		Under the dictatorial Assad regime religious minorities don't seem to have suffered any harm as such.
		Traditionally Alawites live in the mountains along the Mediterranean coast of Syria; Latakia and Tartous are the region's principal cities.
	www.osmanlimedeniyeti.com /wiki/Alawite_.html (2203 words)

	Articles - Damascus Spring (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The Damascus Spring was a period of intense political and social debate in Syria which started after the death of President Hafiz al-Asad in June 2000 and continued to some degree until autumn 2001, when most of the activities associated with it were suppressed by the government.
		Under Hafiz al-Asad, president of Syria from 1970 until his death in 2000, political activity had been strictly controlled, and from 1980 on effective opposition activity had been almost impossible, as was any sort of free expression of opinion.
		From 1998 on, the level of repression diminished noticeably, and when in June 2000 Hafiz al-Asad died and his son Bashar was installed as president, a number of Syrian intellectuals attempted to engage in political discussion.
	www.kimia-sains.com /articles/Damascus_Spring (797 words)

	U (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Hafiz al-Asad died on June 10th, 2000, shortly after his meeting with President Clinton, marking the end of a thirty year reign as Syria’s primary political leader.
		Hafiz al-Asad’s son, Bashar al-Assad, seceded him and has in the past shown tendencies toward westernization, promising “political and democratic reform” during his 2000 inauguration speech to the People’s Council (Syria).
		Originally created to protest the French occupation of Syria, the radicalized and politicized Brotherhood was considered one of Assad’s greatest political opponents, accusing Assad and his proponents of being infidels and operating an atheist regime.
	departments.cvuhs.org /bill/AFP/studentwork/TaniaN-Syria.htm (3026 words)

	Beirut Spring?
		If one of Asad's tasks was to soothe fears among the Syrian elite about his strength, vision, and leadership, the young president's address almost surely fueled concern about his stewardship of the country.
		Asad tried to square this circle with reference to the fifteen-year-old Taif Accord: "The difference between 1559 and the Taif Accord is that the Taif Accord has a mechanism while 1559 does not provide for a mechanism.
		Whatever specifically prompted Asad's comments, his speech may be a turning point that prompts key constituencies inside the country -- among both rulers and the ruled -- to reconsider Syria's growing vulnerabilities and narrowing options.
	www.aijac.org.au /updates/Mar-05/090305.html (4737 words)

	SyriaComment.com: Khaddam Damns Bashar al-Asad
		She said it was unclear why Mr Assad's former colleague, who is now living in Paris, had chosen to speak out now, but that he may be positioning himself as an alternative to the Syrian president.
		Hafez Assad thought he had "regional cards" to play with, but I assure you that these cards were given to him to accomplish the role designed for him, mainly crush the Palestinian, Lebanese, and Syrian leftists.
		The Hafez Assad team was nothing but "yes" men without any personality of their own, they were only interested in surviving and stealing money, and so they did for 35 years.
	faculty-staff.ou.edu /L/Joshua.M.Landis-1/syriablog/2006/01/khaddam-damns-bashar-al-asad.htm (14583 words)

	Khaleej Times Online - Dissident wants Syria to compensate political victims
		He said he has repeatedly written to Assad, urging him to meet opposition leaders and break from the legacy of his father.
		Assad took steps to ease restrictions on public life when he succeeded his father in 2000, but Maleh said modest liberalisation will not ensure the survival of a political system controlled by the Baath Party since 1963.
		The group, which is based in London, said that this vicious law, which sentences any member of the Muslim brotherhood to death penalty, was issued by the late president (Hafiz Al Asad) in July 7th 1980.
	www.khaleejtimes.com /DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data/middleeast/2006/April/middleeast_April433.xml§ion=middleeast&col=class=stories (668 words)

	Alawite Did You Mean alawite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		In 1966, Alawite-oriented military officers successfully rebelled and expelled the old Ba'ath that had looked to Michel Aflaq and (Sunni Muslim) Salah al-Din al-Bitar for leadership.
		Under the dictatorial Assad regime religious minorities are generally tolerated, although during the Hama Massacre in 1982 perhaps 20,000 predominately Sunnis were killed.
		Traditionally Alawites live in the mountains along the Merranean coast of Syria; Latakia and Tartous are the region's principal cities.
	www.did-you-mean.com /Alawite.html (2176 words)

