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	Hafez al-Assad - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Assad was born in Qardaha in western Syria as part of the minority Alawite community.
		Assad was appointed head of the airforce in 1964.
		Assad ruled the country until his death in 2000 due to a heart attack while speaking on the telephone with Lebanese President Emile Lahoud.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hafez_al-Assad (2678 words)

	Hafez al-Assad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		This means that Assad lacked a backbone in the Syrian population, and his survival as a political leader has rested on control and suppression of contending groups.
		Assad early made sure that many of the important positions in the Syrian society were filled with fellow Alawites.
		Assad built a political system, where the army was both a symbol of Syria's power, as well as a technique of controlling the country.
	i-cias.com /e.o/assad_hafiz.htm (1380 words)

	Rifaat al-Assad - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Rifaat al-Assad is the younger brother of the former President of Syria, Hafiz al-Assad, and the uncle of the current President Bashar al-Assad, all of whom come from the minority Alawite Muslim sect.
		Tensions between forces loyal to Hafiz and those loyal to Rifaat were extreme, but in the end Hafiz ended the attempted coup by getting up from his sick bed and assuming full control, with the aid of Defense Minister Mustafa Tlass.
		In France, Rifat has loudly protested the succession of Bashar al-Assad, Hafiz's son, to the post of president, claiming that he himself embodies the "only constitutional legality" (as vice president, alleging his dismissal was unconstitutional).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rifaat_al-Assad (652 words)

	Foreign Affairs May
		Assad himself was defense minister when Syria lost the Golan Heights to Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War, and since then, he has kept their return high on his list of priorities, which also includes reinforcing his narrowly based regime and extending de facto Syrian control over Lebanon.
		For Assad, it was a matter of salvaging his legacy -- and of salvaging the honor of Syria, a country that prides itself on being "the beating heart" of Arab nationalism.
		For Assad to be able to sign a peace agreement with Israel, he must be able to convince himself, the Syrian leadership, and the Arab world that he yielded absolutely nothing to Israel before he won a clear commitment from the Jewish state to a withdrawal that fully restored Syrian and Arab honor.
	www.u.arizona.edu /~volgy/assad.html (2667 words)

	Research Topics
		Assad's inexperienced heir, his son Bashar, is now caught in an international storm destined to be the test of his regime.
		Hafiz al-Assad, who established the regime, may have lacked Saddam's megalomania, but at the heart of his government was the cult of the ruler and his iron fist.
		Hafiz al-Assad, the shrewd peasant soldier who built this dominion and brought the Alawis out of their insularity to their current position of power and material plenty, knew the ways of his region.
	www.defenddemocracy.org /research_topics/research_topics_show.htm?doc_id=275852&attrib_id=10519 (5474 words)

	[No title]
		the 15-page study, written by hamid hafiz al-abd lillah from the political science department of the kuwait university, was printed in the arabic political quarterly "al-siassa al-dawliya" (international politics) published by al-ahram foundation, cairo.
		in their meeting, president assad and velayati took note of the zionist efforts to hold joint military exercises with certain neighbouring states and deemed such acts as the cause of tension and insecurity in the region.
		assad referred to israel's military-political maneuverings to confront islamic countries, and urged muslim states to close ranks in order to resist the conspiracies of the zionist entity.
	www.salamiran.org /Media/IRNA/970508.html (3519 words)

	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: Alawites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Under the dictatorial but secular Assad regime religious minorities are tolerated, although during the Hama Massacre in 1982 perhaps 20,000 predominately Sunnis were killed, after an uprising led by the Muslim Brotherhood.
		The Assad regime is careful to allow all the religious sects a share of power and influence in the government, but there is clear Alawi domination of the highest levels of power.
		Evidently, the Assads go to great lengths to make sure that the different tribes are equally represented in top military posts, just as they try to divvy out government posts among the various religious and ethnic groups of Syria.
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref/index.php?title=Alawites (2407 words)

