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Topic: Hafizullah Amin

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Babrak Karmal

Democratic Republic of Afghanistan

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Mohammad Daoud

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Nur Mohammad Taraki

Communist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan

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	Hafizullah Amin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hafizullah Amin (August 1, 1929 – December 27, 1979) was the second President of Afghanistan during the period of the communist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.
		Amin was born in 1929 in Paghman, a town near Kabul.
		Amin knew however what Taraki's intentions were and the demand for his safety being guaranteed by the Soviet ambassador was probably a shrewd ploy on the part of Amin to mislead Taraki.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hafizullah_Amin (1485 words)

	Hafizullah Amin
		Amin was the only Khalqi member of the PDPA to be elected to parliament (1969).
		On the eve of the communist coup Amin was a member of the central committee.
		Mainly because of the army support and the support of his associates in the party, Amin overcame both his Parchami and Khalqi opponents and reached the highest position in the party and the state, after the government had suppressed major civilian and military rebellions.
	www.afghanan.net /biographies/amin.htm (446 words)

	Hafizullah Amin
		Hafizullah Amin (1929 - December 27, 1979) was the second President of Afghanistan during the period of the communist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.
		Amin returned to Afghanistan in 1965 before completing his Ph.D to join the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan[?] (PDPA), he became a prominent member of the marxist Khalq (People) faction.
		On September 14, 1979 Taraki was killed in a confrontation between Taraki and Amin supporters and Amin then became the second President of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ha/Hafizullah_Amin.html (317 words)

	Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Amin's emergence from the power struggle within the small divided communist party in Afghanistan alarmed the Soviets and would usher in the series of events which lead to the Soviet invasion.
		With Amin's death at the palace, Babrak Karmal, exiled leader of the Parcham faction of the PDPA was installed by the Soviets as Afghanistan's new head of government.
		Hafizullah Amin murder of Taraki divided the Khalqis.
	bopedia.com /en/wikipedia/d/de/democratic_republic_of_afghanistan.html (8009 words)

	Hafizullah Amin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Amin failed his doctoral exams twice which left him feeling bitter towards the Americans.
		Amin returned to Afghanistan in 1965 to join the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (additional info and facts about People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan) (PDPA), he became a prominent member of the marxist Khalq (People) faction.
		The unrest continued however and the regime was forced to seek more Soviet (An elected governmental council in a Communist country (especially one that is a member of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)) aid.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/h/ha/hafizullah_amin.htm (292 words)

	Nur Muhammad Taraki - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		On April 27, 1978 the coup was initiated, reportedly by Hafizullah Amin while still under house arrest.
		The Government was divided between President Nur Muhammad Taraki and Deputy Prime Minister Hafizullah Amin of the Khalq faction against Parcham leaders such as Babrak Karmal and Mohammad Najibullah.
		Amin became prime minister on 28 March 1979 with Taraki remaining President.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nur_Muhammad_Taraki (1175 words)

	Soldiers of God Resource 9: Andropov-Gromyko-Ustinov-Ponomarev Report on Events in ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Amin has established a regime of personal dictatorship in the country, effectively reducing the CC PDPA and the Revolutionary Council to the status of entirely nominal organs.
		Amin deceived the party and the people with his announcements that the Soviet Union had supposedly approved of Taraki's expulsion from party and government.
		By direct order of H. Amin, fabricated rumors were deliberately spread throughout the DRA, smearing the Soviet Union and casting a shadow on the activities of Soviet personnel in Afghanistan, who had been restricted in their efforts to maintain contact with Afghan representatives.
	turnerlearning.com /cnn/coldwar/soldiers/sldr_re9.html (477 words)

	Afghanland.com Afghanistan Communism Taraki Hafizullah Amin Babrak Karmal
		Amin appeared to be the principal beneficiary of this strategy, since he now ranked second, behind Taraki.
		Amin's emergence from the power struggle within the small divided communist party in Afghanistan alarmed the Soviet and would usher in the series of events which lead to the Soviet invasion.
		Amin become the target of several assassination attempts in early and mid-December 1979.
	www.afghanland.com /history/communist.html (550 words)

	Hafizullah Amin - Demopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		During the late 1950s and early 60s, Amin had attended Columbia University Teachers College and the University of Wisconsin.{28} This was a heyday period for the CIA -- using impressive bribes and threats -- to regularly try to recruit foreign students in the United States to act as agents for them when they returned home.
		In September 1979, the month that Amin took power, the American chargé d'affaires in Kabul, Bruce Amstutz, began to hold friendly meetings with him to reassure him that he need not worry about his unhappy Soviet allies as long as the US maintained a strong presence in Afghanistan.
		Moreover, it can be said that Amin, by his ruthlessness, was doing just what an American agent would be expected to do: discrediting the People's Democratic Party, the party's reforms, the idea of socialism or communism, and the Soviet Union, all associated in one package.
	demopedia.democraticunderground.com /index.php/Hafizullah_Amin (672 words)

	Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
		Amin appeared to be\nthe principal beneficiary of this strategy.
		The situation can only be saved by the removal of Amin from power." Taraki's death was first noted in the Kabul Times on 10\nOctober, which reported that the former leader only recently hailed as the "great teacher...
		In late October they reported that Amin was purging his opponents, including Soviet sympathisers; his loyalty to Moscow was false; and that he was seeking diplomatic links with Pakistan and possibly China.
	encyclopedia.codeboy.net /wikipedia/d/de/democratic_republic_of_afghanistan.html (7451 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The leaders of the new government insisted that they were not controlled by the Soviet Union and proclaimed their policies to be based on Afghan nationalism, Islamic principles, socioeconomic justice, nonalignment in foreign affairs, and respect for all agreements and treaties signed by previous Afghan governments.
		Hafizullah Amin became prime minister on March 28, 1979, although Taraki retained his posts as president of the Revolutionary Council and secretary general of the PDPA.
		Amin then tried to broaden his internal base of support and to again interest Pakistan and the United States in Afghan security.
	www.sabawoon.com /afghanpedia/History.CivilWar.shtm (1071 words)

	Index Am-Aq
		On March 27, 1979, Amin was named prime minister, but six months later, in another coup, he succeeded the pro-Soviet Taraki as president.
		Amin orchestrated the murders of numerous prominent as well as lesser-known Ugandans.
		Amin Gemayel appointed Aoun, the commander-in-chief of the army, to lead a transitional military government that consisted of six officers.
	www.rulers.org /indexa3.html (7909 words)

	The Communist Regime in Afghanistan 1978-1989
		Taraki and Amin imposed extreme reforms to be carried out in a short period time with little concern for the Afghan culture.
		The Regime of Hafizullah Amin and Its Downfall
		Amin fearing for his survival and uncertain of whom he could trust started putting his relatives into positions of power.
	www.applet-magic.com /afghancom.htm (1178 words)

	Hafizullah Amin @AryanaSite.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Amin was a prominent member of the Khalq faction of the PDPA, and eventually, after ousting Noor Mohammad Taraki, became the president of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan in September 1979.
		Amin worked diligently to recruit numerous students to his party before becoming president.
		Many historians believe that Amin was really an independent nationalist, despite his Soviet connections.
	www.aryanasite.com /afghanistan/biographies/hafizullahamin.html (101 words)

	Afghanland.com Afghanistan Hafizullah Amin
		Hafizullah Amin was the second President of Afghanistan during the period of the communist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.
		However, it is known that the ASA received part of its funding from the Asia Foundation, the CIA's principal front in Asia for many years, and that at one time Amin was associated with this organization.
		Under normal circumstances, the Amin-US meetings might be regarded as routine and innocent diplomatic contact, but these were hardly normal circumstances-the Afghan government was engaged in a civil war, and the United States was supporting the other side.
	www.afghanland.com /history/amin.html (676 words)

	Afghanistan Marxist Coup 1978
		Although plans for a Marxist coup had long been discussed, according to a statement by Hafizullah Amin, the April 1978 coup was implemented about two years ahead of time.
		According to later PDPA writings, Amin sent complete orders for the coup from his home while it was under armed guard using his family as messengers.
		In Kabul, the initial cabinet appeared to be carefully constructed to alternate ranking positions between Khalqis and Parchamis: Taraki was prime minister, Karmal was senior deputy prime minister, and Hafizullah Amin of Khalq was foreign minister.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/alpha/afghan1978.htm (654 words)

	Afghanistan - Demopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In September 1979 Noor Mohammed Taraki was ousted and replaced Hafizullah Amin.
		Amin tried to gain Pakistani or American support and refused to take Soviet advice.
		Amin himself insisted that Moscow replace its ambassador.{22} The Soviets repeatedly referred to Amin as a "CIA agent", a charge which was greeted with great skepticism in the United States and elsewhere.{27} However, enough circumstantial evidence supporting the charge exists so that it perhaps should not be dismissed entirely out of hand.
	demopedia.democraticunderground.com /index.php/Afghan (757 words)

	Afghan President is Ousted and Executed in Kabul Coup, Reportedly with Soviet Help (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Amin had been sentenced to death at a revolutionary trial for "crimes against the state" and that the sentence had been carried out.
		Amin was the third Afghan President to be toppled in the last 20 months.
		Amin and were looking for someone to end the civil war.
	partners.nytimes.com /library/world/africa/122879binladen.html (858 words)