	THE UNREPORTED TRUTH ON THE MIDDLE EAST
		The fear is that if Assad, whose goal is to get the Golan Heights back, feels peace talks are deadlocked, he will opt for a limited military strike which could be used as leverage for this aim.
		Assad knows his T-72 tanks are no match for the Merkava, but his are 20 times cheaper.
		Asad should learn from Sadat, who came to Jerusalem and declared 'No More War'." The Israeli ambassador sent an urgent cable to Jerusalem, as 'Maariv' reported at the time, which caused even more panic in the Prime Minister's Office and further raised the level of the IDF [Israel Defence Force] alert.
	www.spiritoftruth.org /unrep3.htm (4384 words)

	Amazon.ca: Asad: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		He describes Asad's rise from peasant origins to national leadership in a bloodless coup, analyzes the view from Damascus of Syria's role in the wars with Israel and Asad's continuing efforts to block piecemeal settlements with Israel by other Arab countries.
		Asad is quoted as claiming that his goal is not Syrian supremacy but a balance of power, and that a fair peace will come about only when the Arabs achieve strategic parity with the Jewish state.
		Asad is a truly modern man. A secular socialist from a minority sect in Syria he crushed the fundamentalist Muslims at Hama, killing more then 20,000(remmember the only rile is that muslims are allowed to kill eachother but westerns get critisized for dooing so).
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0006379419 (937 words)

	A Trained Seale Goes Rogue [on Assad biographer Patrick Seale] - Campus Watch
		Seale's gradual metamorphosis is a sign not only of his disillusionment with the Assads (some would say it came decades too late), but more importantly perhaps with the notion of a progressive Arab nationalism—as a buttress to regional autonomy from Western encroachment—that Seale has implicitly or explicitly peddled for decades in his writings.
		For someone then regarded as a semi-official interpreter of the Syrian mindset (to the extent that Seale was invited to Israel to brief officials on the Syrian position), this was a minor precursor of subsequent reservations.
		Indeed, while Assad before the congress was said to have wanted to weaken the stranglehold of the Baath, he instead chose to use the party to consolidate his power, ensuring that Syria would continue to shuffle through the dankness of a Brezhnevism warmed over.
	www.campus-watch.org /article/id/2075 (1394 words)

	Dr Bashar Al Assad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		On several occasions he was sent as a personal representative of President Hafiz Al Assad for discussions with other presidents like Lebanese President, Emile Lahoud, and French President, Jacques Chirac.
		Currently, President Bashar Al Assad is also the President and Chairman of the Syrian Computer Society, which aims at promoting and improving Information Technology in Syria.
		Assad's response to all this has been to try to insulate himself against the escalating pressure.
	www.aljazeera.com /cgi-bin/review/people_full_story.asp?service_id=4219 (826 words)

	The Mind of Hafez Assad: After a Career Built on Rejectionism, He's Still Playing a Double Game - article by Daniel ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The enormous distance between Asad's 1960s policy and his current one has convinced the U.S. and Israeli governments that he has opted for peace with Israel, with only the details to be worked out.
		Asad's cramped diplomatic style-using passive constructions, abstractions, and indirectness in his speech - conveys deep reluctance to come to terms with Israel; it may also indicate an intent not to let go of the rejectionist option, an impression reinforced by the steady increase in Syrian military power since the Kuwait War.
		Asad has overseen an evolution in Syrian policy from outright military confrontation to a more nuanced conflict involving diplomacy as well as armed force.
	www.danielpipes.org /article/256 (1763 words)

	Salah al-Din al-Bitar peee.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		In 1969 a court condemned him to death in absentia.
		He was pardoned the following year by Hafiz al-Asad after the latter came to power.
		He was also rumoured to be in contact with Syrian opposition figures in Baghdad.
	www.peee.org /en/Salah+al-Din+al-Bitar (1458 words)

	north
		Bashar al Assad's father Hafez would never have allowed Syria to fall from the image of a potential U.S. partner to that of an adversarial role as that bodes poorly for Syria.
		While Bashar al Assad attempted damage control with his announcement that Syrian forces had redeployed in the Beirut area, the reality is quite different.
		Bashar al Assad is fully aware of Syria's forthcoming problems but hasn't the diplomatic and political skills of his father and plunges ahead with a simplistic, military solution to Lebanese unrest that can only exacerbate the situation even further.
	www.free-lebanon.com /LFPNews/north/north.html (1675 words)

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