	[No title]
		Ta’dudia was first launched by the late president Hafiz Al-Assad, who upon his assumption of power established the Majlis Al-Sha’b (Parliament) and the Progressive National Front—a group of parties affiliated with the ruling Ba’ath party—and promulgated a new constitution.
		Assad sought to legitimize his regime by institutionalizing it.
		Yet Assad was careful not to erode the image of modernity he projected for himself.
	www.inthenationalinterest.com /Articles/Vol2Issue47/Vol2Issue47Rabil.html (1915 words)

	Hafiz al-Assad -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Hafiz also spelled Hafez president of Syria (1971–2000) who brought stability to the country and established it as a powerful presence in the Middle East.
		As president of Syria for three decades, Hafiz al-Assad brought stability to the country and established it as a powerful presence in the Middle East.
		Brief biographical sketch of Khwajah al-Hasan al-Basari, one of the earliest Sufi saints in Islam.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9001605?&query=hafez (625 words)

	Alawite bei eLexi - das Onlinelexikon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Assad answered by sending troops to the Brotherhood stronghold in the town of Hama.
		The Assad regime is careful to allow all the religious sects a share of power and influence in the government.
		Hafiz al-Assad’s efforts to bring his people into the main-stream of Islam included building mosques in major Alawite towns.
	www.elexi.de /en/a/al/alawite.html (2295 words)

	OpinionJournal - Extra
		In Arabic "Assad" means lion, and in a play on words the protestors sang: "Assad in Lebanon, a rabbit on the Golan." The jingle was first used against Bashar's father, Hafiz al-Assad, who, as defense minister during the 1967 Arab-Israeli war, lost Syria's Golan Heights to Israel.
		Assad decided to impose an extension of Lebanese President Emile Lahoud's mandate, against the advice of most politicians in Beirut (and the advice, also, of his own vice-president, Abdel Halim Khaddam, as well as that of the political intelligence chief, Ghazi Kanaan, both experienced in Lebanese affairs).
		Assad's brother-in-law was recently named head of military intelligence, while the president's closest kin hold positions of major influence, formal or informal.
	www.opinionjournal.com /extra?id=110006377 (1311 words)

	Syria Introduction - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International ...
		Therefore, when Minister of Defense Hafiz al Assad assumed authority in yet another coup in November l970, many believed his regime was merely one more in a long string of extralegal changes of government.
		To restore faith in his regime, Assad began promoting a personality cult, the net effect of which was to identify government with Hafiz al Assad rather than to encourage government through political and social institutions (see Post-1982 Political Developments, ch.
		In 1987 Assad was thought by many to be an enigma, thus his nickname, "the sphinx." Having survived the tribulations of seventeen years of rule, he deserved his reputation as a wily and able politician.
	workmall.com /wfb2001/syria/syria_history_introduction.html (2256 words)

	Commonweal: DENOUNCING THE JEWS : What Syria's Assad is up to - President Bashar al-Assad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		As a young man, Hafiz cast his lot with the Baathist movement, thus joining with those who proclaimed themselves ready to view all Arabs as equals.
		Hafiz al-Assad remained loyal to the Baathist ideology until his death.
		However partial such interpretations may be (and, given that the Qur'an promises salvation to all who do good--Jews, Christians, and Muslims), the repetition of Assad's rhetoric by Syrian religious and political leaders during the pope's visit suggests a deliberate appropriation of Islamic sources.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1252/is_12_128/ai_76915664 (1298 words)

	Syria and the United States: Bad Habits Die Hard - Middle East Quarterly - Summer 2003
		Hafiz al-Assad grew wary lest Syria be targeted in the same way.
		Hafiz al-Assad was not prepared to follow the Egyptian example, which he regarded as a sellout of the Arab cause.
		That assumption was flawed because Hafiz al-Assad did not desire a dramatic reorientation of policy or think it necessary.
	www.meforum.org /article/555 (3942 words)

	Assad
		He is desperate to ensure that his son Bashar succeeds him and for the US to provide for both averting the collapse of the Syrian economy and the payoffs to the Syrian elite Bashar must make in order not to be toppled.
		Hafiz al-Assad expected the US to legitimize the Syrian occupation of Lebanon, which will also clear the Syrian drug and counterfeit trade as well as the income they provide for the Syrian ruling elite.
		All these experts are convinced that the anti-Talas campaign in Lebanon could only be a indicative of a war that was being waged against him in Syria and possibly a bloody end to the war between the warring wings in Damascus.
	www.free-lebanon.com /LFPNews/Assad/assad.html (3299 words)