	Glossary of Names and Terms mentioned in the Historical Overview
		Amin had a key role in assuring the success of the April 1978 coup d'état and dubbed himself the Brave Commander of the Saur Revolution.
		He was banished as ambassador to Iran by Hafizullah Amin a few months after the PDPA seized power but was brought back together with Karmal by the Soviet army in 1979 and given the top-sensitive and highly powerful post of head of Khad.
		He was killed in a presidential palace shout-out in September 1979 while trying to shield the intended victim, Hafizullah Amin, in a conspiracy hatched with the connivance of the Soviet ambassador.
	maoism.ru /alo/glossary.htm (3628 words)

	Encyclopedia: Hafizullah Amin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Sardar Mohammed Daoud Khan[1] (July 18, 1909 â€“ April 28, 1978), son of Sardar Mohammed Aziz Khan and grandson of Sardar Mohammed Yusuf Khan was an Afghan statesman and President of the Republic of Afghanistan from 1973 until his assassination in 1978 as a result of a revolution led...
		Amin returned to Afghanistan in 1965 before completing his Ph.D to join the
		1979 Taraki was killed in a confrontation between Taraki and Amin supporters and Amin then became the second President of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Hafizullah-Amin (610 words)

	Hafizullah Amin -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - Your gateway to all Britannica has to offer! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		On April 27, 1978, Amin, who had become the PDPA's strongman, engineered a coup that toppled the government of Mohammad Daud Khan.
		Amin's power continued to grow, however, and on March 27, 1979, he claimed Taraki's position of prime minister, although Taraki retained the presidency.
		Amin was killed, and Babrak Karmal, of the Banner faction, was installed as president.
	concise.britannica.com /ebc/article-9384572 (669 words)

	Fresno Real Estate - Encyclopedia: Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The last arguments to overthrow Amin were information obtained by the KGB from its agents in Kabul; supposedly, two of Amin's guards killed the former president Nur Muhammad Taraki, and Amin was claimed to be a CIA agent.
		And even after the assassination of Amin and two of his sons, his wife claimed that she and her remaining two daughters and a son only wanted to go to the Soviet Union, because her husband was its friend.
		Upon seeing this, Amin moved the offices of the president to the Tajbeg Palace, believing this location to be more defensible during invasion.
	www.mahib.com /local/kings_county?title=Soviet_Invasion_of_Afghanistan (2349 words)

	The Origins of the Soviet-Afghan War
		In the second national elections in 1969 Babrak Karmal and another PDPA member, Hafizullah Amin, both of whom would play important roles in the future Soviet intervention, were elected to the parliament.
		Hafizullah Amin also had a major role in the new government.
		H. Amin has established a regime of personal dictatorship in the country, effectively reducing the CC PDPA and the Revolutionary Council to the status of entirely nominal organs.
	www.alternativeinsight.com /Afghan_War.html (3261 words)

	Afghanistan Amin Coup 1979
		The intense rivalry between Nur Muhammad Taraki and Hafizullah Amin within the Khalq faction of the PDPA also heated up, culminating in the death -- admittedly the murder -- of Taraki.
		The final attempt backfired, however, and it was Taraki who was eliminated and Amin, who assumed power in Afghanistan between September 16-18, 1979.
		The Soviets had at first backed Amin, but they came to believe that he was too rigidly Marxist-Leninist to survive politically in a country as conservative and religious as Afghanistan.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/alpha/afghan1979a.htm (321 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		She said she became separated from her husband, and that the attackers kept her and children on the second floor of the palace during the night.
		Afghan radio announced that Amin had been sentenced to death at a revolutionary trial for "crimes against the state" and that he had been executed.
		The Soviet Union, seeking to maintain or expand its influence in Asia, wanted to preserve the Marxist regime that had taken power in Afghanistan in 1978 but which was collapsing due to civil war and anticommunist sentiment in the country.
	www.sabawoon.com /newsnew/miniheadlines.asp?dismode=article&artid=20384 (1060 words)

	Afghanistan - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Afghanistan
		Taraki was replaced in 1979 by prime minister Hafizullah Amin.
		Internal unrest continued, and the USSR organized a further coup in December 1979.
		Amin was executed and Babrak Karmal (1929–&emsp;), the exiled leader of the gradualist Parcham (banner) faction of the PDPA, was installed as leader.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Afghanistan (3182 words)

	CNN Cold War - Soldiers of God: Episode Recap (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In Afghanistan, President Taraki's prime minister, Hafizullah Amin, launched a campaign of terror -- having opponents arrested and shot.
		Amin, realizing the Soviets wanted him gone, began to seek better ties with the West.
		But this only fueled speculation in Moscow that Amin might be a CIA agent, and arguments mounted for an invasion to remove him.
	www.cnn.com /SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/20/recap/2.html (262 words)

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