	Political Succession in Syria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Mahmood al Zubi, former prime minister, took his own life in April to avoid a court appearance on corruption charges shortly before he was to be taken to custody, while Bashir al Najjar, a former intelligence chief is in prison, serving a 12 year jail sentence.
		Rifaat Assad, Bashar’s uncle, has laid claim to the presidency, questioned the constitutionality of the political maneuvering to position his nephew to the highest office, and vowed from his exile to lead a “corrective movement” to bring freedom and democracy to Syria.
		Similarly, Assad’s rule brought marked improvements to rural areas, which were both dominated and neglected by the urban elites of Damascus and Aleppo prior to his coming to power.
	home.att.net /~LouaySafi/articles/2001/syria.htm (1245 words)

	Does Bashar al-Assad Rule Syria? - Middle East Quarterly - Winter 2003
		With Assad's death, we began to think that either I or Vice President ‘Abd al-Halim Khaddam were worthy of filling the shoes of the dead president.
		But Hafiz al-Assad had matured over the years and learned to differentiate between his vision, which absolutely negated the existence of Israel, and the constraints of reality, which required that he adopt a balanced tone and a pragmatic policy.
		Assad senior probably saw no reason for such a meeting; he would have regarded Nasrallah as one more pawn.
	www.meforum.org /article/517 (4532 words)

	The Online NewsHour: Syria's Role in the Middle East (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Syrian Minister of Defense, Hafez Assad, refused to dispatch the Syrian air force to aid the tanks, undermining the civilian government, and the Jordanians quickly defeated the Syrian/Palestinian forces.
		Assad would dominate the country, crafting a stable government for more than 30 years and guiding his nation in a stridently independent policy during a tumultuous time in the Middle East.
		"The reign of Hafiz al-Assad lasted until his death in 2000; that is, it was longer than the period that had elapsed between the country's independence and his accession," Yasin al-Haj Saleh wrote in a study of modern Syria.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/middle_east/syria/history.html (1327 words)

	Syria after Assad
		Assad by contrast was a man of spartan ways all his ruling years Assad lived in a modest apartment.
		Assad’s authority where it came to his son inheriting the leadership mantle was reportedly challenged.
		Bashar al Assad’s fathers legacy will be his principle asset as he takes over as President for a seven year period.
	www.defencejournal.com /2000/july/syria.htm (2983 words)

	Greater Syria
		The Assad regeem therefore needed an outward-looking ideology to divert attention from internal problems and mobilize support for the government, Assad had dreams of domination and his ambition of Syrian expansion needed some kind of justification to enable him to act in a manner that would not be too aggressively resisted.
		Assad's ability to get his way with King al-Husayn was dramatically demonstrated in November 1985, when the king wrote an open letter apologizing for Jordan's having harbored Syrian members of the Muslim Brethren.
		Assad declared that "Lebanon and Syria are one single people, one single nation" whose feeling of kinship "runs deeper than it does between states in the United States."24 Interviewed by a French newspaper in May 1985, the Syrian foreign minister reminded its readership that "until the beginning of the century, we formed a single country.
	www.geocities.com /capitolhill/parliament/2587/syria.html (6735 words)

	AllRefer.com - Syria - Government and Politics \| Syrian Information Resource
		Nonetheless, the domestic political infighting and external military clashes that occurred while Assad was incapacitated reminded Syrians of their nation's chronic instability of the 1950s and 1960s and foreshadowed the return of such instability after Assad.
		Consequently, although Assad had transformed Syria into a regional power in the Levant and had created domestic stability, his accomplishments could prove ephemeral because they were not buttressed by legitimate and viable institutions.
		Even many of Assad's supporters feared and loathed the draconian security measures that ensured the Assad regime's survival, and they were shocked at the regime's brutal repression of the Hamah insurrection in 1982.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/syria/syria80.html (943 words)

	BBC News \| MONITORING \| French minister discusses peace process with Syria's Assad
		Vedrine gave Assad a message from French President Jacques Chirac at the meeting on Tuesday afternoon.
		Assad was also briefed by Vedrine and Syrian Foreign Minister Faruq al-Shar on the outcome of talks held between Syrian and French delegations on efforts to revive the process.
		Assad "reiterated Syria's position towards the peace process and its readiness to resume talks from where they broke off," the radio said.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/low/world/monitoring/47362.stm (208 words)

	USCFL - Syria Needs Freedom
		Bashar al Assad witnessed the demise of both the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and then the Baath regime of his neighbor Saddam Hussein in Iraq.
		Bashar al Assad and his ‘old guard’ whom he inherited from his father along with the Presidency should be getting worried because his regime is not much different from the two deposed regimes and he certainly doesn’t want to meet the same fate.
		The RPS realizes that the Baath regime of Bashar al Assad is a liability to Syria and the region and is an obstacle in the aim of achieving total peace in the area.
	www.freelebanon.org /articles/a424.htm (1078 words)

	Syria needs freedom
		The young Syrian President Bashar al Assad must surely be starting to get a little nervous about the repercussions of the new status quo in the Middle East Bashar al Assad witnessed the demise of both the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and then the Baath regime of his neighbour Saddam Hussein in Iraq.
		The RPS realises that the Baath regime of Bashar al Assad is a liability to Syria and the region and is an obstacle in the aim of achieving total peace in the area.
		Should Bashar al Assad continue defying international pressures and should he choose ignore the new dynamics in the region, he and his Baath regime cronies will quickly find themselves on the receiving end of the wrath of the oppressed Syrian people with scenes in Damascus mirroring the jubilant scenes of Baghdad.
	www.clhrf.com /engart/khoury16.6.03.htm (1023 words)

	Townhall.com :: Columns :: A choice for Syria by Linda Chavez (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Bashar can follow his father, Hafiz al-Assad, into the pantheon of ruthless tyrants who have killed thousands of their own people and threatened the peace and stability of the Arab world.
		The 30-year rule of Hafiz al-Assad was marked by horrific repression of the Syrian people and the export of terror to neighboring countries, most notably Israel and Lebanon.
		Attendants at the Al Azhar mosque in Cairo shouted, "Bashar, Bashar, set the world on fire!" If he's not careful, however, it may be Syrian territory that goes up in flames.
	www.townhall.com /columnists/lindachavez/lc20030416.shtml (732 words)

	The Daily Star - Opinion Articles - An idea to implement Resolution 1559
		Under the late Hafiz al-Assad they batted away any idea of tying Lebanon into the Golan process, on the assumption that they alone could address Lebanese issues and sell that to the U.S. and Israel.
		Assad calculated that he could get the Golan out of the Israelis, and still hold on to Lebanon.
		Assad has little room to concede what his father, whose legitimacy was far greater, refused to.
	www.dailystar.com.lb /article.asp?edition_id=10&categ_id=5&article_id=8406 (1011 words)

	Dr Bashar Al Assad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		On several occasions he was sent as a personal representative of President Hafiz Al Assad for discussions with other presidents like Lebanese President, Emile Lahoud, and French President, Jacques Chirac.
		Currently, President Bashar Al Assad is also the President and Chairman of the Syrian Computer Society, which aims at promoting and improving Information Technology in Syria.
		Assad's response to all this has been to try to insulate himself against the escalating pressure.
	www.aljazeera.com /cgi-bin/review/people_full_story.asp?service_id=4219 (808 words)

	SHT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Perhaps the two most important complicating factors were Egyptian President Anwar el-Sadat's decision to make peace with Israel and Syrian President Hafiz al-Assad's bid for economic and political union with Iraq.
		Arab unity had been a long-standing goal of the Ba'th Party in both Syria and Iraq, but Assad was prompted to call for union with Iraq only after Egypt's rapprochement with Israel in 1977.
		Talks in October 1978 led to the signing of a "charter for joint national action," declaring the two countries intent to establish military unity.
	www.angelfire.com /nt/Gilgamesh/sht.html (309 words)

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